Books andBookmakersA New Kssayist.

Time once was, and that, too. inAmerica,when an essayist was not without honor,even in his own country. Nowadays, how-ever, essays are not read on this side of thewater. The short story is occupying theliterary stage, to the exclusion of nearlyall else. Even the serial story, unless theauthor is fortunate enough to Vet a syndi-date to bring it out, falls fiat inalmostevery instance. The reading world wants ifiction, and wants itstraight to the point.and with that brevity that is often the i

soul of incompleteness.Butthe essay, although fallen upon hard

lines in this country, and relegated to out-ot-the-way corners in the bookcases of Ithose 6ld-fashioned people who, while jthey do not themselves read essays, still jhold the ancient faith tnat they are neededto complete a library, is stil! occasionalyread in England.

This is the reason, possibly, why a vol-ume of essays published in this country, at jone of the literary centers of this country, jshould he almost unknown, even at that !center, the while it is making a very con- !siderable stir inliterary London.It is said that literary London has all

along been at a loss to understand the sue- jcess in America of "Trilby."' Literary Bos- iton can now retaliate by "a kindred wonderover London's appreciation of WalterBlackburn Harte's "Meditations in Mot-ley."

Judging from the reviewers, however, andthe reports of the booksellers, thisthoroughly readable volume is not onlybetter known in London, but even in SanFrancisco, than it is in Boston, where itfirst saw the light.

"Meditations in Motley" is a volume ofessays that appeal very directly to the lit-erary mind. Although he has been foryears a working journalist, and has givenhis best thouglit and strength to appeasethe ceaseless demands of newspaper work,Mr. Harte is more distinctly a literaryman than almost any of the younger menin tbe country whose names suggest them-selves inconnection with literature. Hehas called his "meditations" "a bundle ofpapers imbued with the sobriety of mid-night," and they have been written, forthe most part, in those wee small hourswhen the journalist's working day hasended and that of the milkman and themarket purveyor is just beginning. Fromthe audacious whimsicality of the dedica-tion "tothe Deviland Dame ChanceI'to thelast meditation, a "RhapsodjVf Music,"the book bristles from cover to cover withgood things. There is a delicious sense ofleisure and ease about these meditationsinsnatch moments of time. Itis difficult!to imagine this genial, unhurried, rather ibookish, a little prejudiced and old-fash- Iioned dreamer hustling after a scoop, atthe behest of a city editor, or getting upcopy in the rush and hurry that are con-comitants of newspaper life.

Walter Blackburn Harte is only byadoption an American. He was born inEngland, in Bedfordtown, where JohnBunyan lived,and received his early edu-cation inone of the public schools of thatplacye. Itmust have been his very earlyeducation, for he was a mere lad

—"hardlyin his teens

—when business reverses in

the family forced him to leave school and jbegin life in earnest ina law office inoneof the old inns of court in London. Hetaught himself shorthand and continuedhis education in evening schools. At 16he &»ve up work and secured a year and ahal? of regular schooling, after which he\u25a0went to work as a reporter on one of theminor London papers. His work was notof much account, but it took him intoFleet street and gave the literary passionthat had consumed him from childhoodsomething to feed upon. Buta few monthsof this life showed him its limitations asto opportunities, and. as his face had longbeen turned toward America, the boy

—for|

he was but a boy—

decided to come here.Itwas some ten years ago that he landedin Montreal, with a few pounds in his |

pocket, and after several temporary en- ;gaarements invarious lines again plunged

Pwspaper work."Provincial journalism,'' he says, "affords

'

fome intimate acquaintance with real life, :luitit is distinctly inimical to the cultiva- !tion of any literary aims or graces." He I

went from Montreal to Toronto and otherCanadian cities, and while engaged in the :

]>res« gallery of the House of Commons inOttawa he wrote a number of articles for )American magazines on the Canadian Par- !liament and various social and politicalthemes. Finally, however, he drifted toNew York ami later went to Boston. In1891 he became assistant editor of the New •England Magazine, and the same year be- Igun the series oi literary causeries under ithe caption of "InaCorner at Dodsley's"that were so long one of the most attrac- Itive features of that magazine. He says of jthem: "Ifirst took down the shutters at jDodsley's inOctober, 18!<1, in the darkest, ipoorest, dismalest alleyway in all Grubstreet, and for over two years Iwas to be ifound there by all those who cared to ad- |venture in the literary slums. Ichose theuame partially out of a contradictory hu- !mor, my shop being situated so very faraway "from Fall Mall, where RobertDodsley's smart bookshop stood in Pope's jand Dr". Johnson's day. and partly becauseobscurity and squalor are forever associated jwith the attractions of antiquarianism,and Icould only hope insuch a quarter toattract ihe curious."

