the influence of lithium fluoride on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium...

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE: MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 15 (2004) 25±33 The in¯uence of lithium ¯uoride on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium aluminate±PMMA composite cement S. H. OH, S. Y. CHOI* Department of Ceramic Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749 Seoul, Korea E-mail: [email protected] S. H. CHOI Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 120-752 Seoul, Korea Y. K. LEE, K. N. KIM Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 120-752 Seoul, Korea The objective of this study is to assess the in¯uence of lithium ¯uoride on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium aluminate (CA)±polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composite cement exhibiting quick setting time ( 5 15 min), low exothermic temperature ( 5 47 C), and high compressive strength ( 4 100 MPa). The biocompatibility was measured by examining cytotoxicity tests such as the agar diffusion test with L929 cell line and the hemolysis test with fresh rabbit blood. To estimate the bioactivity of CA±PMMA composite cement, we determined hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation on the surface of composite cement in the simulated body (SBF) solution by using thin-®lm XRD, XPS, SEM, EPMA and ICP-AES. The results of biocompatibility tests indicated that all experimental compositions of this study had no cytotoxicity and no hemolysis so that there was no cytotoxicity with regard to non-reacted monomers (MMA and TEGDMA) and lithium ¯uoride. The results of bioactivity tests revealed that CA±PMMA composite cement without lithium ¯uoride did not form HAp on its surface after 60 days of soaking in the SBF. On the other hand, LiAl 2 (OH) 7 ? 2H 2 O and HAp were formed on the surface of CA±PMMA composite cement including 1.0% by weight of lithium ¯uoride after 7 and 15 days of soaking in the SBF, respectively. The 5 mm of LiAl 2 (OH) 7 ? 2H 2 O and HAp mixed layers were formed on the surface of specimen after 60 days of soaking in the SBF. # 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Introduction Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based cement was ®rst introduced by Dr John Charnley and has been clinically used for the construction of prosthetic appliances and the ®xation of all joint prostheses [1]. Commercial PMMA cement is generally served as two component systems consisting of a powder and a liquid. When the two components of a bone cement system are mixed, the initiator from the powder and the activator from the liquid results in a redox reaction that produces free radicals initiating, in addition, polymerization of the methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer. As the polymer- ization reaction continues, the cement paste transits from the liquid state to the solid state and forms a rigid polymer [2]. Several disadvantages such as a weak mechanical property, exotherm character during chemical polymer- ization and bioinert nature, limit the clinical success of PMMA-based cement currently in use. The weak mechanical property of a PMMA-based system arises from cyclical mechanical loads and over stress beyond endurance, which can result in fracture in the cement structure and the production of wear debris and ¯aw at the interface between PMMA-based cement and the implant (the bone) [3, 4]. To improve the mechanical property of PMMA-based cement, addition of inorganic ®llers such as alumina and silica powders to the powder component have been incorporated with pre-polymerized beads of PMMA. The high polymerization exotherm of PMMA-based cement plays an important role in the thermal necrosis of bone and surrounding tissue, which can induce early loosening of an implant and has side effects in systemic organs. Lesson [5] reported that the average peak curing *Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. 0957±4530 # 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers 25

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Page 1: The influence of lithium fluoride on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium aluminate–PMMA composite cement

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Page 3: The influence of lithium fluoride on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium aluminate–PMMA composite cement

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