the growth of giant and large breed puppies

The growth of large and giant breed puppies

Latest Nutritional Breakthroughs

© Royal Canin 02/2007

Art director: Élise Langellier, Guy Rolland Production: Diffomédia Paris.

© Illustrations: Diffomédia/Élise Langellier, Mickaël Masure, Alizon Vielle

Editorial coordination: Céline Davaze and Valérie de Leval

© Cover photographs: Lanceau, Psaïla

A new reading on energy requirements during growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Adapting nutritional intake to the specific needs of the 2 growth phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

A new interpretation of the digestive sensitivity of large-breed puppies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Guaranteeing even higher digestive safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

The development of teeth and jaws during growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Adapting the kibble to the various phases of growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

A period of high risk of infection: “the immunity gap” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Improving natural defenses even further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

A nutritional program for every stage in the growth of large-breed and giant-breed puppies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Scientific glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Key innovations in the history of Royal Canin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

© Hermeline/Doxicat T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

INTRODUCTION

1980 The first food in the world for large-breed puppies

In 1980 Royal Canin was the first brand in the world to formulate a food specifically tailored to the growth of large-breed puppies.

1980 From the 1st Large Breed Puppy Diet in the WorldIt was discovered that preventing puppies from gaining weight too fast limited the emergence of osteoarticular complaints in large-breed dogs.

In 1980, these conclusions led to the creation of AGR (an abbreviation of Aliment Grandes Races or “food for large breeds“). AGR was a food formulated

with a limited fat content, so as to reduce the risk of energy over-consumption during the phase of intense growth.

A major nutritional breakthrough at the time, this principle – reducing the risk of energy over-consumption during growth – is now the accepted wisdom of

all major nutritional brands.

It was not until 1997 – 17 years later – that one of our competitors was ready to launch its own formulation dedicated to large-breed puppies, a concept

now widely established throughout the world.

1997 To the Size Global ApproachOur brand has passed several milestones on the road to developing the full potential of this discovery in 1997, the launch of the RCCI Size range in 1997

had a big-bang style effect on nutritional thinking, adding to the three traditional parameters – age, lifestyle and physiological condition – a fourth

fundamental parameter: that of size.

Nutrition took into account and differentiated the nutritional needs of dogs depending on whether they were small, medium or large.

2001 saw the launch of the first nutritional program dedicated to giant-breed dogs. Giant Adult led the way, followed by Giant Puppy and Giant.

Royal Canin distinguishes two very different phases of growth for giant-breed puppies.

- The first phase is between month two and month eight: growth is very intense and very rapid; the skeleton develops.

- The second phase starts in month 8 and extends to the end of the growth period. In this phase, growth is much slower, muscle mass fills out and the

puppy gains another 50% of its weight.

So Royal Canin formulated two foods – Giant Puppy and Giant Junior – to respond to the specific needs of each phase of growth based on respect of the

same principle: limiting the energy concentration of the food so as to prevent the puppy from gaining weight too quickly.

2004 New breakthroughs in the understanding of growth in large-breed puppies

The launch of the Size Health Nutrition range in 2004 reflects the new breakthrough in nutritional science by offering innovative nutritional keys to the

growth of large-breed and giant-breed puppies.

Energy RequirementsA new approach to energy requirements during growth

Young puppies have an extremely high energy requirement. A low fat food necessitates a very large ration volume. This can create a higher workload on

the digestive system and makes it difficult to attain an ideal weight in the puppy.

With MMaaxxii BBaabbyy DDoogg and GGiiaanntt BBaabbyy DDoogg,, Royal Canin is now able to offer puppies from two to five months a high-energy food in a smaller ration.

Intestinal Permeability and Colonic Fermentative ActivityA new interpretation of the digestive sensitivity of large-breed puppies based on an ongoing unpublished study launched in 1998

together with National Veterinarian’s College (École Nationale Vétérinaire) in Nantes (France)

The results of this study have shown the highest intestinal permeability of large-breed dogs and the fact that a rise in fermentative activity in the colon

is directly correlated to the size of the dog. This is part of the new knowledge that now allows Royal Canin to take the next step in the digestive safety

of food for large-breed puppies.

Natural DefensesA new approach to immunity

A puppy’s immune defenses are initially determined by antibodies transmitted by the mother and by vaccinations. Recent studies by the Waltham Research

Center have shifted the focus to a fact that has not been fully realized until now: that nutrition can accelerate and improve the production of antibodies

by the puppy. This effect is particularly important during the critical period known as the “immunity gap” which a weaning puppy passes through.

These new advances are expressions of our philosophy: ‘Knowledge and Respect’. A philosophy founded not on a fascination for scientific dogma, but on

humility before this fledgling but maturing science that is Nutrition.

Pascal JouannetChief Executive Officer

Royal Canin Group

Growth of large- and giant-breed puppies

A new reading on energy requirements during growth

A new interpretation of the digestivesensitivity of large-breed puppies

The development of teeth and jawsduring growth

A period of high risk of infection:

“the immunity gap”

1.

2.

3.

4.

Nutritional responses that go even further

Adapting nutritional intake to the specific needs of the 2 growth phasesPhase #1: prioritizing the energy concentration, controlling calcium consumptionPhase #2: limiting the supply of fats, protecting articular cartilage

Guaranteeing even higher digestive safety By limiting intestinal fermentationBy protecting the intestinal cell from inflammation By absorbing the excess water in the colon to limit the risk of diarrhea

Adapting the kibble to the various phases of growthSpecific kibble sizes adapted to large growing puppiesSpecific kibble shapes that ease prehension of foodSpecific textures that stimulate the young dog to chew

Improving natural defenses even furtherDue to a patented complex of antioxidants (vitamins E and C, lutein and taurine) and mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) that stimulate immunity and help fight against diseases

8

1. A new reading on energy requirements during growthThe greater the size of the adult dog, the more limited the proportional weight of the puppy. A

newborn Yorkshire (around 140 g - .3 lb) is 5% of the weight of the bitch. In comparison, a

Great Dane weighs only 600-700 g (1.3 - 1.5 lb) at birth, which is around 1% of the weight of

its mother.

The puppy’s weight increases very rapidly. It doubles within 7 to 10 days, triples within three

weeks and is four or five times its birthweight after a month.

Although the adult weight of small

and large dogs may differ by a

factor of 100, the weight at birth

differs by a factor of 6 to 8 only.

That means that a large-breed

puppy grows much more than

a small-breed puppy.

0

0.5

1.5

1

2.5

3

5

3.5

21.8

1.61.3

1.1 1

3.5

4

4.5

5

2

YorkshireTerrier

MiniaturePoodle

BritishSpaniel

EnglishSetter

GermanShepherd

GoldenRetriever

BerneseMountain

Dog

GreatDane

Weight of puppies at birth compared to adults(Source: Royal Canin)

% of adult weight at birth

9

A very long period of growthA giant-breed puppy is half its adult weight by 5 months. It continues to put on weight until the age

of 18 to 24 months, by which time it has multiplied its weight by a factor of 80 to 100 (compared

with 20 to 30 for a small breed). This means that its growth is a particularly delicate phase, subject

to many nutritional errors.

There are two distinct phases in the growth phase of large-breed and giant-breed puppies:

- A growth phase that is exponentially fast, during which the main part of the

skeleton is developed.