So many were inclined to adventurethus, however, that the Dodsley papersbare served to connect Mr. Harte's namepermanently with belles lettres. and have jcaused such critics as Hamilton W. Mabie,Israel Zangwill and Richard Le Gallienneto hail him as one of America's coming es-sayists.

A year or so ago Mr. Harte had a re-lapse into journalism, but is now on thestaff of the Arena. He has lately pub-lished indifferent magazines a number ofstriking short stories, and expects in timeto bring out a volume of these. Itwillbea pity, however, if this should mean thatwe are to have no more essays from hispen. The appetite awakened in this direc-tion by "Meditations inMotley decidedlycalls for more. The papers are full ofquaint humor and wisdom and sufficientlysavored with an occasional judicious pinchof attic salt to be suggestively stimulating.They bristle with extravagances, and Mr.Harte is by no means always to be takenseriously; but his extravagance is of awholesome .sort. His constant protestagainst the utilitarian spirit of the age istimely and the literary flavor of histhought is delicate and appetizing. He isa thoroughly independent thinker, withan insight that renders independence ofvalue. Nor is the cup of humorous railleryhe offers the world none the less enjoyablefor the tang of bitterness sometimes to bediscerned therein.

Just here, however, lies one of Mr.Harte's dangers. The most of us have bit-ter moments, and on the whole an occa-sional dash of wormwood is not a badthing for the race, only, likethe aforemen-tioned attic salt, it must be cautiouslyused. Nevertheless, our author's lash,while vigorously plied, is only for that inlife which richly deserves castigation, and8 certain sense of literary fitness that char-acterizes all his work will probably keephim from becoming that most offensivebungler, a literary scold. He has had atouch from genius moreover, iftime shallnot prove that that illusive spirit did evenmore than touch him, at birth.

Mr. Harte is yet a very young man. butjudging from the work he has alreadygiven us, we shall hear more and yet bet-ter things from him in the near future.

An Experiment in Altruism.

The literature of economic reform is as-suming formidable proportions. Scarcely

a week passes, nowadays, that some newbook on the subject does not demand at-tention. Most of the Work done along thisline, morever, is for the exploitation of in-dividual ideas or the arraignment of specialwrongs. In all this making many booksthere is only now and again a real thoughtor suggestion hidden among the countlesswords.

The author of the book under considera-tion, Elizabeth Hastings, has no theoriesof reform to put forward, and, singularlyenough, although the narrator admits thatshe, too, has a "cause," we do not, fromfirst to last of the book, find out what that"cause" is.

But "AnExperiment inAltruism" is im-|mensely readable. There is inita womaniwho having lived nine-and-thirty years,at last finds herself free to do as she" pleases.Then she comes to a strange city to followa "cause." Of this she gives no details.She finds herself witha lot of people who

!all have "causes." There is an altruist,| with his head in the clouds, given to talk-Iing to the people and constructing elabo-

rate schemes of life for them. There is "the} man of the world," a blase boy of 14,

who plays poker and criticizes the;drama, and an anarchist, mild and benevo-

rank as the possessors of genius. Thereseems to be a sudden awakening of the in-tellect of the race, and not only in letters,but inall departments of art, the Siavs areattracting the attention of men and womenof culture all round the world.

Among the most eminent leaders in| this Slavonic renaissance is Henryk Sien-Ikiewicz, whose novels are rapidly winning|him a fame as wide as the civilized world.His early works, full of adventure and in-cident, reminded readers of the best worksof Scott or Dumas, and not a few criticspronounced him the best writer on battlesand wars among modern romancers. Inhislatest book, "

Rodzina Polanieckich,"which, under the easier title of "Childrenof the Soil," has been translated into Eng-lish by Jeremiah Curtin, he has chosen aquieter theme and shown himself not lesssuccessful in portraying the growth anddevelopment of character amid the ordi-nary affairs of life than in depicting theterrors and the tragedies of war.

