the hellenic age of ancient greece the rise of the city-state and greek culture

The Hellenic Age of The Hellenic Age of Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

The Rise of the City-State and The Rise of the City-State and Greek CultureGreek Culture

Rise of the City-StateRise of the City-State

►The Greek Dark Ages ran from 1100 The Greek Dark Ages ran from 1100 BC to ≈ 800/750 BC.BC to ≈ 800/750 BC.

►The brief era of re-birth was known as The brief era of re-birth was known as the Archaic Period of the Hellenic age.the Archaic Period of the Hellenic age. During the late Dark Ages (900-800 BC) During the late Dark Ages (900-800 BC)

There was a revival of the Greek economyThere was a revival of the Greek economy Also there was a cultural and political Also there was a cultural and political

revival.revival.


►The Greek Dark The Greek Dark Ages ended around Ages ended around 750 BC. 750 BC.

►Following that the Following that the city-state or city-state or polispolis became the central became the central focus of Greek life.focus of Greek life.

The Ruins at Delphi


►Various Greek City-States and their Various Greek City-States and their Governments:Governments: Thebes & MonarchyThebes & Monarchy Corinth & PlutocracyCorinth & Plutocracy Delphi & TheocracyDelphi & Theocracy Athens & DemocracyAthens & Democracy Sparta & AristocracySparta & Aristocracy

Rise of the City-StateRise of the City-StateWhy the City-State?Why the City-State?

► Cities were separated by mountains and Cities were separated by mountains and bodies of water which kept them from bodies of water which kept them from uniting into one country. uniting into one country.

► Instead of one ruler for all of the city-states Instead of one ruler for all of the city-states together, the Greeks preferred having their together, the Greeks preferred having their own government in their own community.own government in their own community.

► The main gathering place in Greek city-The main gathering place in Greek city-states was a fortified hill top called an states was a fortified hill top called an acropolisacropolis. Below was the . Below was the agoraagora, an open , an open area for people to assemble and for a area for people to assemble and for a market place.market place.

The City-StateThe City-State

►City-states varied in size, some were a City-states varied in size, some were a few square miles to a few hundred few square miles to a few hundred square miles.square miles.

►Populations varied by size of the cities.Populations varied by size of the cities.►Overall, the Overall, the Polis Polis was a community of was a community of

like-minded people with common like-minded people with common goals.goals.


►Only adult males had rights within the Only adult males had rights within the Polis.Polis.

►Slaves, agricultural laborers, and Slaves, agricultural laborers, and resident aliens also had no rights.resident aliens also had no rights.

►City-States distrusted one another, City-States distrusted one another, and were extremely patriotic. and were extremely patriotic. i.e. people who lived in Athens, were i.e. people who lived in Athens, were

Athenians, not Greeks.Athenians, not Greeks.


►All Greek colonies were established as All Greek colonies were established as city-states as well.city-states as well.

►City-states popped up all over the City-states popped up all over the Mediterranean as the Greeks settled.Mediterranean as the Greeks settled. The most notable of these colonized city-The most notable of these colonized city-

states was states was ByzantiumByzantium..►The colonies of Greece supplied the The colonies of Greece supplied the

mainland with numerous resources not mainland with numerous resources not available within Greece.available within Greece.


►Aristocrats eventually began to control Aristocrats eventually began to control power within the city-states.power within the city-states.

►The men that took complete control of The men that took complete control of the city-states were known as the city-states were known as TyrantsTyrants.. Tyrant was the Greek name for anybody Tyrant was the Greek name for anybody

with absolute control.with absolute control. Most Greek tyrants were beloved rulers.Most Greek tyrants were beloved rulers.

The City-StatesThe City-States

►Tyrants were wealthy, land owning Tyrants were wealthy, land owning citizens of their cities.citizens of their cities.

►Eventually the power of tyrants came Eventually the power of tyrants came to an end, in favor of other forms of to an end, in favor of other forms of government.government.

Map of Greek & Phoenician Colonies.

SpartaSparta

►Dominant city-Dominant city-state of the state of the Peloponnesus.Peloponnesus.

►Their Greek name Their Greek name was the was the Lacedaimonions Lacedaimonions ((

SpartaSpartathe Militarythe Military

►Sparta was a military culture.Sparta was a military culture. Men fought in the summer and rested in Men fought in the summer and rested in

the winter, every year.the winter, every year.►First in Greece to have a professional First in Greece to have a professional

army.army.►Spartan and Greek soldiers alike were Spartan and Greek soldiers alike were

called called hopliteshoplites..►Spartans were the first to perfect the Spartans were the first to perfect the

phalanxphalanx..


