The Industrial Revolution:But wait– there’s more…

Fixed is the day of every man.

VIRGIL, 1st century BC Roman poet

i.e., Everything you do today has already been predetermined

The 18th century view: Man and Nature

The 19th century view: Man and Nature

“Individuals are responsible for their own destiny.” (from ‘Self-Help’ --Samuel Smiles 1859)

…the condition of the poor is“voluntary and self-imposed.”

Liberals

The new new money:the industrialist entrepreneurs

Liberals

The new new money:the industrialist entrepreneurs …the Liberals ???

Post-Industrial Political Spectrum

Classical Liberalism

Conservatism• landed aristocracy• for the monarchy

Liberals

The new new money:the industrialist entrepreneurs

Adam Smith

• father of Capitalism• 1776:

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

• Capitalism -private ownership of capital (the goods & means of production) -every owner’s goal is to maximize their profit

“Man is led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society.”

Classical Liberalism

• for “modern government”- constitutions guaranteeing basic freedoms- representative assemblies

• No government interference in the marketplace

• against universal suffrage

Post-Industrial Political Spectrum

Classical Liberalism

Conservatism• landed aristocracy• for the monarchy

• entrepreneur industrialists• for republican government

but limited suffrage

The new laborer

Socialists

HeroNeeded

HeroNeeded

Karl Marx

• father of Communism• 1848:

The Communist Manifesto(with Friedrich Engels)

• Communism -public ownership of capital -“From each according to his ability; to each according to his need”

Every great town has one or more slum areas where workers struggle through life as best they can, out of sight of the more fortunate classes of society…. The streets are usually unpaved, full of holes, filthy and strewn with refuse. Since they have neither gutters nor drains, the refuse accumulates in stagnant, stinking puddles. The view of Manchester is quite typical. The main river is narrow, coal-black and full of stinking filth and rubbish which deposits on the bank … one walks along a very rough path on the river bank to reach a chaotic group of little one-storey, one room cabins … in front of the doors, filth and garbage abound.from The Conditions of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels, 1844

19th Century Political Spectrum

Classical Liberalism

Conservatism• for the monarchy

Socialism• for the workers

• entrepreneur industrialists• for republican government

but limited suffrage

19th Century Political Spectrum

Classical Liberalism

Conservatism• for the monarchy

Socialism• for the workers

• entrepreneur industrialists• for republican government

but limited suffrage “Go where you belong from now on …into the

dustbin of history!”

“Go where you belong from now on …into the

dustbin of history!”

Leon Trotsky, Russian and Marx fan

19th Century Political Spectrum

Classical Liberalism

Socialism• for the workers

• entrepreneur industrialists• for republican government

but limited suffrage “Go where you belong from now on …into the

dustbin of history!”

“Go where you belong from now on …into the

dustbin of history!”

Leon Trotsky, Russian and Marx fan