- A growth phase that is much slower when muscles develop.

Great Dane at various stages of growth

© Psaila © Psaila© Renner© Renner

The bones grow rapidly during the first few months. The second phase corresponds to muscular

development, which continues until adult weight has been reached.

Adult : 80 cm, 70 kgmonth 8: 75 cm, 58 kg month 5: 70 cm, 36 kg month 2: 42 cm, 12 kg

50% of adult weight

80% of adultweight

Height to the

withers in cm

10

Very intensive growthThe rhythm of growth is evaluated by the average daily gain (ADG), which is the number of grams

the puppy puts on every day. The ADG is not linear throughout the growth period of the puppy.

It increases after birth to reach a peak, before falling as the puppy approaches physical maturity.

Contrary to small dogs, the period of intensive growth extends well past weaning for large and

giant breed puppies. Major daily weight gains continue up to 8 months. This means that the con-

sequences of nutritional errors during growth are more serious than for small breeds, whose suck-

ling period covers the critical phase. Large-breed dogs are more susceptible to the emergence of

bone complaints in this period.

Theoretical growth curve of puppies: small breeds (5kg), medium breeds (15kg), large breeds (30kg) and giant breeds (60kg), expressed as a percentage of adult weight

(Source: Royal Canin)

0 %

0 4 8 12 16 20

10 %

30 %

20 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

90 %

100 %

40 %

% actualweight/

estimatedadult

Small breed: (5 kg adult)

Mediumbreed: (15 kg adult)

Large breed:(30 kg adult)

Giant breed: (60 kg adult)

Age(month)

A large-breed puppy

reaches 80% of its adult

weight around the age of

8 months. Growth slows

down very noticeably

after that.

11

Growth in large-breed and

giant-breed puppies peaks

between 3 and 5 months.

During this peak, a large-

breed puppy can regularly

gain 150-200g a day, which

is more than 1kg a week. 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

250

200

150

100

50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Weightgain in

g/d

Dog’s weight (kg)

Peak growth

Development of body weight

50% of adult weight

Age of puppyin months

PHASE 1 PHASE 2

Evolution of Average Daily Gain (ADG in grams per day) and body weight (in kg) during the growth of a large-breed puppy

The larger the dog, the later the growth peak and the longer the intense growth phase.

0

100

50

150

200

250

300

Weaning 3-5 months 6-7 months 8-14 months

Boxer

GermanShepherd

Leonberger

GreatDane

The ADG peaks in large-

breed and giant-breed

puppies between 3 and

5 months. By month 5,

weight gain is slowing

down and the rhythm

falls even more noticeably

from month 8.

Evolution of Average Daily Gain (ADG) during growth in several large breeds (from Martin 1993 and internal Royal Canin data)

12

A much greater energy requirement than an adult dog

French Mastiff puppy

© H

erm

elin

e

The energy requirement for maintenance in an adult dog can

be estimated using the following equation:

132 kcal/kg of body weight0.73/day (Holme, 1982).

The energy requirement of a puppy is much greater, because the energy requirement

for growth and maintenance are added together. At the start of the period of growth,

the total need is at least double that of an adult dog. As growth advances, the factor

gradually falls:

- At 5 months (50% of adult weight), the energy requirement of a large-breed

puppy is 1.75 times that of the adult dog.

- At 8 months (80% of adult weight), the energy requirement of a large-breed

puppy is only 1.3 times that of the adult dog.

© P

saila

German Shepherd puppy

Month

Total energy requirement (TER)Maximum energy requirement

Energy requirement for maintenance (ERM)

Peak growth

Energy requirement for growth (ERG)

TER = ERM + ERGgap

The total energy requirement of alarge-breed puppy changes at aroundmonth 7 at the latest, much later thanthe growth peak reached betweenmonths 3 and 5. After this peak, thespeed of growth falls slowly, althoughthe weight of the animal continues toincrease rapidly. As a consequence, theenergy requirement for growth fallsslightly, while the energy requirementfor maintenance (related to weight)increases significantly.

© L

enfa

ntLabrador puppies

The total energy

requirement of a

large-breed puppy

continues to increase

until around month 7.

It does not start to fall

until the intense growth

phase has been reached.

Energy requirement

(in kcal/d)

Evolution of energy requirement of a large-breed puppy (30kg adult) during growth

(Source: Royal Canin)

13

Careful observation of large- and giant-breed puppies requires studying growth from various perspectives: the increase in

size, the increase in weight (average daily gain), skeletal maturation, muscle development, etc. Growth is a very delicate

period and its profile varies according to age and breed.

Objective 1: adapting the energy level to the growth phase

Two stages to consider for large- and giant-breed puppies.

1 Stage one: from weaning to 5 months Maxi and Giant Baby Dog are specially designed for large-breed and

giant-breed puppies from weaning through the end of month 5. They

are rich in energy.

The puppies demand the most energy per kg of metabolic weight at

the start of the growth period. The provision of the maximum of

calories in a limited ration volume helps prevent a situation in which

the puppy’s digestive capacity is exceeded, which is a frequent

phenomenon when it has to consume a large volume of food to cover

its requirements.

Specific nutritional responses:

Adapting nutritional intake to the specific needs of the two growth phases

Bernese Mountain Dog puppies

German Shepherd puppy

© R

enne

r©

Ren

ner

14

15

Up to month 5, the energy need is such that there is little risk of over-consumption: the

puppy’s capacity to ingest large quantities is still limited. However, the owner will have

to regulate the daily ration properly to prevent the dog from gaining weight too quickly.

Growth must be monitored by weekly or more frequent weighing, each time updating

the growth curve. In any event, the puppy must never exceed 50% of its estimated

adult weight at the age of 5 months. If it does, the ration will have to be reduced.

When estimating the adult weight, account is taken of

the breed, the line (the weight of parents) and the sex:

females are always less heavy and reach maturity later

than males. These differences are particularly marked in

large breeds.

Difference in average weight according to sex in certain large and giant breeds(source: Royal Canin, weighing conducted during dog shows)

© P

saïla

If a puppy requires 1000 kcal/day, it may be given 230 gof a 4400 kcal/kg food or 250 g of a 3950 kcal/kg food.In both cases, the energy supply is the same, but in thesecond case, the puppy is given 10% extra volume and therisk of digestive overload is greater.

In large- and giant breeds the male is always much heavier than the bitch. In some cases (German Shepherd, Great Dane)

the difference is up to 26%.

St Bernard Dogs

Average weight Average weight Difference Large breeds of male (kg) Number of bitch (kg) Number male/bitch

Belgian Sheepdog 27.1 ± 4.5 17 23.2 ± 2.0 10 + 17%

Golden Retriever 33.7 ± 3.4 62 30.4 ± 3.6 65 + 11%

Boxer 33.9 ± 3.5 33 28.8 ± 2.4 32 + 18%

Labrador Retriever 35.5 ± 4.5 81 30.7 ± 3.4 75 + 16%

German Shepherd 35.9 ± 3.6 221 28.4 ± 2.7 194 + 26%

Giant breeds

Rottweiler 46.8 ± 4.8 28 39.7 ± 4.9 27 + 18%

Bernese Mountain Dog 49.9 ± 6.9 50 43.3 ± 6.5 52 + 15%

Leonberger 57.0 ± 6.4 345 49.9 ± 6.8 345 + 14%

Great Dane 70.5 ± 8.2 58 56.6 ± 7.1 130 + 25%

Mastiff 87.0 ± 10.5 21 71.6 ± 9.2 13 + 21%

16

1 Stage two: from 5 months to the end of growthGrowth slows down from month 5, the energy requirement falls and the

digestive tract is ready to receive a much greater quantity of food. The risk

of over-consumption is greater as the puppy’s appetite grows.