The "Children of the Soil" is a careful,sympathetic study of society among theupper middle class in the Poland of to-dayand is wrought out with that minute atten-tion to detail and that artistic finish evento trifles, ttiat is so characteristic of the

Igenius of Eastern Europe. Itis a long,| elaborate story, very different from the!curt novel that prevails in England andI

America, and was evidently intended for apeople who have abundant leisure to read,a large capacity for taking things slowlyand comparatively few fashionable novelspressing upon them for attention. Itisin fact the work of a great literary artist,who takes his work seriously and treatshis subject as something worthy of pains-taking study and not a mere "pastime toamuse careless readers for an idle hour.

The plot of the story is the developmentof the character of a certain StanislavPolanyetsKi, a young man of well-balanced

!mind and considerable strength of purpose,; who beginning his manhood with merelymaterial desires arrives at last,, largely

j through the influence of his noble wife, to' the comprehension of the highest spiritual

lent, looking like an aged apostle who isnear the beatific vision and miking aboutdestroying the Government and "wadingto peace through oceans of blood." Thereis a whole houseful of earnest young col-lege-settlement men and another of earnestyoung women. The young men are en-gaged in giving entertainments and pour-ing tea for their "neighbors" in the slums,and the young women are organizingtrades unions and helping solve socialproblems among the working people.Then there is a reformer at tar%e, whofinds his life work "on the platform."They are all self-conscious and intro-spective. Most of them are brooding overwrongs and studying the problem of life,and they are all devising ways and meansto correct the misdeeds of man and God.Of all the motley, earnest throngthe only being who seems to haveany definite scheme of life, whoreally knows "where be is at," isa venera-ble scientist who, forty years before, on aheight of the Andes, had discovered a newbutterfly. The subsequent years of hislife are being spent inan exhaustive studyof that insect. Through all runs a small,fine thread of a love story, daintily, unob-trusively, delicately toldj but the"bulk ofthe book, the chief motif, is the worK ofthe various reformers. The narrator goesto board and committee meetings, andvisits patients, with a sensible, practical,but still speculative woman doctor, whospends much time undoing the mischiefwrought by some of the reformers. Thereis a description of a socialistic banquet,given by the reformer at large, at which allthe idealists are present and make speeches,that is admirable.

Miss Hastings writes earnestly andthoughtfully about them ail. There isnot a word of ridicule r.or of condemna-tion in her book, but she has a savingsense of humor, and a real love for andfaith in humanity, that redeems her ac-count from levity* while it does not pre-vent her from showing us the deliciousabsurdity of many of the "movements" ofwhich she writes. Despite the fact thatshe turns the weak points of all her peo-ple relentlessly to the light, there is not acharacter in "the whole book, from thestar-gazing anarchist to the wretched little"man of the world" and poor gone-astrayPolly, lost in the slums, that sne does notmake the reader love for what is lovableand human in the creature.

The book comes to no definite conclu-sion. The author leaves each reformerworking out his particular fad. "Theanarchist is perfecting the process thatshall bring his millennium to be, and theyoung socialists in Barnet House are work-ing out the details of their new economicorder. The Altruist still translates theinfinite into finite terms; the young re-former is on the platform;Itoildaily inthe self-same cause, but the world is notsaved." She does not, however, close thebook hopelessly. In fact, there is not ahopeless sentence init,from the openingepigram to the closing declaration:

""Ami

our foreboding, lest our faith inGod shallescape us, seems futile, inasmuch as wecannot escape from our faith." [NewYork: Macmillan & Co. For sale by Wil-liam Doxey, San Francisco. Price, 75cents.]

Children of the Soil.The rapid development in the last quar-

ter ofa century of the literature and art ofEastern Europe is one of the most notedphenomena of our time. Compared withthe people of America, or of Western

Europe, the Slavonic race seems hardlyemerged from barbarism, and yet, though itlacks a broad, popular education, and hascomparatively few seats of learning, itcon-tributes to the world at this time a verylarge proportion of those men whose extra-ordinary faculties entitle them to take

needs of the human heart. Around thecentral figures of the Polanyetski familyare gathered a host of other "families and

j individuals as in real life. Though the! book is thus crowded with characters therej are no lay figures or uninteresting person-' ages. Every man and woman has a dis-I tinct individuality, and the dominant

\u25a0 traits of each are depicted as graphically asIare those of the characters of the greatestImasters of recent literature.j Even in the translation, it can be seen, that the author is master of a most versa-j tile style and has at his command a wide!range of emotions. Though the story deals

with the affairs of a stockbroker whoends by becoming a farmer, and flows

ialways in the course of the most1 commonplace events of life, such as love-!making, money-making and marriage,j with the inseparable accompaniments ofdisappointments and deaths, itnever for amoment becomes dull or sinks below thelevel of a true intellectual enjoyment.

