Greener Aircraft

A presentation by – • Pawan Rama Mali

The Perfect Flight

Greener Aircraft

What is Greener Aircraft

What results and benefits we expect? • Increased fuel efficiency• Reduced co2 emissions• Reduced Nox emissions• Reduced noise

How big is aviation's contribution to environmental change?

• Accounts for about 2% of total greenhouse gas emissions . • Warming effects due to formation of contrails and cirrus clouds.• The overall impact is about two to four times higher than of its CO2

emissions alone.• Noise emission

Condensation trails (contrails) Cirrus clouds

How does optimisation relate to saving the planet?

In a variety of ways:• Reduction in the use of natural resources (oil, gas, metals, etc.)• Reduction of the environmental impact of various activities

(production, travel, etc.)• Development of technologies for lessening of natural and man-

made disasters• Freeing up budgets for use on other environmental issues.

The Greenhouse effect

INCREASE IN THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE PLANET BY 1.0 DEGREES CELSIUS

The Commercial Aviation Challenge

2050

Aircraft Technology

Breaking away from tube with wings?

Blended Wing Body (BWB)

X-48, Boeing and NASA Langley Research Centre

What is a Blended wing body (BWB) concept ?

Efficient high-lift wings and a wide airfoil-shaped body. Contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel

economy.

BWB Challenges

Cabin pressurization

The design uses ten intermediate chord-wise

(front-to-back) ribs to connect the upper and

lower wing skins.

Advanced composite material

Design problems

BWB compared to today's advanced aircraft

Better L/D Reduction in emissions Reduction in noise Increase of airport capacity Fuel burnt when compared to conventional

aircraft

ADVANTAGES OF (BWB) Fuel burn lower than its conventional

Airbus.

Take off weight lower

It will only require three instead of four engines

More fuel efficient.

Breaking away from tube with wings?

Boeing X-48B: 21-foot wingspan model UAV built by Cranfield Aerospace. Tests started in February 2007 at Edwards AF Base.

Grand challenges ahead

Possibly, the pressure for a greener aircraft would push the civil aviation development as hard as the stealth technology pushed the development of military aircraft.

Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk FF: 17 July 1989 FF: 18 June 1981

TechnologyThe A380 • 25% composite material in its structure, • Carbon fiber reinforced composite center wing box

saving 1.5 tons of weight.• Burns 20% less fuel per seat than its competitor

and that equals 20% less CO2 emissions, making the A380 a most eco-efficient aircraft.

TechnologyThe A350• 25% more fuel efficient • Over 3 tons less CO2 produced• 16 dB below the ICAO noise limit

TechnologyThe A320• 15% reduction in fuel consumption• Over 1100 tons of fuel saved per year

AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

Air Traffic Management (ATM)Definition of ATM?

What are the effect of ATM on greenhouse gas ?

It contributes to global warming. It contribute to ozone depletion. Increase Noise pollution. Air traffic contributes today about 3% to global

greenhouse gas emissions, and it is expected to triple by 2050.

INITIATIVES TAKEN

Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) is a collaborative project to completely overhaul European airspace and its air traffic management (ATM).

Single European Sky ATM research(SESAR) initiative in Europe and in the US-led NextGen.

Objective of SESAR? highest operational efficiencies with more direct routings,

resulting in 10% less fuel consumption significant reductions in CO2 emissions and noise by

2020.

THE SESAR PROJECT IS COMPOSED OF THREE PHASES

Definition phase (2004–2008) Deliver ATM master plan defining the

content It is being led by euro control

Development phase (2008–2013)

produce required data –SESAR joint undertaking

Deployment phase (2014–2020)

large scale production & implementation

SESAR project is working parallel in the Next-Gen project within the United States USE GPS TECHNOLOGY Save time & fuel Reduces traffic delay

Airbus ProSky Intelligent ground ATM solution Maximizing efficiency of fuel Increase capacity

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

What are biofuels?A biofuel is defined as any fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation.

BIOFUEL / AGROFUEL

Sustainable Alternative Fuels

CLASSIFICATION OF BIOFUELSFirst

Generation• Sugarcane• Corn• Soybean• Vegetable Oils

Second Generation

•Jatropha•Camelina•Grasses etc

Third Generation

FIRST-GENERATION BIOFUELS

Food Crops

Processing in Mills

Sugar/Starch Content

Fermentation Ethanol

Direct Petroleum substitute or

additive

FIRST-GENERATION BIOFUELSCorn

• Advantages –Simple conversion to ethanol• Disadvantages – Food Staple with low production

Sugarcane

• Advantages -Higher yield than corn • Disadvantages -Limited region for cultivation, Food staple

Soybean

• Advantages -Grows in many regions• Disadvantages -Yield is very low, Food staple

Vegetable Oil

• Advantages -Widely used, easy to make Biodiesel• Disadvantages -Important Feedstock

NEED FOR NEXT GENRATION BIOFUELS

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS Sourced from non-food plants Processed and can either be burned directly or

converted by chemical processes to make high-quality jet and diesel fuels

Jatropha: produces seeds containinginedible lipid oil that can be used to produce fuel.

Camelina: Camelina oil is as a feedstock to produce renewable fuels. The left over “waste” from the oil extraction can also be used as feed for chickens in small proportions.

Halophytes are salt marsh grasses

Also known as advanced biofuels No longer fit for human consumption Must be grown on marginal land

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL

Grasses

• Fast Growing and harvested few times per year• Low Fertilizer needs• Grow on Marginal Land• Very high energy yield

Jatropha

• Grows on marginal lands• 15% high yield than soybean

Waste Vegetable Oil

• It does not threaten the food chain• It is readily available• Easily convertible to Biodiesel• It is low in sulphur• No associated land use changes

THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS

The list of fuels derived from algae

•Biodiesel•Butanol•Gasoline•Methane•Ethanol•Vegetable Oil•Jet Fuel

• It is potentially most promising feedstock

• Sustainable aviation biofuel • Growth in inhospitable places

ADVANTAGES OF BIOFUELS FOR AVIATION

Relative to fossil fuels, sustainably produced biofuelsresult in a reduction in CO2 emissions across theirlifecycle.

Environmental benefits

Diversified SupplyThe production of sustainable biofuels is flexible and biofuel feedstock can be grown in many places around the world according to the aviation industry’s needs and demands.

Economic benefits to parts of the world that have large amounts of marginal or unviable land for food crops, but are suitable for growing second-generation biofuel crops

PROVIDING ECONOMIC &

SOCIAL BENEFITS

POTENTIAL INNOVATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

SMART WING TECHNOLOGIES IMPROVING AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS FOR GREENER OPERATIONS INNOVATIVE POWER PLANTS INNOVATIVE STRUCTURES OPTIMIZED MAINTENANCE

Questions ?