It is time to offer food that is physically less dense and less rich in energy, to

avoid the need to ration the puppy too strictly. With Maxi Puppy and Giant

Puppy, the daily ration volume can be increased by 50% without the ingestion

of a larger quantity of calories compared with the Maxi or Giant Baby Dog ration.

Several studies have shown a significant correlation between over-consumption of energy by

large-breed puppies and the higher incidence of osteoarticular complaints observed in

radiological scans: hip dysplasia, osteochondritis etc. (Hedhammar & Coll, 1974; Daemmrich,

1991; Kealy & Coll, 1992; Zentek & Coll, 1995)

Boxer puppies

Radiograph screening of

coxofemoral dysplasia in

a 3-month-old German

Shepherd puppy- OSTEOCHONDRITIS

- RADIUS CURVUS

- HIP DYSPLASIA ETC

Evolution of osteoarticular complaints related to an over-consumption of energy

The rhythm of growth is

directly influenced by the

energy supply: the surplus

energy consumed accelerates

the attainment of adult

weight; the resulting

overload on still immature

joints increases the risk of

osteoarticular pathology.

© M

ercie

r

Excess of energy

(> 300-380 kcal/kg BW 0.73/d between months 2 and 5)

Growth too fast

Overweight

Mechanical constraints on

cartilage

Abnormal bone remodelling

Hormonalimbalances

17

From around month 2, it’s better to give less than

350 or 380 kcal/kg BW0.73/day to large-breed or

giant-breed puppies respectively. By month 5 the

optimal limit is below 300 kcal /kg BW0.73/day.

(Hedhammar & Coll, 1974; Lavelle & Coll, 1989;

Kealy & Coll, 1992.)

Objective 2: supplyingall the calcium needed for growth,without excessMore than 99% of the calcium in a body is fixed by the skeleton. A deficiency of calcium

disrupts the mineralization of growing bones.

Conversely, before 6 months the puppy is unable to protect itself against an excess of calcium: during weaning at least 50%

of the calcium released in the intestine is absorbed regardless of the quantity ingested (Hazewinkel & Coll, 1991).

Fraction of calcium absorbed passively or actively according to the level of calcium consumed (in 3-month-old puppies of various breeds)

(from Tryfonidou & Coll, 2002)

00

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

10

30

40

50

20

60

70

80

90

100

Ca passively absorbed Ca actively absorbed

% calciumabsorbed

Great Dane puppy

The dog balances the small

quantity of ingested calcium with

very large active absorption. On

the other hand, when the calcium

content in the ration increases

too much, the puppy continues to

passively absorb at least 50% of

the calcium ingested.

© P

saïla

Calciumingested inmg/kg/d

18

A chronic excess absorption of calcium stimulates the production of a hormone, calcitonin, which

re-establishes normal blood calcium levels. It does so by promoting the deposit of calcium in the

bone tissue and limiting the uptake of calcium from bone. In the growth period the bone tissue

is reshaped permanently: if the changes are slowed down, the reshaping of the bone tissue is

inhibited, the structure of the bone becomes abnormal and skeletal deformations may appear.

Royal Canin conducted an in-depth analysis of the main studies on the optimal calcium level for

the growth of large- and giant-breed puppies.

Most of the results are deceptive, because the

conclusions are based on the calcium concentration of

the foods in question, although the important issue is

the quantity of calcium actually ingested (in mg per

kg of BW and per day) by the puppy. This quantity

varies greatly based on the density of the food and the

ration given.

The formulation of Royal Canin food for large-breed

and giant-breed puppies is based on the following

principle: the calcium concentration of the food is

adapted to the energy concentration, so as to avoid

any risk of excess or deficiency.

Osteochondrosis lesion

Osteochondrosis is the result of an anomaly in the

development of growing cartilage: the ossification process is

altered and we see cartilage retention and thickening.

Osteochondrosis may develop into osteochondritis dissecans

when a fragment of cartilage is freed in the joint.

Osteochondrosis is stimulated by a chronic excess

of calcium in the diet.

A puppy eating 500 g of food containing 1% calcium, takes in 5 g of calcium, or as much as a puppyingesting 250 g of a food that contains 2% calcium.

© D

R

Abnormally thick cartilage

1 During growth, small and large breeds do not have thesame calcium needs• Spontaneous fractures are observed in Great Dane puppies aged 2-3 months that take in

less than 250 mg of calcium/kg/d, while Poodle puppies show normal growth with an

even lower threshold.

• Inversely, with 1100 mg of calcium/kg/d, Great Dane puppies show clinical symptoms

of osteochondrosis, while Poodle puppies show only histologic lesions. (Hazewinkel

1985; Nap & Coll, 1993).

By following the Royal Canin growth program, large-breed puppies are given quantities

of energy and calcium that are precisely compatible with their requirements without

inducing excess.

- With Maxi Baby Dog, a 2-month old large-breed puppy fed rations as recommended

by Royal Canin takes in between 420 and 480 mg of Ca/kg/d.

- With Giant Baby Dog, a 5-month old large-breed puppy fed rations as recommended

by Royal Canin takes in between 250 and 280 mg of Ca/kg/d.

The large safety margins mean that actual consumption may exceed the recommended

ration (in the case of outdoor animals, skinny dogs, rationing error, etc).

19

260 mg/kg/d

200 mg/kg/d

OK

Recommended supply:260-830 mg/kg/d

DEFICIT

1100 mg/kg/d

830 mg/kg/d

Summary of the main studies that help to establish an optimal calcium supply bracket in a 2-month-old puppy

(Hazewinkel & Coll,1985-1991 ; Shoenmakers & Coll, 2000 ; Weber & Coll, 2000)

EXCESS

There is no ideal calcium content broken down by

age, but there is a safety zone.

To feed a 2-month-old large-breed puppy as safely

as possible, it is advisable to give it between 260

and 830 mg of calcium/kg/day.

At 5 months, the calcium safety zone should

be lowered: between 210 and 540 mg

of calcium/kg/day.

20

Objective 3: protecting articular cartilage

All the products in the growth program for large-breed and giant-breed puppies contain glucosamine

and chondroitin sulfate to protect articular cartilage. These nutrients are traditionally used to check

the development of osteoarthritis in old dogs. There is, however, a potential interest in using them

in large-breed puppies for long-term prevention purposes.

Large-breed puppies are more susceptible to premature osteoarthritis than other breeds: their hefty

weight imposes mechanical constraints on their joints, they often have a very active lifestyle and

dysplasia of the hip or the elbow can be stimulated by certain genetic predispositions.©

Psa

ïla

Bernese Mountain Dog puppy

21

The joint is protected by a

capsule covered on the inside

by the synovial membrane.

This membrane secretes the

synovial fluid essential to

the nutrition of the cartilage.

After oral administration,

glucosamine and chondroitin

are concentrated in the

synovial liquid.

