The Human Body:

Chapters 20-25

Support and Movement:Endoskeleton: internal skeleton

Bone: very hard tissue

Cartilage: tough, flexible tissue (protects ends of bones from rubbing against each other).

Support and Movement:Axial skeleton:

skull, rib cage, backbone

Appendicular skeleton: shoulder, hip, pelvis, arms, legs

Functions of skeleton:support + shape body

cover/protect organs

work with muscles for movement

make blood cells

store minerals (calcium, phosphorous)

Structure of Bones:

Marrow: Found in the spaces of bones; soft

Red marrow: makes new blood cells

Yellow marrow: mostly fat cells

Compact bone: Hard/dense, calcium rich

Spongy bone: Lightweight, spaces/holes

Support and Movement:Joints: place where

two bones meet

Ligaments: bands of tough tissue which joins bones together

Sprains occur when ligaments are stretched too far, or torn (severe sprain).

Types of joints:Fixed joints: Do not move at all.

Hinge joints: allow movement backward and forward in only one direction(ex: elbow, knee)

Ball + socket joints: allow movementin all directions (shoulder, pelvis)

Pivotal joints: allows side to side and up and down movements (where skull joins backbone)

Gliding joints: allow some movement in all directions, bones slide along each other(wrist, ankle)

Muscle actions:Muscles change their length by

contracting (or shortening)-this pulls on bones and causes movement of the body.

A muscle that bends a joint is called a flexor, while a muscle that extends or straightens a joint is called an extensor.

Muscles work in pairs; when one contracts, the other relaxes (ex: biceps/triceps)

Muscle actions:

Laboratory activity:

What kinds of movements are possible for human body joints?

Terms to know/learn:

FlexionExtensionAbductionAdduction

Bone development:During development

in the womb, the skeleton is made of mostly cartilage which is then replaced by bone when calcium compounds are deposited.

Skeletal problems:Fracture = break in bone

Greenstick fracture:-Incomplete, common in kids due to softer bone

Simple fracture:-Does not pierce the skin

Compound fracture:-Pierces the skin

Arthritis:Causes inflamed joints. Most common type is when cartilage between bone is destroyed and replaced with bone deposits.

Scoliosis (Clip):-A disorder of the backbone that causes unusual curves.

-Can be caused by disease or injury, or may be inherited at birth.

-Corrected through surgery or wearing a brace.

The Muscular System:Types of muscle tissue:

A) Cardiac muscle: makes up the heart

B) Skeletal muscle: attached to bones by tendons; make movement possible

C) Smooth muscle: walls of blood vessels, stomach and organs

The Muscular System:Voluntary muscles: you can control their movement (skeletal)

Involuntary muscles: you cannot controltheir movement(smooth and cardiac)

Muscle problems:Muscle cramp: muscle contracts

suddenly and strongly

Sore muscles: overuse or small tear

Muscle strain: large tear requiring rest and time to heal

Muscular dystrophy (Clip): disease which gradually destroys muscle (cannot contract)

The Skin:Body’s largest organ Supports and

protects the bodyA) Epidemis

(outermost layer):-waterproof (keeps water in)-keeps germs out

The Skin:B) Dermis (inner layer):

-nerves, blood vessels,hair follicles,oil glands,sweat glands

Try these questions:Page 358:A) MatchingB) Applying definitions

Page 359:True and false

Crossword Puzzle

Free Space

Biology Bingo:EndoskeletonCartilageAxial skeletonAppendicular

skeletonCompact boneSpongy boneRed marrowYellow marrowJointsLigamentsFixed

HingeBall and socketPivotalGlidingFlexorExtensorFractureGreenstickCompound

fractureArthritisScoliosis

Cardiac muscleSkeletal muscleSmooth muscleVoluntary

musclesInvoluntary

musclesMuscular

dystrophyEpidermisDermisTendons

Chapter 21: DigestionDigestion:Breaking down food into forms that your body can use.

Digestion begins in your mouth with saliva.Saliva is one of several enzymes that your body uses to break down food.

Mechanical digestion: Breaking down food into smaller pieces (chewing and grinding).

Chemical digestion: Breaking down large food molecules into smaller, different molecules (ex: starch is a large carbohydrate that becomes a small sugar).

The organs that make up the digestive system form a long tube-like structure called the alimentary canal.

