The Grammar ofThe Grammar of Experiential MeaningExperiential Meaning: :

TRANSITIVITYTRANSITIVITY

Widhiyanto Widhiyanto Universitas Negeri SemarangUniversitas Negeri Semarangwidhiaistuti@staff.unnes.ac.idwidhiaistuti@staff.unnes.ac.id

Introduction Introduction

From MOOD systemFrom MOOD system: In order : In order to sustain a to sustain a dialogue successfullydialogue successfully, participants must , participants must keep negotiatingkeep negotiating, they must keep , they must keep exchanging commoditiesexchanging commodities, playing the roles , playing the roles of of demanderdemander or or givergiver, , initiatorinitiator or or responderresponder, as they either , as they either argue about argue about informationinformation or or transfer goods and transfer goods and services. services.

IntroductionIntroduction

With the benefit of MOOD SYSTEM, it is With the benefit of MOOD SYSTEM, it is possible to suggest how interactants are possible to suggest how interactants are creating and clarifying their role creating and clarifying their role relationship with each other. relationship with each other.

In fact, it would not be possible for them to In fact, it would not be possible for them to create relationships WITHOUT talking create relationships WITHOUT talking about something. Their talk has about something. Their talk has CONTENT; it makes CONTENT; it makes representationalrepresentational, or , or experientialexperiential meanings. meanings.

IntroductionIntroduction

Thus we need to recognize that in order to Thus we need to recognize that in order to take parts in texts, participants must make take parts in texts, participants must make not only Interpersonal meaning but also not only Interpersonal meaning but also experiential meaning. experiential meaning.

We must also recognize that these type of We must also recognize that these type of meanings are being made simultaneously.meanings are being made simultaneously.

This simultaneous encoding of experiential This simultaneous encoding of experiential and interpersonal meanings is achieved and interpersonal meanings is achieved through the simultaneous structuring of the through the simultaneous structuring of the clause which together are making up the clause which together are making up the text.text.

Example:Example:But George In Switzerland they give you a cognac

Adj: Conj

Adj: Voc Adj: Circum S F P Complement

Complement

Re- Mood -sidue

Circum:location

Actor Process: Material

Beneficiary Goal

THEME RHEME

Experiential meaningExperiential meaning: Clause as : Clause as RepresentationRepresentation

How phenomena of the real world are How phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures.represented as linguistic structures.

There are three semantic categories used:There are three semantic categories used:

1. Circumstances1. Circumstances

2. Processes2. Processes

3. Participants3. Participants

Circumstances Circumstances

Answer such question as Answer such question as when, where, when, where, why, how, how many, why, how, how many, and asand as what. what.

They realise meaning about: They realise meaning about: o TimeTime: : when; when; is probed by is probed by when, how often, when, how often,

how long.how long. o PlacePlace: : where;where; is probed by is probed by where, how far.where, how far. o MannerManner: : howhow

• Means:Means: by what means; by what means; is probed by is probed by what with.what with.• Quality: Quality: how; how; is probed by is probed by how.how.• Comparison: Comparison: like what;like what; is probed by is probed by what like.what like.

CircumstancesCircumstances

o CauseCause: : whywhy• Reason:Reason: what causes the proces; what causes the proces; is probed by is probed by

why or how.why or how.• Purpose:Purpose: the purpose; the purpose; is probed by is probed by what for.what for.• Behalf:Behalf: for whose shake; for whose shake; is probed by is probed by for whom.for whom.

o AccompanimentAccompaniment: : with(out) who with(out) who oror what; what; is is probed by probed by who who or or what else.what else.

o MatterMatter: : about whatabout what or or with reference to with reference to what;what; is probed by is probed by what about.what about.

o RoleRole: : what as;what as; is probed by is probed by as what.as what.

ProcessesProcesses

are central to TRANSITIVITYare central to TRANSITIVITYKinds of Kinds of goings on.goings on.Seven different type of Processes:Seven different type of Processes:

o MaterialMaterialo BehavioralBehavioralo MentalMentalo VerbalVerbalo RelationalRelationalo ExistentialExistentialo MeteorologicalMeteorological

Ideational Function Ideational Function

One way to describe a clause in functional terms is One way to describe a clause in functional terms is in relation to how it represents our in relation to how it represents our experiences of experiences of the worldthe world..

This is called the This is called the ideational ideational function.function. This ideational function of language involves This ideational function of language involves

representing three main aspects of our representing three main aspects of our experiences.experiences.

