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The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750-1850) World History Chapter 5

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Dawn of the Industrial Age Before the industrial revolution, the production of goods either took place within the home, or by individual hand labor by skilled tradesmen. Because of this, even ordinary objects could be precious. Also, this limited the number of goods available, as everything was made by hand. Life Changes as Industry Spreads Industry, in terms of the Industrial Revolution, was the ability to use powered tools, or modern techniques to make large numbers of items, from bolts of cloth to tons of iron. We can think of the industrial revolution as a revolution in that it made stunning changes in society, yet it is different from other revolutions in that it happened slowly, over a long period of time. For purposes of definition, the industrial age starts roughly in the early 18 th century (around 1712) when steam power was commercially successful. The first steam engines were used to pump water out of mines so that more coal could be mined. From this point on, changes became more rapid, and it changed the way we lived. Not all inventions were powered, but each change made work more efficient, allowing fewer individuals to complete more work.

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Agriculture Spurs Industry Farming Methods Improve Farming had little changed from the beginnings of agriculture, until scientific method was used to help create better conditions for growing, with new tools such as the Seed Drill. Other methods were to use new fertilizers, and new crop rotations to best utilize the growing conditions. Enclosure Increases Output but Causes Migration Enclosure means to enclose the commons, or bring those areas which were communally farmed into private ownership. Under private ownership, large tracts of land can be farmed more efficiently, especially with the newer tools. Because fewer people were needed to farm the land, this caused migrations into the urban areas, making slums worse, but also providing the labor needed for the next phase of industrial expansion. Population Multiplies Because of more efficient farming methods, better shipping, and better storage, more food became available to the people of Europe. Not only more food, but also a better balanced diet. This in turn led to healthier people who get fewer diseases, have more children, and live longer. As a result, populations started to grow to sizes unthinkable a generation before. Within 100 years, Britains population doubled, and Europes population grew by 50%. Better hygiene and sanitation added to this phenomenon, enabling people to live close together without spreading disease. This was necessary as cities became more crowded, larger, more compact, and higher.

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New Technology Becomes Key The Energy Revolution In 1712, Thomas Newcomen built the first successful steam engine, but it was James Watt (1764) who improved on the design so that it was about 3 times more efficient, and the steam engine became the engine of industry. The Quality of Iron Improves Until the Industrial Revolution, most iron was smelted by using charcoal (prepared wood). With the availability of coal becoming more common, it was discovered that iron could be made cheaper and of better quality when using coal. Iron could be made in larger quantities with coal than with charcoal, and this became the source of desperately needed iron for tools, railroad ties, buildings, machines, engines, and all of the other wonders coming from the Industrial Revolution.

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Britain Leads the Way Agricultural changes led to many farmers not having a job, which in turn led them to seek employment in the cities and mines, fueling the demand for more coal, factories, and machine workers. Natural Resources Abound Britain was fortunate to have large deposits of coal, iron, copper, and tin. Britain has many navigable rivers, and with newly added canals, it is easy to reach most parts of Britain by sea. Ease of transport made it cheap to move raw materials and goods. The Effects of Demand and Capital Part of Britains lead in industrialization was due to its empire, stretching around the world, including Canada, the British West Indies, Hong Kong, India, and much of the Middle east and Africa. The empire provided not only raw materials, but also markets for goods, and the wealth generated from trade allowed for vast sums of capital (cash) to be used to create the new factories, railroads, mines, shipping, and businesses to run them. Capital (money, stocks) Enterprise (Business, company, corporation) British East India Company Entrepreneur (businessman, venture capitalist)

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The Textile Industry Advances The first of the large scale industries was in textiles, or cloth. Wool cloth, cotton cloth, silk cloth, all were made by hand. Putting out system Inventions Speed Production Flying shuttle (1733) makes cloth Spinning Jenny (1764) makes thread Water Frame (1769) introduces water power Cotton Gin (1793) prepares cotton Factories are Born in Britain The new machines were too large to be operated by individuals, so bringing them together in large sheds near fast moving rivers for power became the standard. Thus the first factories were born.

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The Transportation Revolution The new entrepreneurs needed better roads and transport systems to move raw materials to factories, and finished goods to market. To achieve this, they paid to have new turnpikes built, new canals to connect rivers, and stronger bridges to handle the flood of new traffic. Canals Boom From 1763 to the 1830s, boats were the best way of moving large quantities of goods. When a new canal cut the price of coal in Manchester by half, entrepreneurs built dozens of canals across Britain, though many did not receive much traffic and went bankrupt. The obsession with canals ended when steam locomotives became available. Welcome the Steam Locomotive By the early 1800s, the steam locomotive was becoming a viable means of transport, and the first rail line from Liverpool to Manchester in 1830 changed the way goods were moved. Within just a few decades, dozens of rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and North America. One Thing Leads to Another The availability of newly mass produced cheap goods created demand for more goods, changing economies from agriculture based to industrial based within a few decades.

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Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Promise of a better life (has it succeeded?) People Move to New Industrial Cities Urbanization New Social Classes Emerge Capital and Labor The Industrial Middle Class The Industrial Working Class Tenements (Cheap multi-story apartments) Workers Stage Futile Protests Unions Smearing the Luddites Workers Find Comfort in Religion

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Life in the Factories and Mines Factory Workers Face Harsh Conditions Long hours (12-16/day) Unsafe conditions Factory Whistle Miners Face Worse Conditions Coal dust Cave-ins Children Have Dangerous Jobs Climbing on and under machinery Hauling coal The Results of Industrialization Are we there yet?

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New Ways of Thinking Laissez-Faire Economics Malthus Population Theory Ricardo (Economics as the dismal science) Iron Law of Wages Increases in wages to the poor will only result in large families. The poor should improve their lot through hard work, not government hand outs. Utilitarians for Limited Government Goal of society as the greatest good for the greatest number All laws and actions should be judged by how much happiness or pain it brings

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Socialist Thought Emerges Are Utopians Dreamers? All work shared, benefits shared Robert Owens Utopia Cotton mill in Scotland Conditions in which people live shape their lives Reduced working hours Homes for workers No child labor, free schooling Company store

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Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto Scientific Socialism. Class struggle is between those who have, and those who have not. While the haves control the means of production and therefore control society. In order for there to be equality, the workers (have- nots) needed to rise up and seize the means of production, and set up a classless society where there would be no war or conflict. Marxism in the future Marxism briefly flourishes (?) Marxism looses appeal (?)