Parts of the digestive system:1) Mouth: 4 different kindsof teeth (for mechanical breakdown) and Saliva(for chemical breakdown)

2) Pharynx:A passageway for both air and food

3) Esophagus: A long muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The contractions of its muscles forces the food downward; this is called peristalsis.

4) Epiglottis: Flap of tissue covering the windpipe so that food enters into the digestive system instead of the respiratory system.

5) Stomach: Both mechanical and chemical digestion takes place here. Stomach musclestwist and churn up food, breaking itinto smaller bits.

During these movements, gastric juices (mucus, pepsin, and hydrochloric acid) help with the chemical break down.

6) Small intestine:

Narrow, coiled tube where most of the chemical breakdown of food happens.

Digestive juices made by the pancreas and liver are added here.

After food is changed into usable forms, it is ready to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

7) Large intestine:

Undigested material enters here; water and minerals are absorbed into the blood, whereas solid waste material moves into the lower part of the intestine called the rectum. 

Digestive System Problems:Tooth Decay:

Plaque (saliva, food and bacteria) forms on teeth. The bacteria make acids that break down the outer covering of the tooth called enamel. 

Indigestion: Discomfort after eating, normally caused by poor eating habits (eating too much, too little, too quickly).

Heart Burn: Acidic juices from stomach go up into esophagus, causinga burning sensation.

Ulcer:Stomach acids digest away the lining of the stomach or the small intestine and a sore or hole is made.

Diarrhea: Frequent, strong contractions move wastes through large intestine too quickly for water to be reabsorbed into blood. Constipation:Contractions move wastes through large intestine too slowly and too much water is reabsorbed. This makes it difficult to eliminate wastes.

Digestive system diagram:1. Mouth2. esophagus3. liver4. stomach5. pancreas6. large intestine7. small intestine8. anus or rectum9. gall bladder10. pharynx

1. The esophagus is a long muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

2. Bile is produced in the liver. 3. Solid wastes are eliminated from the body through

the anus. 4. Water and minerals are absorbed into the blood in

the large intestine. 5. The pancreas releases digestive juices into the

small intestine. 6. Food enters the digestive system through the

mouth. 7. The gall bladder stores bile. 8. When food is swallowed, it enters the pharynx. 9. Most of the chemical digestion of food and the

absorption of food takes place in the small intestine. 10. The stomach stores and breaks down food.

Free Space

Bill Nye: Digestion

Digestion Biology Bingo:DigestionSalivaEnzymesMechanical

digestionMasticationChemical

digestionAlimentary

canal

PharynxEsophagusPeristalsisEpiglottisStomachGastric juicesSmall intestineLarge intestineRectum

Pancreas

PlaqueEnamelIndigestionHeart burnUlcerDiarrheaConstipation

Review questions:Name a bone(s) of the axial skeleton.Name a function/job of our skeleton.What does red marrow make for our

bodies?What is yellow marrow made up of?What is the name of the injury which occurs

when ligaments are stretched too far?Where in your body might you find a fixed

joint?

Where in your body might you find a hinge joint?

Where in your body might you find a pivot joint?

Where in your body might you find a gliding joint?

Where in your body might you find a ball/socket joint?

What kind of muscle bends a joint?What kind of muscle straightens a joint?

Muscles always work in _______, when one contracts, the other relaxes.

During development in the womb,______ is replaced with bone.

A ________is the name for a break in a bone.

A compound fracture pierces the ______.Arthritis causes ______ between bone to be

destroyed.Curves in the spine can be caused by a

disorder called __________

What do we call the muscle that makes up the heart?

What kinds of muscles make movement possible?

Where in your body might you find smooth muscle?

Give an example of an involuntary muscle.

What is the largest organ of the body?Name something found in your dermis.

•Give an example of mechanical digestion.•Give an example of chemical digestion.•What is the scientific name for the long tube-like structure that forms the digestive system?•This structure is a passageway for both air and food.•The contractions that push food through your digestive system is called what?•What is the name of the flap of tissue that covers your windpipe when you swallow?•Things like mucus, pepsin and hydrochloric acid together make up these juices.

•This is the place where most of the chemical breakdown of food happens.•This is the place where water and minerals are absorbed into the bloodstream.•Name two things that make up the plaque which forms on your teeth.•This is the hard outer covering of your teeth.•This happens when wastes are moved through the digestive system too quickly.•This happens when wastes move through the digestive system too slowly.