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Articular cartilage

Structure of an articular cavity

Generally, while exercise is essential to develop young puppies’ muscles, it is necessary to be

prudent with large-breed puppies. Do not allow them to jump about and do not subject them to

endurance exercise before the bones have stopped growing.

Studies show that an intake of chondroitin sulfate can have a positive effect on the condition

of the joints of a puppy suffering from hip dysplasia. It is observed that an improvement in

mobility goes hand in hand with a reduction in pain during mobility (De Haan & Coll, 1994).

A comparative study also has shown that Labrador puppies that were given chondroitin had

better radiographs than control puppies (Lust & Coll, 1992).

2. A new interpretation ofthe digestive sensitivityof large-breed puppies

22

Large-breed puppies are known to produce rather wet stools, often of a weak consistency. The increase in

the volume of the ration is generally poorly tolerated.

Royal Canin has gone further in interpreting the digestive sensitivity of large-breed

puppies in an unprecedented study...

In the absence of a scientific study confirming and explaining these observations, Royal Canin conducted

an annual study at the National Veterinarian’s College in Nantes, France starting in 1998. The aim was to

track the development of the digestive function during growth in four different-sized breeds of dog:

Miniature Poodle (4kg adult), Standard Schnauzer (12kg adult), Giant Schnauzer (25kg adult) and Great

Dane (60kg adult). Every digestive parameter was studied in the four groups (4 x 6 dogs) at 3, 5, 8 and 14

months. All these animals were given the same food until they reached adulthood. (Weber, 2001, 2002,

2003).

23

© H

ermeline/D

oxicat

Labrador puppy

1.5

1

0.5

0

Development of the puppy’s enzyme capacity(Buddington & al, 2003)

1 day adult

Activity of chymotrypsin:protein-digesting enzyme(in units per g of pancreatic content)

Activity of amylase:starch-digesting

enzyme (mmol of hydrolyzed

substrate/min/mg of protein)

3 weeks 6 weeks 9 weeks

Puppies have an immaturedigestive systemReduced digestive performances at a young age may be explained

by several factors.

1 Enzyme capacities are limited (Buddington & Coll, 2003)

At the moment of weaning, the puppy is lacking someenzymes that help the digestion of starch and proteins.Maturation occurs gradually during growth: for example,the activity of the pancreatic amylase doubles betweenweaning and adulthood.

24

Comparable digestibility of organic matter according to age and breed(Weber, 2003a, Royal Canin)

The digestibility of organic matter is lower in 3-month-old puppies than

in adult dogs of any breed.

70

80

75

85

a

ab a

a

aa

b

bb b

b bb bb

c

90

95

3

5

8

14

% digestibility

Age inmonths:

MiniaturePoodle

StandardSchnauzer

GiantSchnauzer

GreatDane

1 The stomach evacuation time is shorter (Weber & Coll, 2001)

For solid food, the evacuation time is 4.3 h +/- 0.5 h in the puppy to 6.8 h +/- 0.9 h in

the adult, which is a difference of 30%. A reduction in the time the food remains in the

stomach can distort the pre-digestion of the food and disrupt the assimilation of

nutrients in the small intestine.

1 The permeability of the small intestine is greater (Weber & Coll, 2002)

This suggests that the total structural maturation of the intestinal mucus has not

been attained.

25

Increased intestinal permeability causes the

sodium ions to go back into the intestinal lumen

where they generate an intake of water. The

quantity of water in the intestine increases,

which increases the moisture of the stools.

moisture ofstools

intestinallumen

Blood

intestinalcells

Water

Return of electrolytes in the digestive tube

Consequences of increased intestinalpermeability

Large-breed puppies display digestive peculiaritiesField observations show that the same food provides very different tolerance results in small or

large-breed puppies: large-breed puppies produce stools of lower quality These data are confirmed by studies

conducted on the subject (Zentek & coll,1995 ; Weber & coll, 2003). These results may be explained by the

following observations made in the course of studies conducted by Royal Canin.

1 Observation 1: intestinal permeability will increase with size (Weber & Coll, 2002)

Increased intestinal permeability leads to the return of already absorbed electrolytes (sodium, potassium, etc)

in the intestinal lumen. Sodium and potassium are found in much greater quantities in the stools of large dogs:

the net absorption of these elements is lower in large dogs.

The effect of the accumulation of these highly osmotic ions reduces the absorption of water. The lower the

absorption of electrolytes, the more water left in the intestinal lumen, the wetter the stools, and the lower the

quality of the stools (Rolfe & Coll, 1999, 2002; Weber & Coll, 2002; Zentek & Coll, 1995).

26

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

32.8b

22.9a

55.1c

43.2d

Effect of size on total transit time(source: Weber 2003b, Royal Canin)Time

(hours)

MiniaturePoodle

StandardSchnauzer

GiantSchnauzer

GreatDane

The total transit time in giant

breeds is almost twice what it

is in small breeds. As the colic

transit time represents 80% to

90% of the total transit time,

that would suggest that the

residence time in the large

intestine (colon) is significantly

increased in large dogs.

1 Observation 2: the time food remains in the colon is increasedAn extended colonic transit time stimulates the bacterial microflora into greater activity,

generating the production of a very large quantity of fermentation products: short-chain fatty

acids (SCFA) and lactic acid in particular. These highly osmotic fermentation products lead to

a reduction in water absorption and so a high water content in the stools.

27

Rottweiler puppy

© P

saïla

Having shown the lengthening of the colonic transit time in large-breed dogs, it had to be

proved that it led to an increase in fermentative activity. This was possible by analyzing the

fermentation products in the stools. The more the dog grows, the greater the quantity of

fermentation products for the same food. So, Royal Canin has shown for the first time that

fermentative activity is directly correlated to the size of the dog.

28

0 0

100

50

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

448

38.7

48.9

53.1 52.5

793

996

1184

19.9

50.3

70.5

91.1

19.9

52.552.5

91.1

0

70.5

50.350.3

Lactic acid

MiniaturePoodle

StandardSchnauzer

GiantSchnauzer

Great Dane

Total short chain fatty acids*

mmol/kg dry matter

Total fiberdegradation (%)

The more the dog grows,

the greater the quantity

of fermentation products

for the same food. The

fermentative activity is

directly correlated to the

size of the dog.

*examples of short chain fatty acids (SCFA): acetate (C2), propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4).

Effect of size on the fermentative activity of the colon(Weber, 2003 ; Royal Canin)

29

Increased intestinal

permeabilityLow absorptionof electrolytes

High fermentativeactivity

Longer colic

transit time

Predisposition of

large dogs to

loose stools

1 ConclusionIt is observed that age and size factors affect large-breed puppies. These two factors

predispose them to the production of wet, loose stools.

Principal explanations for the weak digestive toleranceof large breed puppies

(Source: Royal Canin studies)

30

Objective 1: limiting fermentative activityThe growth management program for large- and giant-breed puppies is formulated to minimize the

quantity of substrate capable of stimulating bacterial fermentation in the large intestine.

1 Avoiding digestive overload during the first period of growthIt is imperative to limit the volume of ration for young puppies as their digestive system is still

far from fully functional. The greater the energy concentration, the smaller the ration volume.


Guaranteeing even higher digestive safety

31

1 Very high digestibility of ingredients The more nutrients absorbed in the small intestine, the more limited the intestinal fermentation.