►Spartan soldiers were well-trained.Spartan soldiers were well-trained.►Taken from the age of seven to begin Taken from the age of seven to begin

training for battle.training for battle.►Soldiers served from the age of 7 to Soldiers served from the age of 7 to

60. 60. ►Soldiers were granted citizenship at Soldiers were granted citizenship at

the age of 30.the age of 30.


►The Spartan training camp was the The Spartan training camp was the called the called the AgogeAgoge..

►Men trained, ate, slept, and died Men trained, ate, slept, and died together from the age of seven.together from the age of seven.

►Recruits were forced to steal, kill, and Recruits were forced to steal, kill, and become immune to pain, all to be become immune to pain, all to be better soldiers.better soldiers.


► The Phalanx was the arrangement of men in The Phalanx was the arrangement of men in battle.battle.

►Men used their shields to guard the man to Men used their shields to guard the man to their left, from thigh to neck.their left, from thigh to neck.

► Spears were the primary weapon in a Spears were the primary weapon in a phalanx, swords were secondary.phalanx, swords were secondary.


►A proper A proper marching marching Phalanx Phalanx formation.formation.


►This is the proper Spartan phalanx in This is the proper Spartan phalanx in battle:battle:


► A Spartan Hoplite:A Spartan Hoplite: Wielded a HoplonWielded a Hoplon

►Was 36” in diameterWas 36” in diameter►Roughly 18 lbs.Roughly 18 lbs.

Swords had 27” blade, 6” Swords had 27” blade, 6” hilthilt

Only leaders had plumesOnly leaders had plumes►Plumes were made from Plumes were made from

colorful horse hair.colorful horse hair.

Armor was either bronze or Armor was either bronze or brass.brass.


►The Spartans used two different The Spartans used two different types of swords:types of swords:

►The Spartans used two different The Spartans used two different types of swords:types of swords:

This is a Falcutta, used by the Spartans in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC.

This is a standard Greek sword used by the

Hoplites.


►Sparta’s Most Sparta’s Most Notable leader was Notable leader was King Leonidas King Leonidas Son of King Son of King

Anaxandridas II.Anaxandridas II. He was the 17He was the 17thth King King

of Spartaof Sparta Famous for his “Last Famous for his “Last

Stand” at Stand” at Thermopylae.Thermopylae.

SpartaSpartathe City-Statethe City-State

►Sparta also had a rich and diverse Sparta also had a rich and diverse cultureculture All citizens were given a basic education All citizens were given a basic education

unlike Athens.unlike Athens. Women and slaves (Women and slaves (HelotsHelots) enjoyed more ) enjoyed more

freedom than most.freedom than most. But the military and the culture led to But the military and the culture led to

what is known as the what is known as the Spartan MirageSpartan Mirage..


Helots were people who had been taken prisoner Helots were people who had been taken prisoner during war and forced into slavery.during war and forced into slavery.

Helots farmed the soil and were forced to give Helots farmed the soil and were forced to give part of their crops to their master. This angered part of their crops to their master. This angered the slaves and led to occasional rebellions.the slaves and led to occasional rebellions.

25,000 Spartan citizens had defend themselves 25,000 Spartan citizens had defend themselves against a revolt by 500,000 “helots.”against a revolt by 500,000 “helots.”

Once a year, Spartans declared war on the Once a year, Spartans declared war on the helots, thereby giving them an excuse to kill helots, thereby giving them an excuse to kill suspected troublemakers.suspected troublemakers.


► The women of Sparta lived a much freer life The women of Sparta lived a much freer life than women elsewhere.than women elsewhere.

► Along with boys, Spartan women went away Along with boys, Spartan women went away to school at age 7 to learn survival skills, to school at age 7 to learn survival skills, wrestling, and gymnasticswrestling, and gymnastics

► Returned home at 18 to marry and raise a Returned home at 18 to marry and raise a familyfamily

►Women were also allowed to own Women were also allowed to own businesses and property – they owned more businesses and property – they owned more than 1/3 of Spartan property.than 1/3 of Spartan property.