Chapter 22: CirculationBill Nye: Circulation

Circulation Bingo:BloodHeartPlasmaRed blood

cellsWhite blood

cellsBlood

vesselsArteries

VeinsCapillariesHeart attackAnemiaLeukemiaSeptumAtriumVentricleValves

AortaPulmonarySystemicHigh blood

pressureOxygenCarbon

dioxideLungsTissue fluid

Circulation Flipbooks:

Title pagePage 1: HeartPage 2: BloodPage 3: Blood vesselsPage 4: CirculationPage 5: Heart problemsPage 6: Blood disordersPage 7: True or false

Chapter 22: CirculationNick 64Miranda 58Matt Z. 55Ashley V. 84Mitch 86John! 83Kathleen 80Stefan 60Dustin 66

Jesse 80Sarah 114Jarika 80Garion 49Anthony 48Kristen 56Ashley R. 80

Our circulatory system is made up of:

a) Heart b) Blood vesselsc) Blood

Needed to transport nutrients and wastes, but especially oxygen through our bodies.

The Heart:Septum: separates right and left sides of heart to keep oxygen- poor blood from mixing with oxygen-rich blood.

Each side of the heart has two chambers: atrium (receives blood) ventricle (pumps blood)

Valves: flaps of tissue that open and close to keep blood flowing in one direction.

Blood Vessels:Arteries: Carry blood away from heart to body (aorta is largest)

Veins: Return oxygen-poor blood to the heart from body

Capillaries: Small branches connecting arteries and veins

Blood:

Plasma: makes up 55% of blood and is mostly water (also nutrients, wastes etc)

Other 45% of blood is:

Red blood cells: Carry oxygen

White blood cells: Part of immune system; attack/eat up foreign substances

Chapter 23: Respiration and Excretion

Respiration: the release of energy due to the break down of food in your cells. This process uses a lot of oxygen, which we breathe in and exchange for carbon dioxide when we breathe out.

Breathing therefore involves both respiration and excretion.

Parts of the Respiratory System:

Nose: hairs filter dirt/dust from air.

Nasal cavity: mucus traps particles; cilia push mucus back toward nostrils.

Pharynx: passageway for air and food.

Larynx: vocal cords(at top of trachea).

Trachea: windpipe (no food should enter).

Bronchi: passageways that lead to lungs.

Lungs: contain air sacs called alveoli which is where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. This process is called diffusion.

The process of breathing:Inhaling:

-Rib muscles tighten, move upward and outward

-Diaphragm tightens and moves downward

-Volume/space of chest cavity increases

-Air pressure in chest cavity decreases, air rushes in

Exhaling:

-Ribs move inward and downward

-Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

-Volume inside chest cavity decreases

-Air pressure in chest increases, air is forced out

Respiratory diseases:Pneumonia: Caused by bacteria or viruses. Alveoli fill with fluid, preventing

gas exchange. Symptoms: fatigue, coughing, tightness in chest.

Bronchitis: Dirt/dust particles become trapped in bronchioles. Symptoms: bad cough, difficulty breathing.

Asthma: Dirt/dust particles become trapped in bronchioles, bronchioles contract. Symptoms: difficulty breathing.

Body Atlas Video:1. What percentage of the chest cavity is occupied by

the lungs?2. What is the function of the blood vessels lining the

lungs?3. What fraction of the air we breathe is oxygen?4. How many alveoli do we have?5. What is the advantage of the thin walls of the

alveoli?6. How many red blood cells do we have?7. What is the function of hemoglobin?8. What organ is most sensitive to fallen levels of

oxygen?9. How do bodies adapt to high altitudes?10. Why is the inside of an aircraft pressurized?

The Excretory System:Organs that remove waste products are part of the excretory system. Main organs are therefore lungs, skin, and kidneys.

Kidneys: remove wastes such as excess water, salts and urea from blood using filtering structures called nephrons. Kidneys also return nutrients to the blood after filtering takes place.

Urination:Urine leaves each kidney through a tube called the ureter.

Each ureter carries urine to the urinary bladder for storage.

The urethra is the tube that carries urine outside the body.

Excretion through skin:Sweat glands release waste products through perspiration.

Perspiration is a liquid waste including water, salts and some urea.

Each sweat gland has a small tube leading to an opening on the surface of the skin called a pore.

Excretory problems:Kidney stones: Buildup of calcium, usually passed through urethra.