'\u25a0 There are inithumor and pathos, wit andjphilosophy, the sparkle of light epigramj and the poetry of pure emotion. Alto-j eether it forms a notable book and willmi-icrease the fame of the author by showing!his ability to deal with the subtle prob-j Jems of psychology, as well as withariven-j ture and the dramatic elements of thrillingiromance.

Published by Little,Brown & Co., Bos-ton. For sale at the Popular Bookstore10 Post street. Price, $2.

An A id-d<-<.mi;> ufNapoleon.

Another contribution to the librarygrowing up to meet the demands of theNapoleon craze. The present work is, how-ever, one of real interest and value to thestudent of history. It is the memoirs ofGeneral Count de Segur of the FrenchAcademy, who cut a brilliant figure in war,politics and letters from the beginning ofthis century to near the close of its thirdquarter. Count de Segur in the year 1800was a private in the army of France. Hewas made a general in 1812, and foughtcontinuously up to tne end of the imperialera. Me served through all the wars ofthe empire, either on the staff of Napoleonor at the head of picked troops. He hasgiven to the world a very valuable contri-bution to history in his "History, Memoirsand Miscellanea," which was published, ineight volumes, soon after his death, in1873. These volumes contain a completehistory of Napoleon and his campaigns,and from them has been taken this per-sonal record which the Appletons havejust issued in a handsome octavo volume.

The work has been revised by a grandsonof the author, Count Louis de Segur, andtranslated by N. A.Patched-Martin. Thesoldier author is a man of letters as wellas of deeds, and the book is written inaclear, nervous, dramatic style that givesthe reader the strongest possible impres-sion of the time with which it deals. Heis not, as so many memoirists of thatperiod have been, a blind admirer of Na-poleon. He often enters into a rigidanalysis of the great hero's acts and themotives prompting them, and does nothesitate to speak the truth with severityon occasion, as in the matter of the mur-der, for he calls it murder, of the Dued'Enghien.

The book is particularly interesting inthe accounts it gives of the various cam-paigns of Napoleon, particularly that inKussia, and there are many notable per-sonal reminiscences of the author's father,Count de Segur, a celebrated Embassadorof the great Catherine, who concluded thefirst treaty between France and Russia,and who was one of the French combat-ants in the War of Independence of theUnited States. The book will rank as areal contribution to the literature of theNapoleonic era, not merely because of the

interesting and in some instances newground which itcovers, but because of theglimpse it affords us of Napoleon from thestandpoint of a peer of France, a bravesoldier, an accomplished scholar and astatesman of high rank. [New York: D.Appleton itCo. For sale by Doxey, SanFrancisco. Price $:>.]

Chimmie Fadden Kxplaiiis.

It seems that we are to have a series ofChimmie Fadden stories and that thepresent volume is No. 2 of the series.Init Chimmie Fadden explains, althoughhis explanations are somewhat hazy, andMajor Max expounds. The peculiar styleof each of these worthies needs no exposi-tion.

Mechanically speaking this No. 2 ofthe Chimmie Fadden stories is note-worthy. Itis a study in black and whiteand a lesson in typographic standards ofbeauty. The face ofthe text type is a boldblack letter, being what is known as theJ?n«on type, after Nicholas Jenson, aFrenchman, whoat Venice in 1470 foundedthe true Roman type. The initials, coverand title-page for the book were designedby Sindeiar, and all are striking andartistic. The whole in fact very closelysuggests some of the best efforts of thecelebrated Kehnscott Press, which theartistic designs of William Morris havemade famous.

There is, however, such a thing as theeternal fitness of things, in bookmaking asinall else, and in bringing allthese artisticeffects of antique-type Venetian black-let-ter initials and delicate tracery into playas a setting for "Chimmie Fadden" and"Major Max" the publishers have shown alamentable disregard for this fitness. Theblunder is an unfortunate one. We havenot so much of really artistic bookmakingin America that we can afford so tocheapen it. Mr. Townsend's work in itsantique dress is as painfully out of place,as shocking to artistic sensibilities as

—well,as Chimmie Fadden himself is inre-fined society.Itis a question whether the reading

world really wanted any more of Chimmiejust now. He is amusing, for a season

—but like the real liveBowery boy for whomhe stands, a little of him goes a great way.Major Max is at once more commonplaceand more endurable, but, when all is saidand done, they are both just a little tire-some. They have so very little to say thatwhen the charm of novelty has worn awayfrom Chimmie's dreary slang and themajor's circumlocution something else isneeded to hold the reader's attention.[New York: Lovell, Coryell & Co. Forsale by Doxey, San Francisco. Paper, 50cents.]