►The Spartan government was an The Spartan government was an oligarchyoligarchy, a government ruled by a , a government ruled by a small group of peoplesmall group of people

►Ruled by 2 kingsRuled by 2 kings Both of which led the Spartans into battleBoth of which led the Spartans into battle

►5 5 ephorsephors overlooked education and the overlooked education and the conduct of citizens conduct of citizens These men were elected officialsThese men were elected officials


►Art and science didn’t really thrive in Art and science didn’t really thrive in SpartaSparta The The Art of WarArt of War was the only thing was the only thing

Spartans cared aboutSpartans cared about►War led to a life of honor and glory, and ideal War led to a life of honor and glory, and ideal

that carried over from the heroic age.that carried over from the heroic age.►Most Spartans thought that the kings were Most Spartans thought that the kings were

descendants of Heracles.descendants of Heracles.

AthensAthensthe City-Statethe City-State

►Athens is by far Athens is by far the most famous the most famous Greek City-State.Greek City-State.

►Primary City-State Primary City-State in the Greek area in the Greek area known as Atticaknown as Attica


►Up until the 5Up until the 5thth century BC, aristocrats century BC, aristocrats ruled Athens.ruled Athens. Eventually they grew tired or political Eventually they grew tired or political

turmoil and elected a leader.turmoil and elected a leader.

►The first single man to control Athens The first single man to control Athens was was SolonSolon.. Solon was very reform oriented, and Solon was very reform oriented, and

helped change Athens.helped change Athens.


►Around 510 BC, the Athenians rid Around 510 BC, the Athenians rid themselves of an unpleasant tyrant themselves of an unpleasant tyrant and put Cleisthenes into political and put Cleisthenes into political power.power. He created a council of 500 male citizens He created a council of 500 male citizens

that overlooked all of aspects of Athenian that overlooked all of aspects of Athenian life.life.

Helped create the foundations for the Helped create the foundations for the soon to be Athenian democracy.soon to be Athenian democracy.


A bust of Solon

A bust of Cleisthenes


► Eventually Athens enters into an Alliance Eventually Athens enters into an Alliance known as the known as the Delian LeagueDelian League.. Called this because it was located on the island Called this because it was located on the island

of of DelosDelos..

► Athens was the city-state that controlled Athens was the city-state that controlled everythingeverything Athens controlled the treasury as well as the Athens controlled the treasury as well as the

military of the Delian League.military of the Delian League.

► By entering into the alliance, Athens had By entering into the alliance, Athens had built an empire.built an empire.


►Eventually a benevolent Tyrant named Eventually a benevolent Tyrant named PericlesPericles came to power. came to power.

►Athens flourished under his guidance.Athens flourished under his guidance.►This is known as the This is known as the Age of PericlesAge of Pericles..

Otherwise known as the Athenian Golden Otherwise known as the Athenian Golden Age.Age.


►Pericles had created the first Pericles had created the first democracy, a democracy, a direct democracydirect democracy, in , in which every male citizen got a vote.which every male citizen got a vote. Males met every ten days to discuss laws, Males met every ten days to discuss laws,

taxes, politics, etc.taxes, politics, etc.►Also created a practice of Also created a practice of ostracismostracism..

This was the practice of expelling any This was the practice of expelling any political figure in disfavor for 10 years.political figure in disfavor for 10 years.


Most famous bust of Pericles

Artist’s rendering of Pericles in Sid Meyer’s Civilization IV


►Under Pericles, Athens had established Under Pericles, Athens had established itself as the hub of the Greek world.itself as the hub of the Greek world.

►Pericles commissioned the building of Pericles commissioned the building of the Parthenon, as well as numerous the Parthenon, as well as numerous other public works projects.other public works projects.


The Parthenon was built as a temple to Athena. Athena was the patron goddess of Athens.

AthensAthensthe Militarythe Military

►The Athenians weren’t a land military The Athenians weren’t a land military power like Sparta. The Athenian army power like Sparta. The Athenian army ruled the seas.ruled the seas.

►Athens had a exceptionally trained Athens had a exceptionally trained navy.navy. This was due to Athens being a semi port This was due to Athens being a semi port

city, and Sparta was landlocked. city, and Sparta was landlocked.


►The crown jewel of the Athenian navy The crown jewel of the Athenian navy was the was the TriremeTrireme.. Called a trireme because it had three Called a trireme because it had three

levels of rowerslevels of rowers

► It was roughly 131 ft. long and 20 ft. It was roughly 131 ft. long and 20 ft. wide.wide.


►The Athenian fleet never exceeded The Athenian fleet never exceeded more than 250 triremes, but didn’t more than 250 triremes, but didn’t need anymore.need anymore.

►The purpose of a Trireme was to ram The purpose of a Trireme was to ram opposing ships.opposing ships.