3 Main Aspects of Experiences3 Main Aspects of Experiences

1.1. People, things or ideas in the world – called People, things or ideas in the world – called ParticipantsParticipants

2.2. Physical activities, mental activities or states of Physical activities, mental activities or states of being – called being – called ProcessesProcesses

3.3. Conditions or circumstances in which these Conditions or circumstances in which these activities are occurring – called activities are occurring – called CircumstancesCircumstances

ParticipantsParticipants ProcessesProcesses CircumstancesCircumstances

The people, The people, ideas or things ideas or things participating in participating in the processthe process

Physical Physical activities, mental activities, mental and verbal and verbal activities, states activities, states of being and of being and havinghaving

Conditions such Conditions such as when, where, as when, where, why or how the why or how the process takes process takes placeplace

Functional and Grammatical LabelsFunctional and Grammatical Labels

Functional Functional LabelsLabels

ParticipantsParticipants ProcessesProcesses CircumstancesCircumstances

Grammatical Grammatical ClassesClasses

Noun groupNoun group(NG)(NG)

Verb groupVerb group(VG)(VG)

Prepositional Prepositional phrase (Prep-Phr), phrase (Prep-Phr),

Adverbial group Adverbial group (Adv-G), NG(Adv-G), NG

DescriptionDescription A NG can consist A NG can consist of one or more of one or more nouns, adjectives nouns, adjectives numerals or numerals or determinersdeterminers

A VG is based on A VG is based on a single verb and a single verb and may include may include auxiliaries, non auxiliaries, non finite elementsfinite elements

A prep-phrase A prep-phrase consists of a prep consists of a prep and a NG. An Adv-and a NG. An Adv-G consists of one G consists of one or more Advs. A or more Advs. A NG consists of NG consists of one or more one or more nouns.nouns.

Group and PhraseGroup and Phrase

The linguistic structure of a noun group, verbs The linguistic structure of a noun group, verbs group, prepositional phrase or adverbial group may group, prepositional phrase or adverbial group may involve a single word or group of words.involve a single word or group of words.

Examples …Examples …

ParticipantParticipant ProcessProcess ParticipantsParticipants CircumstanceCircumstance

Her baby Her baby daughterdaughterNoun groupNoun group

was bornwas born

Verb groupVerb group

in the hospital.in the hospital.Prepositional Prepositional phrasephrase

The teamThe teamNoun groupNoun group

completedcompletedVerb groupVerb group

the documentthe documentNoun groupNoun group

very quickly.very quickly.Adverbial Adverbial groupgroup

PhoebePhoebeNoun groupNoun group

RanRanVerb groupVerb group

five miles.five miles.Noun groupNoun group

SummarySummary

Ideational MeaningIdeational Meaning RealisationRealisation ExamplesExamples

ParticipantsParticipants Noun groupsNoun groups Dogs, the red-haired Dogs, the red-haired lady, a tree with ripe lady, a tree with ripe fruit, poverty and fruit, poverty and honesty, veritable honesty, veritable humility, he, Sydneyhumility, he, Sydney

ProcessesProcesses Verb groupVerb group Do, going to do, was, Do, going to do, was, will be, used to likewill be, used to like

CircummstancesCircummstances Prep. PhrsPrep. PhrsAdv. groupsAdv. groupsNoun groupsNoun groups

Down the stream, over Down the stream, over the moon, tomorrow, the moon, tomorrow, very slowlyvery slowly

PARTICIPANTSPARTICIPANTS

ParticipantsParticipantsParticipants can be categorised in various ways:Participants can be categorised in various ways:

HumanHuman Girls and boys must go to school.Girls and boys must go to school.

Non-humanNon-human Trees provide shades from the sun.Trees provide shades from the sun.

ConcreteConcrete The buildings were destroyed.The buildings were destroyed.

AbstractAbstract Love conquers all.Love conquers all.

SpecificSpecific The dog barked all night.The dog barked all night.

Non-specific Non-specific (generalised)(generalised)

A banana is a healthy fruit.A banana is a healthy fruit.

People and things, ideasPeople and things, ideas

Noun GroupNoun Group A NG is a group of words with noun as the focal A NG is a group of words with noun as the focal

point.point. It may include Classifiers and Describers, It may include Classifiers and Describers,

Numeratives, Determiners, Embedded phrases or Numeratives, Determiners, Embedded phrases or clauses, or Nominalisations.clauses, or Nominalisations.

NG may also be referred to as nominal groupNG may also be referred to as nominal group A NG may comprise a number of nouns linked A NG may comprise a number of nouns linked

together, referred to as a noun complex.together, referred to as a noun complex.

Noun GroupNoun Group

Within a NG, different classes of words serve different Within a NG, different classes of words serve different functions.functions.