Familiar Flowers of Field and Garden.We have seen nothing better of its kind

than this attempt by F. Schuyler Mathewsto identify for the uninitiated oar familiargarden and wild flowers. Most of ourbotanies are too technical. Most of ourwriters on botany are too learned to bevery useful to the student who wants toknow flowers merely as flowers. The usualway of the botanists is to give the barefacts about plants in phraseology that re-quires reference to an elaborate glossaryand the mastering of an unknown tongueto comprehend the simplest description ofthe commonest weed.

Mr. Mathews does nothing of this sort.He writes of the flowers and plants bytheir familiar names, but gives also theirbotanical names and adds a litile personalgossip about each, for itis evident that theflowers are his friends and intimate ac-quaintances. He knows the familyhistoryof each, and tells us something" of themand their relations and associates in themost sociable way imaginable. He is,moreover, an artist. lie has himselfsketched from nature each plant of whichhe writes, and he adds, what only an artistcan add to his descriptions, accurate desig-nations as to color. Nothing is more ho-wildering to the amateur botanist thanthe absolute inconsequence with whichmost scientific students of plant life writeof the colors of plants. Itwould seem asthough with most of them everything isblue' that is not red, and whatever is lefti« yellow. The present work is by nomeans an exhaustive treatise on the bot-any of the Eastern States, but so far as itgoes, and itcovers a great deal of ground,itis excellent and will tilla very real want.[New York: D. Appleton &Co. For saleby William Doxey, San Francisco. Price?1 75.]

Washington ;or, The Revolution.This is a drama founded upon the his-

toric events of the war for American inde-pendence. The author, Ethan Allen, is arelative of the great Green Mountain heroof that name. The drama itself is not de-signed for production on the stage. Itismuch too long, much too prolix and slowinaction for any such presentation. Itiswritten ina style rather stilted and heroic,and the necessities that arise for differentspeakers to make long verbal explanationsof important historic events somewhatmar the artistic harmony of the work.The events themselves do "not lend them-selves readily to dramatic, treatment

—a

circumstance orten attending upon eventsin themselves dramatic.

Nevertheless, with all its crudities, thework holds the reader's interest. It is anew presentation of the well-knowntheme, and as such throws its own lightupon the memorable period with which itdeals. The drama is in two parts, ofwhich, the present volume is'but the first.Each part is presented in five acts, and thefirst part dates from the Boston massacreto Burgoy ne's surrender. It is intendedthat part second shall cover the periodfrom Valley Forge to "Washington's in-auguration as President. The illustrations,bj;Robert W. Chambers, are often spiritedand suggestive. [Chicago: J. TennysonNeely.]

Christ and His Friends.This is a volume of sermons that were

delivered early in the present year at theHanson-place M. E. Church, Brooklyn,N. V., by Rev. Louis Albert Banks, D.D.They are revival sermons, the themes andtexts all selected from St. John's gospel.AVith rather a curious appearance ofegotism, the author tells us in his prefacethat "after a few hours' study during themorning of the day in which the sermonwas to be delivered, it was first dictated toa stenographer, though it was afterwardin the evening preached without notes."One wonders just why this explanationis given. Aperusal of the sermons leavesthe impression that they must have gainedmuch in delivery, from the presence andpersonality of the speaker. They aretypical revival sermons, abounding inan-ecdote and pointed illustration, and fullofpersonal appeals to unbelievers. [NewYorkt Funk &Wagnalls. For sale at thePopular Bookstore, 10 Post street, SanFrancisco.]

Overland for July.

The Overland Monthly for July beginsthe twenty-sixth of the new series. In"Onr Spanish-American Families" Mrs.Helen Elliott Bandini recites the story ofthe original Californians, their prominentfamilies and what has become of them.

"Some Han Francisco Illustrators" tellsabout real Bohemians of the City, with ex-amples of their work.

"Well- Worn Trails" is the first of a newseries of articles by the editor, Rounse-velle Wildman. treating of the picturesquefeatures of California.

OTHER BOOKS RECEIVED.McClure's Complete Life of Napoleon:

Published by S. S. McClure (Ltd.), 30 La-fayette place, New York. Paper, 50 cents.