►The ram was made The ram was made of solid bronze. of solid bronze.

War with PersiaWar with Persia

►The Persian Empire had always been a The Persian Empire had always been a bother to the Greeks and vice-versabother to the Greeks and vice-versa

►The Greek colonies in Ionia were under The Greek colonies in Ionia were under Persian control and the Ionians Persian control and the Ionians revolted around 499 BC.revolted around 499 BC. The Athenians aided in the revoltThe Athenians aided in the revolt The Persian king The Persian king DariusDarius manages to manages to

squash the rebellion, but it leaves him squash the rebellion, but it leaves him bitter.bitter.


► In 490, Darius tries to invade Greece. In 490, Darius tries to invade Greece.

►Crosses the Aegean seaCrosses the Aegean sea

►Darius tried to invade mainland Darius tried to invade mainland Greece directly.Greece directly.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaMarathonMarathon

►The only battle was at MarathonThe only battle was at Marathon►Marathon was located roughly 26 Marathon was located roughly 26

miles away from Athens. miles away from Athens. ►Athenians make a stand at the city of Athenians make a stand at the city of

Marathon.Marathon. Athenians obliterate Darius’ forces.Athenians obliterate Darius’ forces.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaMarathonMarathon

►The Persians The Persians under Darius under Darius try to take try to take the mainland the mainland directly.directly.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaMarathon- The AftermathMarathon- The Aftermath

►Athens was victoriousAthens was victorious►After winning the battle, a man by the After winning the battle, a man by the

name of Pheidippides ran from name of Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens.Marathon to Athens. Runs into Athens and shouts “Victory!” Runs into Athens and shouts “Victory!”

then he falls over dead from exhaustion.then he falls over dead from exhaustion.►This is where the modern day Marathon run This is where the modern day Marathon run

gets its name from.gets its name from.


►Darius never forgave the Ionians, or the Darius never forgave the Ionians, or the AtheniansAthenians One of his aids would say at every meal, “Sire, One of his aids would say at every meal, “Sire,

remember the Athenians”remember the Athenians”► This hatred carried over into his son, This hatred carried over into his son, XerxesXerxes..

Xerxes vowed revenge following his fathers Xerxes vowed revenge following his fathers death, because Darius never saw the Athenians death, because Darius never saw the Athenians fall.fall.

►Greece heard that the Persians were coming Greece heard that the Persians were coming and prepared to defend their homelandand prepared to defend their homeland

War with PersiaWar with PersiaThe Key PlayersThe Key Players

Xerxes, led the Persian Armies into Greece.

Themistocles, Leader of the Athenians

Leonidas, the King of Sparta


►Many Greek City-States planned a land Many Greek City-States planned a land defense under the guidance of Sparta.defense under the guidance of Sparta.

►Athens went with the policy proposed Athens went with the policy proposed by Themistocles and built a navy.by Themistocles and built a navy.

►Xerxes led a force of 180,000 troops, Xerxes led a force of 180,000 troops, and brought thousands of warships and brought thousands of warships with him.with him.


► The Red shows The Red shows the movement the movement of the Persiansof the Persians

► the Blue, the the Blue, the movements of movements of the Greeksthe Greeks


►The first skirmish was at Thermopylae.The first skirmish was at Thermopylae. This is the famous story of the last stand This is the famous story of the last stand

of the 300.of the 300. Epilates then betrayed his Greek brothers Epilates then betrayed his Greek brothers

and led the Persians down a path behind and led the Persians down a path behind the Greeks.the Greeks.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaThermopylaeThermopylae

►300 Spartans, led by King Leonidas I, 300 Spartans, led by King Leonidas I, controlled a Greek army of 7000.controlled a Greek army of 7000.

►Held the Persian forces at bay by Held the Persian forces at bay by funneling them into a small mountain funneling them into a small mountain pass known as the “Hot Gates”pass known as the “Hot Gates” This strategy worked for two days, and This strategy worked for two days, and

would’ve worked even longer if not for would’ve worked even longer if not for Epilates.Epilates.


This would have been a semi accurate clip despite some of the geography.

The proper phalanx was followed, and I will point out where it stops.


Contrary to the movie, the Greeks would have faced the “Immortals” from the beginning of the fight because that was the nickname for the Persian Army.

Also, the “Immortals” would have not been demons as portrayed here.