• Utilization of sources of very high quality proteins

The proteins in the large-breed puppy growth management program are provided by ingredients

selected because of their high digestibility.

• Reduced starch content

During the whole growth phase, puppies are less able to digest starch than adult dogs. Rice is the only

source of starch in Maxi and Giant Baby Dog to ensure maximum digestibility.

32

• Very finely ground protein and carbohydrate raw ingredients

Very fine grinding enables the proteins and starches to be more easily broken down into

amino acids and sugars. This leaves less work for the digestive enzymes.

1 Limitation of the quantity of fermentable fibersFermentable fibers are thoroughly degraded by the colonic flora. Among the fermentation

products generated in their degradation are short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These compounds

play an extremely important role in preserving the good health of the colonic mucosa. In

addition, they acidify the intestinal lumen, thus stimulating the growth of beneficial

acidophilic flora and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic strains.

However, in the particular context of large-breed puppies, it is necessary to adjust the share

of fermentable fibers in the total quantity of fibers so as not to exceed the colonic absorption

capacity. Otherwise there is a risk that the excess SCFA will provoke an intake of water in the

intestinal lumen that causes the stools to be much wetter.

© P

saïla

Great Dane puppy

SCFA are a source of energy

indispensable to the proper

regeneration of intestinal mucosa

cells. SCFA and lactic acid are

highly osmotic however, which

generates an intake of water and

leads to much wetter stools. It is

therefore advisable to limit their

accumulation in the colon of

large-breed puppies.

• The sources of fermentable fibers here are:

- Beet pulp: substrate of choice for the colonic flora that feeds off it and produces SCFA (e.g.: butyrate).

- Fructo-oligosaccarides (FOS): which stimulate the growth of beneficial flora such as bifidobacte-

ria and lactobacilli.

33

Stomach

Smallintestine

Degradation of fibers

Caecum

Colon

Rectum

Lacticacid

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA)

Relation between the colon’s fermentative activity and the moisture of stools

WATERINTAKE

MOISTURE OF STOOLS

34

Objective 2: protecting and nourishingthe digestive mucosa

1 Protector role of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)MOS belong to the category of non-fermentable fibers. They limit the development of

potentially pathogenic bacteria through a competitive inhibition of attachment sites on the

intestinal mucosa (Harmon, 1999).

MOS possess receptors that can fasten to the attachment sites on bacteria, thus preventing their

adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and their colonization.

Bacteria Bacteria

Proteins

MOS

cell membrane

Cholesterol

Phospholipidicbilayer

Competitive inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by MOS

without MOS with MOS

35

1 Protector role of omega 3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) fatty acids enter the structure of cell

membranes. Their anti-inflammatory property ensures that they prevent excessive inflammatory

reactions by the intestinal mucosa.

1 Protector role of insoluble mineral salts Insoluble mineral salts, such as zeolite or sodium silico aluminate, adsorb bacterial toxins, gas

(ammonic) and biliary acids. They form a protective film on the surface of the intestinal mucosa.

Objective 3: capturing excess water in the colon

1 Incorporation of insoluble mineral saltsZeolite is also very porous and has a large exchange surface. This means that it helps to reduce

excess water in the digestive tract.

1 Higher supply of non-fermentable fibersThe quantity of non-fermentable fibers has been increased to the detriment of fermentable

fibers. These fibers are not degraded in the colon and are found intact in the stools. Their great

hydroscopic capacity means they contribute to production of more solid feces (Wichert & Coll, 2002).

Puppies do not have any teeth at birth. The first dentition

starts to appear from day 20 and the denture is complete

around week 5 or 6. At the beginning of the growth phase

the puppy possesses 32 teeth. This first dentition does not

include the first premolar or the molars.

Formation of the finaldentitionThe first premolars erupt around month 4 and will remain

throughout the adult dog’s life, without being replaced. All

the other deciduous teeth are replaced between month 3 and

month 5 to make way for the final dentition. The eruption

of the molars occurs between months 5 and 7, the age at

which dentition is final: the dog then has 42 teeth.

The biggest teeth are the carnassial teeth: they are the 4th

maxilla premolar and the 1st mandible molar.

36

3. The development of the teeth and jaws during growth

German

Shepherd puppy

© L

ance

au

37

Development of tooth sizeThe size of the teeth increases considerably between the first and final dentition. For example, in

the Leonberger, the size of the carnassial more than doubles between the first and final dentition.

Compared to the first dentition,

the final dentition also includes

4 molars in the upper jaw and

6 in the lower jaw. These adult

teeth are used to break the

largest kibbles.

Upper dental arch Lower dental arch

The dental arches of a dog

Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

Upper quadrant 3 1 4 2

Lower quadrant 3 1 4 3

Final dental formula

38

It is very important that the size of the kibbles is adapted to the size of the teeth, to allow the

puppy to chew whatever its age and size. Chewing has many advantages:

• Ingestion is slowed down: many large-breed puppies have a tendency to eat too quickly

• Aerophagia is limited (Glickman 1997; Theyse 1998)

• The risk of regurgitation is reduced

• The food is broken down more, which has a positive impact on the assimilation of nutrients

• The underlying bone tissue and the gums are stimulated.

Leonberger 4 months: lower fang

width: 7.9mm

height: 8.7mm

thickness: 6.0mm

Leonberger 11 months: upper fang

width: 16.1mm

height: 13.6mm

thickness: 13.2mm

39

First dentition of a German Shepherd puppy (incisors and canines)

At month 5 the puppy possesses its final incisors and canines.

It can be given a larger size kibble.


Adapting the kibble to the various phases of growth

The first incisors are very small in a young puppy. The canines

already have their characteristic conical shape but are finer and

thinner than the final teeth.

© M

ercie

r

© M

ercie

r

The kibbles must be adapted to the dentition and the jaws of the dog in question. The physical

presentation of the kibble is an integral part of the nutritional benefits that contribute to the

animal’s health. It influences the puppy’s feeding behavior and has consequences for digestion.

40

The size and texture of the Maxi and Giant Babydog kibbles are adapted to puppies that do not

yet have their final dentition. Moreover, they rehydrate easily in order to obtain a gruel

consistency at the start of the weaning period, if necessary.

The size, shape and texture of the Maxi Puppy, Giant Puppy and Giant Junior kibble are adapted

to large- and giant-breed puppies between 5 and 8 months or older than 8 months respectively.

The puppy has to chew before swallowing, which slows down the speed of ingestion and limits

the risk of aerophagia. The use of these kibbles also limits the frequency of regurgitation, common

in greedy large-breed puppies.

Maxi Babydog

(10.5x4 mm)

Maxi Puppy

(13x7 mm)

Maxi Program

41

The texture of the kibbles

must be adapted to the

dentition of the puppy

and the strength of its

jaws, which develops with

age. Royal Canin

takes this parameter

into account in the

development of every

new product.

Maximum force needed to break the kibble: comparison of the various products for giant-breed puppies and dogs

0

40

60

20

120

100

140

150

80

3441

65

136

N/mm

Giant Babydog Giant Puppy Giant AdultGiant Junior

Texture is an important quality criterion: the

kibble must not be too hard, so as not to

cause weariness in the puppy, but neither

must it be too crumbly, so as to encourage

chewing. The characteristics of the kibbles are

adapted to the respective strengths of the

jaws of the puppies they are given to, based

on their size and their age.