The Bibelot for June: Thomas B.Mosher, 37 Exchange street, Portland, Me.For sale by Doxey.

Philip Vernon: A Tale in Prose andVerse, by S. Weir Mitchell, M.D., LL.D.New York: The Century CompanyPrice, $1.

riow We Rose: By David Nelson Beach.Roberts Brothers. Boston. Popular book-store, 10 Post'street. Han Francisco.

Last year the sheep in the United Statesgrew 307,100,000 pounds of wool.

W. B. HARTE.[From a photograph.]

IDYLS OF THE FIELDBY A NATURALIST AT LARGE.

FLORAL SOCIALISTS.Some weeks ago, in an article of this

series, Itook occasion to write of spiders,ants and bees, calling these creatures, be-cause of their respective habits, anarchists,communists and socialists.

Since then my friends the human an-archists have addressed to me variouscommunications of protest. They do notcare to be likened to spiders, albeit thishard-working insect is the quintessence ofthe individualism which they so warmlycherish. One of my unknown correspond-ents, however, is brave enough to acceptthe logical conclusions of his own theories."Give me," he says, "the dangers attend-ingthe freedom of the spider, rather thanthe protection and plenty attending theslavery of the ant and the bee.

"Government is an order of nature ratherthan of intelligence. All gregarious ani-mals tend toward government. It is amode sometimes best adapted to perpetu-ate the race. Itis in no T.'ise dependentupon intelligent reason. In fact, the lessreason the more perfect the organization.* * * But give me the liberty of the in-dividual, even if itmust be in poverty andisolation, rather than the comfort of thewell-fed neuter in the hive of humanity."Iwillinglyconcede to this correspondent

the fullest possible attainment of libertyhis individuality can bear. We are notconcerned to-day with his political beliefs,but with his entirely scientific postulatethat government is an order of Nature.

Unlike our friends, the anarchists, however, Nature has no special regard for mdividuals. What she aims at is the perpetu-ation of the species, and to the attainmentofthis end she seeks to develop in the in-dividual fitness to survive.

Just here at my hand Ihave secured

three blossoms. They are all commonplants, so common indeed that two ofthem are usually termed weeds. Theyhave, however, their own special names,dandelion, clover and dogfennel, and theyare important because they are typicalrepresentatives of the largest order in thefloralkingdom, an order which, althoughit was the last to appear in the vegetableworld, has outstripped every other andleads them all to-day. Botanists call itthe composite order' Its members arereally floral socialists. Take this clover, forinstance. What we call the blossom is inreality many blossoms. Look at the massunder this "glass. You will see that theclover head is made up of numerous mi-nute cups in a compact cluster.

If you pull one of these tiny cups fromthe head and put the uprooted end in yourmouth, as you ased to love to do when achild, you will taste a single drop ofnectar." That is what the cup has to offerthe bee who helps to fertilize the blossom.

But now study the cup. Itis in itself aperfect blossom. As we see it,itis now atiny tube, but it was once possessed offive minute petals which have united inthe present tubular shape. There is still asuggestion of the time when the petalswere separate, in the little pointed scallopsthat rim the cup. Now the tiny cup is notonly descended from a five-petaledancestor, but that ancestor was at onetime a separate flower, growing on its in-dividual stem and trusting to good for-tune to send some fertilizing insect in itsway, that its kind might be perpetuated.The chances of such fortune were small.The flowers were so tiny they must fre-quently have been overlooked by the in-sects.

But those flowers that grew closest to-gether, forming little clusters, were mostnoticeable, and were discovered, robbed oftheir nectar and incidentally fertilized byfreebooting insects. These blossoms borefruit, and in time the co-operative habitbecame fixed in their descendants. Inother words, unable, by reason of theirminuteness, to attract the insects and se-cure fertilization, they established colo-nies, so to speak, that in the aggregatethey might obtain that which as individ-uals they were powerless to secure. Theycrowded closer and closer together untilthey formed a solid, compact mass, as inthe clover here. The many-petaled flowersfound it inconvenient to arrange them-selves in the composite order, and so, aswe see in the clover, the petals have co-alesced to form a tube-shaped flower, and,as the tubular form is better adapted toreceive fertilization by the bee, that formhas been perpetuated.