►Leonidas died early in the second day Leonidas died early in the second day of skirmishesof skirmishes Spartan policy dictated that the king lead Spartan policy dictated that the king lead

the soldiers into battle, and that they the soldiers into battle, and that they were on the front lines.were on the front lines.

►The Spartans fought the Persians over The Spartans fought the Persians over his body for five hourshis body for five hours Leonidas’ body was not returned to Sparta Leonidas’ body was not returned to Sparta

for 40 years.for 40 years.►Thermopylae was a loss for the Greeks, but a Thermopylae was a loss for the Greeks, but a

valuable example of courage and valor.valuable example of courage and valor.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaSalamisSalamis

►The battle of Salamis was a naval The battle of Salamis was a naval battlebattle

►200+ Greek Triremes squared off 200+ Greek Triremes squared off against 1000+ ships.against 1000+ ships.

►Used the same strategy as the Used the same strategy as the Spartans. Spartans.

►The Athenian navy obliterated the The Athenian navy obliterated the Persian navy.Persian navy.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaSalamisSalamis

War with PersiaWar with PersiaPlataeaPlataea

►This was the final battle of the Greco-This was the final battle of the Greco-Persian war.Persian war.

►The Greeks made the largestThe Greeks made the largest unified unified stance up to this point in their history.stance up to this point in their history.

►Defeat Xerxes and send him back to Defeat Xerxes and send him back to Persia, humiliated.Persia, humiliated.

War with PersiaWar with PersiaPlataeaPlataea


►The war’s greater significance is that it The war’s greater significance is that it unites the Greeks amongst a common unites the Greeks amongst a common enemyenemy

►During the war, the Greeks had a During the war, the Greeks had a national sense of pridenational sense of pride

►This unifying theme didn’t last long This unifying theme didn’t last long thoughthough

War with PersiaWar with PersiaSummed-UPSummed-UP

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War

►Following the defeat of the Persians, Following the defeat of the Persians, the Greeks go to war amongst the Greeks go to war amongst themselves.themselves.

►The two biggest instigators were The two biggest instigators were Sparta and Athens.Sparta and Athens.

►Sparta and its allies feared the Sparta and its allies feared the growing power of the Athenian Empire.growing power of the Athenian Empire.


►This map This map clearly clearly shows the shows the size of the size of the Athenian Athenian Empire, Empire, compared compared to Sparta to Sparta and its and its allies.allies.


►Both sides thought they could winBoth sides thought they could win The Athenians were going to remain in The Athenians were going to remain in

their city, getting supplies from its their city, getting supplies from its coloniescolonies

Sparta wanted a face to face battleSparta wanted a face to face battle

►Then, a stroke of bad luck strikes Then, a stroke of bad luck strikes AthensAthens A plague broke out within the city, killing A plague broke out within the city, killing

1 in 4 people.1 in 4 people.


►Athens only Athens only movements during movements during the war was to get the war was to get supplies.supplies.

►Sparta marched to Sparta marched to Athens and burned Athens and burned everything in their everything in their path.path.


►Pericles, the leader of Athens dies Pericles, the leader of Athens dies following the outbreak of the plague following the outbreak of the plague and Athens limps on.and Athens limps on. The Spartans eventually starve them outThe Spartans eventually starve them out Athens surrendered and the Spartans Athens surrendered and the Spartans

sacked the city.sacked the city. For the next half-century, Sparta, Athens, For the next half-century, Sparta, Athens,

and Thebes fight over control in Greece.and Thebes fight over control in Greece.

The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian WarThe AftermathThe Aftermath

►Following the war, both Athens and Following the war, both Athens and Sparta were near bankrupt.Sparta were near bankrupt.

►They still fought over control of They still fought over control of Greece, but on a smaller scale.Greece, but on a smaller scale.

►All the while, the Macedonians to the All the while, the Macedonians to the north were slowly gaining power.north were slowly gaining power.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: The ReligionThe Culture: The Religion

►Ancient Greece was polytheisticAncient Greece was polytheistic►They were very superstitious about the They were very superstitious about the

goings on in the worldgoings on in the world►12 major gods; all of whom resided 12 major gods; all of whom resided

upon upon Mt. OlympusMt. Olympus..►The main god was Zeus, the God of The main god was Zeus, the God of

Thunder, and leader of the Olympians.Thunder, and leader of the Olympians.


► The main 12 gods The main 12 gods were:were: ZeusZeus HeraHera PoseidonPoseidon HadesHades AthenaAthena AphroditeAphrodite ApolloApollo

AresAres ArtemisArtemis DionysusDionysus HermesHermes DemeterDemeter HephaestusHephaestus


►No formal doctrine.No formal doctrine. Their religion was heavily based on Their religion was heavily based on ritualsrituals

or ceremonies.or ceremonies.