Texturometer used to measure the pressure resist-

ance of kibbles.

(Royal Canin Research Center)© R

enne

r

The period of growth is synonymous with the puppy’s training period: discovering new

individuals, exploring new environments, playing. In all of these activities, the puppy comes

into contact with potentially infectious germs that its immune system must learn to recognize.

The puppy’s immune response occurs at two levels:1 Cell immune response induced by T lymphocytes

(which mature at thymus level).

T lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and destroying foreign bodies.

1 Humoral immune responseProduction of soluble proteins called antibodies (or immunoglobulins) by B lymphocytes,

so called because they are produced in the bone marrow.

The newborn puppy’s immune defenses essentially rely on the antibodies transmitted by the

mother (immunoglobulins G in particular) during gestation and absorbed through the

colostrum in the hours following birth. After this period the immunoglobulins are

recognized as foreign proteins and are degraded. Maternal antibodies are observed for 12

to 18 weeks depending on the quantity that was absorbed during the perinatal period.

4. Growth: a period ofhigh risk of infection:“the immunity gap”

42

Production of antibodies by a lym-

phocyte (immune system cell).

Phagocytosis of a pathogenic

agent by a macrophage

(immune system cell)

Macrophages attack

bacteria and viruses.

They are the body’s

first line of defense.

43

During first exposure to an antigen, several days pass

before the immune system responds. This is the latent

period. During a second exposure to the antigen, the

response is faster (shorter latent period), stronger and

more lasting. This is the principle used in traditional

vaccination: initial vaccination + booster.0

Immuneresponse

LATENCY

1st exposure

LATENCY

2nd exposure

Stability

Time(week)

Principle of an immune response

The puppy subsequently develops its own immune defenses in response to antigenic stress:

fortuitously encountered germs or vaccinations. This maturation of the immune system is a very

gradual process: around week 9 the lymph glands only contain half the quantity of T cells

compared with those of an adult dog (Nelson, 1998).

0 4 12

The immunity gap in puppies

The immunity gap is the

period of risk of infection:

the maternal protection

becomes inadequate while

the puppy’s own defenses

are barely developed.

Maternalantibodies

Antibodies producedby puppyProtection

thresholdof maternalantibodies

immunity gap

Weeks

Inhibitionthreshold of

vaccinalresponse

Between weeks 4 and 12 the count of antibodies provided by the mother falls below the

protection threshold. The count does remain high enough to inhibit vaccinal response however.

This critical period is called the ‘immunity gap’.

44

If there is to be an optimal response to stress, the immune system, its various organs, and its

cell lines must mature correctly. Appropriate nutrition for the mother in the gestation period and

for the young puppy in the neonatal period is essential for the development of the puppy’s

immune system.

The object of the growth management program is to help the puppy through the immunity gap

period, when maternal protection has disappeared and the puppy’s own immune system has yet

to fully develop.

All products in the Growth Management Program for large-breed puppies contain a synergistic

antioxidant complex composed of vitamins E and C, lutein and taurine, as well as

mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS).

© P

saïla

Newborn

Labrador puppies


Improving natural defenses even further

45

The positive role of certain nutrients in the immune system

Vitamin CA deficiency in vitamin C is responsible for a reduction in the performance of

neutrophilic leukocyte cells and an abnormal retarded hypersensitivity response.

There is also a reduction in phagocytosis.

Vitamin E A deficiency in vitamin E weakens the destructive functions of the lymphocytes (Hall,

1998). An increase in the supply of vitamin E provokes a proliferation of lymphocytes.

LuteinLutein is a xanthophyll pigment like β-carotene. β-carotene in food

stimulates the dog’s cellular and humoral immune response. It is

possible to increase the plasma level of β-carotene by

increasing the quantity of this antioxidant in the ration. The

effects are measurable from week three. Dogs that have been

given a supplement show a much better vaccinal response

(specific immunity) and a better non-specific immune

supplementation response. Similar results have been

observed with lutein in dogs (Chew, 2000).

Taurine The sulfur amino acid taurine is a major constituent

of immune cells. It also has an anti-oxidative

capacity, which reinforces those of the above

mentioned antioxidants.

Lutein is extracted from the petals of

the African marigold (Tagetes erecta).

Labrador puppy

© R

enne

r

46

00

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 6 8

Antibody production following the administration of an antioxidant cocktail for 2 months prior to rabies vaccination

(Smith & Coll, 2001)

The immune response recorded

in the 20 dogs given a cocktail

of antioxidants to stimulate

immunity is significantly

different to those of the control

dogs. The antibody count in the

serum is higher and the

protection level is reached faster

after vaccination.(Test conducted

by Waltham Research Center)

Administration of anantioxidant cocktail

Ul/ml

Control groupWeeks aftervaccination

Level of protecting antibodies

Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)

The mannan-oligosaccharides stimulate the microbe population in the intestines and modulate

the immune function (Swanson, 2002). The regular absorption of MOS improves the immune

system: the ileum’s IgA concentration is higher in dogs given a supplement. An increase in the

lymphocyte concentration has also been observed.

The complex of antioxidants together with MOS will help the puppy construct its immune defens-

es by increasing the production of antibodies or stimulating the immune cells (lymphocytes

and macrophages).

47

Immune cells (B lymphocytes)

secrete IgA*, which is concentrated

on the surface of intestinal villus

to help the animal protect itself

from pathogens. Mannan-oligosaccharides aid the

recognition of pathogens by the

immune cells of the intestinal

mucosa (Peyer’s patches).

* Ig A or Immunoglobin A: antibody found in the intestine.

Role of Mannan-oligosaccharides in local immune defenses

pathogens

IgA

MOS

MOS are extracted

from the wall of

hydrolyzed yeast

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR GIANT BREED PUPPIESA NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR LARGE BREED PUPPIES

New CANINE HEALTHNUTRITION program

Birth

Week 3

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

Month 5End of growth

(month 15)

For the whole weaning period* and the first part of growth to month 5:maximum energy requirement *product may be administered rehydrated then dry

The new nutritional program for large-breed puppies addresses thetwo phases of growth by adapting to the puppy’s energy requirement, digestive capacity and enzymatic faculties accordingto its phase of development.

The transition from Maxi Baby Dog to Maxi Puppy generally occursat the age of 5 months. For puppies susceptible to gaining weighttoo rapidly (Labrador), Maxi Puppy is recommended from month 4.Conversely, lean puppies or puppies with high digestive sensitivity(Beauceron, German Shepherd, Boxer, Greyhounds) can wait untilthe age of 6 months before making the transition.

MAXI

Easy to digestFacile à digérerFácil de digerir

DHA - brain developmentDHA - développemet du cerveauDHA - desarrollo del cerebro

Building strong jointsDévelopper des articulations en santéPara desarrollar articulaciones fuertes

Large Breed Puppy 32TM

Chiot Grande Race 32MC

FROM 56 TO 100 LBS.De 56 à 100 lbs./De 56 a 100 lbs.