Now, as we have seen, the chances forthe survival of the isolated individualwere very small in the cases of these tinyflowers. By co-operation, however, thisorder of plants has, as Ihave said, becomethe largest in the floral kingdom, althoughitwas the latest to appear. The compo-aitse have circled the globe. They (illourgardens and flourish in our hothouses.The pretty goldenrorl, the dig-nified asters, the aristocratic chrys-anthemums, the dainty daisies, allbelong to this great socialistic order. Heli-anthus, the big,beaming sunflower, is acharter member. So, too, is the wretchedlittle tarweed with its pungent balsamicodor. One could almost fill this page ofthe Call with a list of the compositeplants.Itis quite true that inevery instance the

individual flowers have sacrificed some-thing to the race. The single tiny blossomthat Ican pull from this dandelion, forinstance, has no individuality whatever.By and by, had Ileft it alone, itmichthave taken to itself wings and sailedflutfily oft upon the breeze, to sink toearth and renew its life again, perhaps athousand miles from here. Seeing itfloating a poet might have found in itthetheme for a poem. A scientist might haveseen in it universal law. or a seer havereasoned from it to life eternal, but thelittle seed would be merely a dandelionseed

—one of many hundred that the

blossom sent out. But for the co-opera-tion of its fellows in the floral body socialitcould never have been at all. Neverthe-less, but for itand its fellows, the blossomcould never have been. The law of co-operation, like all of nature's laws, makesfor Tightness and fitness along the wholeline.

Nature teaches us, with evorepeated

emphasis, the lesson of interdependence ofkind. The isolated being is everywherethe comparatively helpless being." He issurrounded by dangers. He wastes incaring for himself the energy that mighthave made him a more useful social unit.Even apparent exceptions to this rule butgo to confirm it. The tree growing byitself in the open field often attains togreater size, to a more rounded symmetryof branches and a higher perfection ofbeauty than the tree in the crowded forest,but woodsmen tell us that the forest treemakes the better timber.Ihave said that our composite flowers

survive by virtue of their having associatedthemselves together in colonies in orderthat their aggregate endeavor may accom-plish that which is beyond their in-dividual efforts. Ido not i'mauine for onemoment that this association was volun-tary on their part. The first aggregationor blossoms was probably adventitious—because it has been better for the speciesthe composite form has persisted. Thoseflowers witha tendency to separate them-selves from the mass are so small as to beoverlooked by insects. They do not getfertilised and. therefore, perish. Thus theindividualistic type does not become per-petuated. Ihave sometimes founu ablighted clover-blossom with a singledower occupying the head in the full gloryof its individuality. Such a blossom isnot beautiful.

Studying my dandelion, with its wealthof yellow flowers safe and comfortable inthe beautiful blossom which each helps tomake, Iam moved to wonder whether myanarchistic correspondent has ever stoppedto consider what would become of thisplant if the government of which he socontemptuously speaks as "an order ofnature rather than of intelligence" wereto cease its operation

—if the composite

organization were to be dispersed into itsindividual elements. Much the same fatewould overtake the individual flowers, Ifancy, as would overtake him should

!human government suspend operations.:Nature's laws hold good aJI along the lineof life, and he says wisely that one of theselaws is government. Nor are her laws to

jbe cut across with impunity. Floral an-; arohy would mean death to the individualj flower, and human anarchy just as trulyj would mean death to the individual andI to that composite rlower of the humani race

—civilization.

Australia is the only colony in the worldto which ruminating 'animals are not in-digenous, and yet cattle and sheep of vari-ous breeds thrive there amazingly.

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, JUNE 16, 1895.17

NEW TO-DAY.

«rFI NOUN

I%%. SHOE GO.

SPOT CASH.

PRICE LISTOF

TAN SHOES—AND

—

BLACKJSHOES.CHILDREN'S AND MISSES'

TAN SHOESSquare Toes and Tips, Spring Heels,

and Fine Black Paris KidButton,Square Toes, Patent Leather

Tips, Spring Heels.PRICES FOR THE ABOVE:

Sizes 5 to 8 gooSizes 8V? toll $100Sizes Hl/2 to •2...... $105

YOUTHS' HEAVY TAX BUTTON" SHOES.Double Soles, Spring Heels, Square Toes andTips, sizes 9to 13y, widths I). X and XX,

*1.50 per Pair.

LADIES' DITTOS SHOES,Latest Style, Square Tops and Tips. Heels and

Spring Heels, widths C, 1), X and XX,•1.75 per Fair.

OUR OWN MAKE.LADIES' FINK TAN KID BUTTON, Latest

Style, Razor Toes, Pointed Toes, and Now StyleNarrow Square Toes, widths AA to XX.