Treatments: a) Medication to dissolve or break up

b) Surgically removed

c) Sound waves to break them up

Excretory problems:Acne:

Oil clogs the pores creating whiteheads, blackheads.

If a blackhead becomes infected with bacteria, it becomes a pimple.

Prevention:1) Wash skin2) Drying lotion 3) Avoid/remove oily cosmetics4) Healthy diet5) Rest and exercise

Respiration and Excretion Bingo:

RespirationExcretionInhalingExhalingNoseNasal cavityMucusBronchi

LungsAlveoliDiffusionDiaphragmPneumoniaBronchitisAsthmaKidneys

NephronsUreterUrinary

bladderUrethraPerspirationPoreKidney

stonesAcne

Review questions:Handouts R 141-146

Respiration and excretion activity/lab with BTB solution

Body atlas video

Chapter review questions:Matching, Identifying relationships, Completion

Chap 24: RegulationNervous system:A) Neurons (Nerve cells)B) Spinal cordC) Brain

Parts of a neuron:A) Cell Body(Nucleus and cytoplasm)B) Dendrites(receives messages)C) Axon(sends messages)

Nerve Pathways:The ‘messages’ which are sent and

received between neurons are in the form of electrical impulses (jolts of energy).

Each impulse must cross over a gap between neurons called a synapse.

Most messages are processed and responded to by the brain, but some are automatically processed by the spinal cord. These are called reflexes.

The Brain:A) Cerebrum: Controls movement, speech, senses, intelligence, personality etc.

B) Cerebellum: Processes nerve impulses from the cerebrum, helps with balance and increased coordination.

C) Medulla: Controls involuntary actions such as breathing, digestion, blood pressure, heart rate etc. Split Brain Video

The Endocrine System:

Made up of a group of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones are chemical messengers.

Examples of glands/hormones:A) Pituitary gland growth hormoneB) Thyroid gland thyroxine(controls metabolism)

c) Pancreas insulin(controls blood-sugar level)

Body Atlas Video:

“Glands and Hormones”

Chap 25: Reproduction and Development

PubertySecondary sex characteristics

Secondary Sex Characteristics:

Male◦Growth of body and facial hair.◦Greater muscle mass and strength.◦Enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple)◦Deepening of voice◦Increased stature◦Heavier bone structure◦Broadening of shoulders and chest◦Acne and body odor.

Female ◦Enlargement of breasts.◦Growth of body hair.◦Widening of hips◦Acne and body odor◦Fat deposits mainly around the buttocks, thighs

and hips.

Male Reproductive System:Testes: Produce testosterone and spermScrotum: Support the testesEpididymis: Coiled tube, stores spermVas deferens: Tube through which

sperm travel

Female Reproductive System:

Ovaries:Produce estrogenand eggsOviduct:End of the fallopian tube that ‘catches’ eggs and guides them to uterusUterus:Hollow, muscular organ where baby developsCervix:Narrow end of the uterus that extends into vagina

Regulation and Reproduction Bingo:AxonCell bodyCerebellumCerebrumDendritesGrowth

hormoneHormonesImpulses

InsulinMedullaNeuronsReflexSynapseThyroxine

CervixEpididymis

Fertilization

OvariesOviductPlacentaTestesUmbilical

cordUterusVas deferens

Label the diagram:

1. Pituitary 2. Thyroid 3. N/A (not applicable)4. Adrenal5. Pancreas6. Ovaries7. Testes

Answers to the handouts:

Chart:

1. Pituitary2. Control growth3. Thyroid4. Control metabolism5. Insulin6. Adrenaline7. Ovaries8. Egg development9. Testes10. N/A (not applicable)

Male/Female Reproductive Organs:

1. Bladder2. Vas deferens3. Urethra4. Epididymis5. Testes6. Oviduct or fallopian tube7. Uterus8. Cervix9. Vagina10. Ovaries

Short answer questions:

1. Fertilization is the joining of sperm and egg.

2. Egg forms a barrier.3. To exchange gases, nutrients, wastes

between baby and mother.4. Diffusion5. It can harm the baby’s development6. 9 months or 38 weeks

Vocabulary blanks:1. Cervix2. Ejaculation3. Placenta4. Menstruation5. Ovaries6. Epididymis7. Puberty8. Pregnancy9. Fertilization10. Amnion

11. Umbilical cord12. Penis13. Oviduct14. Testes15. Zygote16. Vagina17. Uterus18. Scrotum