For large breed dogs from weaning to 15 months oldPour chiens de grande taille du sevrage à 15 moisPara perros de raza grande desde el destete a los 15 meses de edad

Refuerzo del sistema inmunitario

TaurineTaurineTaurineLuteinLuteinLutein

Vit.CVit.C&&EEVit.C&E

IMMUNITYIMMUNITYBOOSTERBOOSTER

BON DÉVELOPPEMENT DU SYSTÈME IMMUNITAIREDU SYSTÈME IMMUNITAIRE

CUPS PER BAGTASSES PAR SACTAZAS POR BOLSA

167

Dog Food – Net Weight 35 lbs. (15.86 kg)Nourriture Pour Chien – Poids Net 35 lbs. (15.86 kg)Alimento Para Perros – Peso Neto 35 lbs. (15.86 kg)

IMMUNITY SUPPORTLONG GROWTHFORMULA

Moderate energy

concentration.

Calcium content

adapted to the

growth of large-

breed puppies.

Build the puppies

natural defenses

by increasing

the quantity

of antibodies.

Quantity and

quality of fibers

adapted to the

digestive sensitivity

of large-breed

puppies.

DIGESTIVE SAFETYENHANCEDDIGESTIVE SAFETY

ENERGYENERGYENERGYCALCIUMCALCIUMCALCIUM

PHASE-1PHASE-1PHASE-1

GROWTH MANAGEMENTPROGRAM

Priority is given to the

energy concentration.

The puppy is

protected against an

excess of calcium.

Quantity and

quality of fibers

adapted to the

digestive sensitivity

of large-breed

puppies.

Small kibble

adapted to the

first dentition of

large-breed dogs.

1ST AGE KIBBLE

The new nutritional programme forgiant-breed puppies addresses thethree phases of growth by adaptingto the puppy’s energy requirement,ingestion capacity and enzymatic faculties according to its phase of development.

New CANINE HEALTHNUTRITION program

SÉCURITE DIGESTIVERENFORCÉE

ENHANCED DIGESTIVE SAFETY

ENERGYENERGYENERGYCALCIUMCALCIUMCALCIUM

PROGRAMME CROISSANCE

GROWTH MANAGEMENTPROGRAM

Priority is givento the energyconcentration.The puppy is protectedagainst an excess of calcium.

Quantity andquality offibers adaptedto the digestivesensitivity ofgiant-breedpuppies.

Small kibbleadapted to the first dentition ofgiant-breeddogs.

CROQUETTESPÉCIAL 1ER AGE

1ST AGE KIBBLE

SÉCURITE DIGESTIVERENFORCÉE


DÉVELOPPEMENT OPTIMALDU SQUELETTE

OPTIMAL SKELETONDEVELOPEMENT

Moderate energyconcentration.Calcium contentadapted to thegrowth of giant-breedpuppies.


Presence ofglucosamineand chondroitinto protect thejoints.

CONSTRUCTIONDES ARTICULATIONS

FOR JOINT BUILDING

SÉCURITE DIGESTIVE RENFORCÉE


TAILLE, FORME & TEXTURE EXCLUSIVE

EXCLUSIVE SIZE, SHAPE & TEXTURE

Kibble adapted to the final dentition ofgiant-breed puppies.Encourages thepuppy to chew.


L-Carnitine topromote thedevelopment of muscles atthe expense of fatty tissue.

CONSTRUCTIONMUSCULAIRE

FOR MUSCLE BUILDING

Birth

Week 3

Month5

End ofgrowth

month 18-24

For the whole weaning period* andthe first part of growth to month5: maximum energy requirement.*product may be administered rehydrat-ed then dry

The transition from Giant Baby Dogto Giant Junior generally occurs atthe age of 5 months. For puppiessusceptible to gaining weight toorapidly (Newfoundland), MaxiJunior is recommended from month4. Conversely, lean puppies orpuppies with high digestivesensitivity (Great Dane) can waituntil the age of 6 months beforeeffecting the transition.

Month8

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR GIANT BREED PUPPIES

50

References Adapting the nutritional supply to the specific needs of the 2 growth phases

1. Dammrich K - Relationship between nutrition and bone growth in large andgiant dogs. J Nutr 1991; 121(11 Suppl): S114-21.

2. De Haan JJ et al - Controlled double-blinded clinical study of polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (Adequan) for treatment of hip dysplasia in adult dogs.Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology 1994; 7(4): 58.

3. Grandjean D, Paragon BM et al - Rationnement alimentaire et préventionchez le chien. 2. Point Vét 1987; 19: 171-176.

4. Hazewinkel HA, Goedegebuure SA, Poulos PW et al - Influences of chroniccalcium excess on the skeletal development of growing Great Danes. J amAn Hosp Assn 1985; 21(3): 377-391.

5. Hazewinkel HA, Van den Brom WE et al - Calcium metabolism in Great Danedogs fed diets with various calcium and phosphorus levels. J Nutr 1991; 121(11Suppl): S99-106.

6. Hedhammar A, Krook L, Whalen JP et al - Overnutrition and skeletal disease. An experimental study in growing Great Dane dogs. IV. Clinicalobservations. Cornell Vet 1974; 64(2): Suppl 5:32-45.

7. Holme DW - Practical use of prepared foods for dogs and cats. In: Dog andCat nutrition. Edney, ATB Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1982: 47-59.

8. Kealy RD., Olsson SE, Monti KL et al - Effects of limited food consumptionon the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc1992; 201(6): 857-63.

9. Lavelle RB - The effect of overfeeding of a balanced complete commercialdiet to a group of growing Great Danes. In: Nutrition of the Dogs andCats. Burger IH, Rivers JPW Eds, 1989; Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress: 303-316.

10. Lust G, Williams AJ et al - Effects of intramuscular administration of glycosaminoglycan polysulfates on signs of incipient hip dysplasia ingrowing pups. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53(10): 1836-1843.

11. Martin L - Contribution à l’étude de la croissance chez le chien de granderace. Thèse de doctorat vétérinaire 1993, Nantes.

12. Nap RC, Hazewinkel HA et al - 45Ca kinetics in growing miniature poodles challenged by four different dietary levels of calcium. J Nutr1993; 123(11): 1826-33.

13. Schoenmakers I, Hazewinkel HA, Voorhout et al - Effects of diets with differentcalcium and phosphorus contents on the skeletal development and bloodchemistry of growing great danes. Vet Rec 2000; 147(23): 652-60.

14. Tryfonidou MA, Van den Broek WE, Hazewinkel HAW – Intestinal Caabsorption in growing dogs is influenced by Ca intake and age and notby growth rate. J Nutr 2002; 132: 3363-3368.

15. Weber M, Martin L, Dumon H et al - Growth and skeletal development intwo large breeds fed 2 calcium levels. J Vet Int Med 2000; 14 :388.

16. Zentek J, Meyer H, Dammrich K - The effect of a different energy supplyfor growing Great Danes on the body mass and skeletal development. 3.Clinical picture and chemical studies of the skeleton. ZentralblVeterinarmed 1995; A 42(1): 69-80.

51

Adapting the kibble to the various phases of growth

Improving natural defenses even further

31. Chew BP et al - Importance of ß-carotene Nutrition in the Dog and Cat:uptake and immunity, Advances in Clinical Nutrition (Iams symposium),1998, 513-522.

32. Smith BHE, Devlin P - Diets boost vaccine response in adult and seniordogs. Waltham Focus 2001; 11:1.

33. Hall J - Interactions of nutrition and immunology. Proceedings of 16thIams Forum, ACVIM, 1998.

34. Nelson PD, Kern MR - The Influence of Age on the Immune System. In:Recent Advances in Canine and Feline Nutrition, 1998, 231-247.

35. Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA et al - Supplemental fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides influence immunefunction, ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations and concentrations of protein catabolites in the large bowelof dogs. J Nutr 2002; 132: 980-989.

29. Glickman LT, Glickman NW et al - Multiple risk factors for the gastricdilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a pratictioner/owner case-controlstudy. J Am Med Vet Assoc 1997; 33(9): 197-204.

30. Theyse LFH, Van De Brom WE et al - Small size food particles and age asrisk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great Danes. VeterinaryRecord 1998; 143: 48-50.

17. Binder HJ, Sandle GI - Electrolytes transport in mammalian colon. In: Thelarge intestine: physiology, pathophysiology and disease. Ed. Phillips SF,Pemberton JH & Shorter RG; Mayo foundation, Raven Press, Ltd NewYork, 1991; 64: 2133-2168.

18. Buddington RK, Elnif J, Malo C et al - Activities of gastric, pancreatic, andintestinal brush-border membrane enzymes during postnatal development of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64(5): 627-34.

19. Guilford WG, Strombeck DR - Classification, pathophysiology and symptomatic treatment of diarrheal diseases. In: Strombeck’s Small AnimalGastroenterology. 3rd Ed. Saunders Co, Philadephia 1996a: 351-366.

20. Harmon DL, Walker JA Silvio JM et al - Nutrient digestibility in dogs fedfiber-containing diets. Vet Clin Nutr 1999; 6:6.

21. Rolfe VE - Colonic fluid and electrolyte transport in health and disease.Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1999; 29: 577-588.

22. Rolfe VE, Adams CA, Butterwick RE et al - Relationships between fecal consistency and colonic microstructure and absorptive function in dogs withand without nonspecific dietary sensitivity. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63: 617-622.

23. Weber M, Martin L, Biourge V et al - Influence of age and body size onthe digestibility of a dry expanded diet in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr(Berl) 2003a; 87(7-8): 242-50.

24. Weber M, Martin L, Biourge V et al - Influence of age and body size onorocecal transit time as assessed by use of the sulfasalazine method inhealthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003b; 64(9): 1105-9.

25. Weber M, Martin L, Dumon H et al - Influence of age and body size onintestinal permeability and absorption in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res2002; 63(9): 1323-8.

26. Weber M, Stambouli F, Martin L et al - Gastrointestinal transit of solidradiopaque markers in large and giant breed growing dogs. J AnimPhysiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2001; 85(7-8): 242-50.

27. Wichert B, Scuster S et al - Influence of different cellulose types on fecesquality of dogs. Waltham International Symposium 2002; 1728 S.

28. Zentek J, Meyer H et al - Normal handling of diets - are all dogs createdequal ? J Small An Pract 1995; 36: 354-359.

Guaranteeing even higher digestive security

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Amylase: enzyme necessary for the digestion of cereal starch. It is secreted mainly by the pancreas.

Average Daily Gain (ADG): this is the weight gained daily by the puppy during growth, expressed in grams/day.

Chondroitin: natural cartilage extract. Its administration slows down the production of enzymes that weardown cartilage.

Digestibility: relationship between the quantity digested and the quantity ingested of a food or a nutrient. Thehigher the digestibility, the more the animal’s nutritional benefit.

Dysplasia: hereditary elbow or hip complaint common in large- and giant-breed puppies. In susceptibleanimals, hyperlaxity of the joint causes the articular cartilage to change, which can have verydebilitating consequences, including development of osteoarthritis and articular luxation.

Electrolytes: electrically charged minerals in solution able to create ion flows through the cell membranes.

Glucosamine: fundamental constituent of the cartilage structure. Encourages the regeneration of cartilage bystimulating the synthesis of its constituent elements.

Immunity gap: period in the life of the puppy during which its immune defenses are low: it loses the antibodiestransmitted by its mother and is not yet able to synthesize its own.

Intestinal permeability: its level determines the passage of fluids and electrolytes through the intestinal mucosa. Excessivepermeability makes it easy for the electrolytes to return to the intestinal lumen and create anosmotic gradient that may cause diarrhea.

Lactic acid: organic acid produced by fermentation of carbohydrates (indigestible starch, fibers) by thebacteria in the large intestine. Too high an intestinal concentration creates an intake of water thatcauses wetter feces.

Lutein: pigment of the family of carotenoids, abundant in the eye retina.

Macrophage: cells of the immune system that attack viruses and bacteria in the body. They act by phagocytosis.

Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS): non-fermentable fibers, mannose polymers, found in their natural state in the cell walls of yeast.The MOS limit the development of pathogenic intestinal bacteria through competitive inhibitionat bacterial attachment sites. The MOS also stimulate the immune response by increasing thenumber of circulating neutrophilic leukocyte and the quantity of intestinal IgA.

Osteochondrosis: osteoarticular complaint in large-breed puppies due to the irregular development of growingcartilage. It is stimulated by an excess of calcium in the food. The addition of mineral complementsfor growth to a complete food for puppies is not allowed.

Phagocytosis: absorption of a particle by a cell: important immune defence mechanism.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA): products of the fermentation of intestinal bacteria. The main SCFA are acetic acid (C2), propionicacid (C3) and butyric acid (C4). An increased concentration in the stools indicates heightenedfermentative activity in the colon.

Taurine: a sulfur amino acid. Main constituent of immune cells. It also possesses an anti-oxidative capacity.

Vitamin C: vitamin that plays a role in the regeneration of vitamin E to prolong its anti-oxidative activity.

Vitamin E: anti-oxidative vitamin that the body needs to trap free radicals and limit cell oxidationphenomena.

Glossary

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Key innovations in thehistory of Royal Canin

A history of commitment to developing its knowledge of and respect for the needs of small, medium, large and giant breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian

1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR)

1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges

1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI)

1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size

1999: Launch of:• Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs• A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800)• A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21)

2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult)

2003: Launch of:• Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health

Nutrition) and Yorkshire Terriers (MINI Yorkshire Terrier 28)• Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health

Nutrition) and breed specific foods (MAXI Labrador Retriever 30 and MAXI German Shepherd 24)

• Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO)

2004: Launch of:• Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine

Health Nutrition) including Bulldogs (MEDIUM Bulldog 24)• Small breed specific foods (MINI Chihuahua 28 and

MINI Poodle 30)• Food for very young large breed puppies

(MAXI Babydog 30)• The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic

skin disease including canine atopy (Limited IngredientDiets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas)

2005: Launch of:• Small breed specific foods (MINI Dachshund 28 and

MINI Shih Tzu 24)• Food for Boxers (MAXI Boxer 26)• A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch• The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed)

2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26, MINI IndoorAdult 21 and MINI Dental Hygiene 24)

2007: Launch of:• MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25• MINI Indoor Puppy 27• MINI Miniature Schnauzer 25

Notes

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Notes

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©2007 Royal Canin USA, Inc. 7/07

USA

Canada

Royal Canin USA500 Fountain Lakes Blvd., Suite 100

St. Charles, MO 63301Phone: 1-800-592-6687

www.royalcanin.us

www.feline-nutrition.com

Royal Canin Canada44 Victoria Street, Suite 1500

Toronto, Ontario M5C 1Y2Phone: 1-800-527-2673

www.royalcanin.ca

the growth of giant and large breed puppies

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