$£.5O per Pair.

OUR OWN MAKE.LADIES' FIXE TAX KID BUTTON, SPRING

HEELS. New Style, Square Toes and Diamond-shaped Tips, widths A Ato XX.$~.50 per Pair.

ladies' Tan Kid and Black KidOxford Ties,Pointed and Square Toes.

75c, SI and SI 25 per Pair.

Same as above with Black or Tan ('loth Tops,latest style razor toes, pointed toes, narrow squaretoes and hand-turn soles,

51.50, 51.75, #2 and 52.50 per Pair.

LADIES' TAN AND BLACKSOUTHERN TIES,

Latest style razor toes, pointed toes and narrowsquare toes, diamond-shaped toes, hand-turn soles,51.50, 82 and 52.50 per pair.

Extra fine qualityTAXCBOMK KID,

SS:! per Pair.

MEN'S TAN SHOES.Men's Tan-colored lace shoe $2 00Men's Tan Hnsaia calf lace shoes, sewed

soles, pointed and Piccadilly toes 250Men's Hue Tan Russia calf lace shoes, Good-

year sewed welts, latest style toes .. 350Men's extra fine imported Tar. Russia calf

shoes, band-sewed welted soles, lateststyle razor toes, pointed toe-sand new stylenarrow square Yale toes....' 500

You have nothing: to lose and all togain.If our SIIOKS are not as .-t«-nt*»d

return them and we will cheerfully re-I fund the money.

Largest Store and by Far the LargestStock to Select From.

When you can't get fitted elsewhere, al-ways goto "Nolan's" and get fitted there.

£&~Mall Orders tilled by return ex-press.

MAMS.SHOE COMPANY,

! PHELAN BUILDING,

812-814 Market St.TELEPHONE 5527.

1-

HAVE EVERYTHINGNEEDED FOR

CAMPING OR TRAVELINGShawl Straps 9 25

Leather Club Bays.' 100Gladstone Traveling Bags 2 80Shoulder Bags 2 00Twine Bags 25Tourist Knifeand ForkSets inFull

Variety

!Pocket Flasks 75Collapsing Cups 25Wood Pie Plates 10 per doze»Paper Napkins 15 perflOOTin Cups 05Coffee Pots 10Tin Flasks 10Alcohol stoves 16Coal OilStoves 60Knives and Forks 05,each

Teaspoons 10 per doze*Tablespoons 25 per dozenCorkscrews 10 eachStraw or Canvas Hats 25Outing Shirts 50Three-Jointed Fish Poles 10Gutted Fish Hooks 10perdoze»

KingedHooks 10 per 100Telescope Baskets 18Splint Baskets , 05Fine Mexican Grass Hammocks.. 1 00

Croquet Sets 75Camp Stools 25

Steamer Chairs-

75

Electrical Construction and Repairingof AllKinds. Estimates Given.

Special attention given to SportingGoods and Barber Supplies. Razors,

Shears and Knives ground and repaired.

818-820 Market StreetiFlaela-n Building.

Factory— 3o First Street*

NEW TO-DAY.

JUNE PRICESThis means seasonable goods

at greatly reduced prices in;order to close out such goods

as are intended for spring and

summer trade.

LADIES' JERSEY RIB-BED LISLE UNIONSUITS, long sleeves, MAW 606price was $1 I>U>V UUu

HEAVY QUALITY ALLSILK MOIRE RIBBON1% inches wide, all colors, "VTrv-nr 1f\nprice was 20c IIOW IUC

JAPANESE GILT-PRINT-ED CREPE for draperyuse, handsome coloringsand patterns, width '17 "VTAW IXpinches, price was 25c liU J. t)\.j

HENRIETTA WEAVEWASH DRESS GOODS,handsome printed designs,light and dark colorings, "\T «r -i(\nprice was 15c 11OW IUC

Our new catalogue now ready. Mailedfree to any address on application.

Parcels delivered free in this and neigh-boring cities and towns.

Country orders receive our best andprompt attention.' Samples on application.

KOHLBERC,STRAUSS &

FROHMAN,107 AND 109 POST STREET,

i.' :,? '\u25a0\u25a0•'»! \u25a0'\u25a0\u25a0 ", ::-'.-

1220-1222-1224 MARKET ST.

The most certain md safe Pain Remedy. Inwater cures Summer Complaints, Diarrhoea, Heart-burn, Sour Stomach, Flatulence, Colic, Nausea.