►They also wanted to know the will of They also wanted to know the will of the godsthe gods This was done through the This was done through the OraclesOracles

►The most famous oracle was at The most famous oracle was at DelphiDelphi The responses were usually cryptic, and no one The responses were usually cryptic, and no one

could make heads or tails of them.could make heads or tails of them.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: ArchitectureThe Culture: Architecture

►The Greeks made monumental The Greeks made monumental advances in this field.advances in this field.

►Most Greek architecture was based Most Greek architecture was based around beautiful colonnades.around beautiful colonnades.

►Greeks built fantastic temples to their Greeks built fantastic temples to their gods.gods.


► The various The various types of types of columns, and columns, and architecture architecture stylesstyles


Model reconstruction of the temple at Delphi

The current ruins of Delphi

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: Architecture of the ParthenonThe Culture: Architecture of the Parthenon

Painting of the Parthenon in it’s days of glory

Architectural rendering of the Parthenon

The inside of the Parthenon

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: TheatreThe Culture: Theatre

►The Greeks took great pride in the The Greeks took great pride in the theatre.theatre. The earliest Greek dramas were known as The earliest Greek dramas were known as

tragediestragedies..

►Some of the greatest playwrights ever Some of the greatest playwrights ever are from the Hellenic Age of Greece.are from the Hellenic Age of Greece. AeschylusAeschylus, , SophoclesSophocles, and , and EuripidesEuripides

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: HistoryThe Culture: History

►During the Hellenic age is when During the Hellenic age is when Greeks started to record their history.Greeks started to record their history. This was known as the practice of ‘Istoria. This was known as the practice of ‘Istoria.

( ‘( ‘►Scholars today still rely on two key Scholars today still rely on two key

Greek historians.Greek historians. Herodotus Herodotus and and ThucydidesThucydides gave fantastic gave fantastic

first hand accounts of Greek events.first hand accounts of Greek events.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: PhilosophyThe Culture: Philosophy

►During the Hellenic age there was a During the Hellenic age there was a rise in Greek thought or rise in Greek thought or philosophyphilosophy, , meaning the love of knowledge.meaning the love of knowledge.

►Early philosophers tried to explain the Early philosophers tried to explain the universe through unifying principles. universe through unifying principles.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: Pythagoras & SophistsThe Culture: Pythagoras & Sophists

►PythagorasPythagoras gave the idea that gave the idea that numbers and music gave us insights numbers and music gave us insights into the methods of the universe.into the methods of the universe.

►SophistsSophists were scholars that walked the were scholars that walked the Greek country side and said man was Greek country side and said man was too stupid to understand the too stupid to understand the complexities of the world.complexities of the world.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: SocratesThe Culture: Socrates

► SocratesSocrates was an was an avid opponent of the avid opponent of the sophists, and the sophists, and the most famous most famous philosopher in the philosopher in the western world.western world.

► Socrates left no Socrates left no writings, all of his writings, all of his wisdom was wisdom was remembered and remembered and recorded by his recorded by his student, Plato.student, Plato.

Socrates was the only non-military citizen of ancient Greece to be put

to death for his ideals.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: PlatoThe Culture: Plato

► PlatoPlato was was Socrates’ only Socrates’ only student. student. Was a philosopher Was a philosopher

himself, but is himself, but is mostly known for mostly known for his writings on the his writings on the words of Socrates.words of Socrates.

The Apology and the Republic were two of the most famous works of Plato.The Apology was the story of Socrates’ trial, and the Republic is Plato’s own thoughts

on government.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceThe Culture: AristotleThe Culture: Aristotle

► AristotleAristotle was the third was the third most famous philosopher most famous philosopher of ancient Greek.of ancient Greek.

► Studied at the academy Studied at the academy established by Plato.established by Plato.

►His biggest exploit was His biggest exploit was that he was the personal that he was the personal tutor of Alexander the tutor of Alexander the Great.Great.

Hellenic GreeceHellenic GreeceConclusionConclusion

►The Hellenic age of Greece was the The Hellenic age of Greece was the era in which everything that we know era in which everything that we know of as Greek came into existence. of as Greek came into existence.

► It was also an era of great men, not It was also an era of great men, not just military leaders.just military leaders.

the hellenic age of ancient greece the rise of the city-state and greek culture

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