ClassifiersClassifiers• Typically classify the ParticipantsTypically classify the Participants• They place the Participant into a particular category They place the Participant into a particular category

or classification.or classification.• They can be nouns, adjectives, e.g. They can be nouns, adjectives, e.g. stean trains, stean trains,

primary colours, almond trees.primary colours, almond trees.

Noun GroupNoun Group

DescribersDescribers• They are adjectives that serve the functions of They are adjectives that serve the functions of

describing more precisely.describing more precisely.• They provide information such as size, colour, They provide information such as size, colour,

shape or qualities, e.g. large, red, round, huggable,shape or qualities, e.g. large, red, round, huggable,

Noun GroupNoun Group NumerativesNumeratives

They provide information about number or They provide information about number or measurement such as measurement such as fivefive or or firstfirst..

DeterminersDeterminersThey serve the function of pointing out, querying or They serve the function of pointing out, querying or indicating ownership, such as indicating ownership, such as which, whose, that.which, whose, that.

Noun GroupNoun Group

Embedded phrase or clausesEmbedded phrase or clausesThey serve the function of defining more precisely They serve the function of defining more precisely the Participant being referred to, e.g. the Participant being referred to, e.g. the girl with the girl with dark hair, the book which I lost.dark hair, the book which I lost.

NominalisationNominalisationThey are a form of abstraction in which a process is They are a form of abstraction in which a process is turned into a thing, e.g. turned into a thing, e.g. the killing of the dolphins.the killing of the dolphins.

Noun GroupNoun Group

ThoseThose twotwo largelarge sciencescience booksbooks With With hard hard coverscovers

Which I Which I lost lost yester-yester-dayday

DetermiDeterminerner

NumeratNumerativeive

DescribDescriberer

ClassifiClassifierer

ThingThing EmbeddEmbedded ed phrasephrase

EmbeddEmbedded ed clauseclause

Noun and PronounNoun and Pronoun Nouns and pronouns are classes of words which may Nouns and pronouns are classes of words which may

represent a single participants, a group or class of represent a single participants, a group or class of Participants, or a number of Participants.Participants, or a number of Participants.

Single Single ParticipantParticipant

SheShe loves to sing. loves to sing.

OwenOwen is tall. is tall.

Class of Class of ParticipantsParticipants

FlowersFlowers grow wildly. grow wildly.

PeoplePeople are coming for dinner. are coming for dinner.

A number A number of of ParticipantsParticipants

They They came late.came late.

CrowdsCrowds flocked to the seaside. flocked to the seaside.

‘‘Mass’ and ‘Count’ NounsMass’ and ‘Count’ Nouns

‘‘Mass’ nounMass’ noun Use Use less waterless water during during bushfires.bushfires.

‘‘Count noun’Count noun’ Fewer studentsFewer students proceeded to proceeded to university this year.university this year.

Proper NounsProper Nouns Proper nouns refer to names of particular people, Proper nouns refer to names of particular people,

places or events.places or events. They mark the status with the use of a capital for They mark the status with the use of a capital for

the first letter of the word. the first letter of the word.

The Round Table ConferenceNew South WalesThe Prime Minister

Beverly and GeoffeyThe 2008 Olympics

Holden and Ford

ClassifiersClassifiers Classifiers function to categorise a participant by allocating Classifiers function to categorise a participant by allocating

it to a particular class or subclass.it to a particular class or subclass. They indicate what ‘type of thing’ it is in relation to other They indicate what ‘type of thing’ it is in relation to other

classes.classes.

Classifiers can be distinguished from describers in that it is Classifiers can be distinguished from describers in that it is not possible to insert the word ‘very’ the classifiers, e.g not possible to insert the word ‘very’ the classifiers, e.g a a very long match, very long match, but notbut not a very tennis match. a very tennis match.

The tennis match (as opposed to ‘the football match’)The igneous rock (as opposed to ‘the sedimentary rock’)Human communities (as opposed to ‘animal communities’)

DescribersDescribers

Describers in noun group are generally adjectives.Describers in noun group are generally adjectives. They describe attributes of the Participants such as They describe attributes of the Participants such as

size, colour, shape or qualities.size, colour, shape or qualities. They may indicate degree of comparison within They may indicate degree of comparison within

their form - known as comparative and superlative -, their form - known as comparative and superlative -, e.g. little – less – least; beautiful – more beautiful – e.g. little – less – least; beautiful – more beautiful – most beautifulmost beautiful

sizesizeBig, little, Huge, Big, little, Huge, Tiny, Microscopic, Tiny, Microscopic, giganticgigantic

A gigantic monsterA gigantic monster

A microscopic virusA microscopic virus

colourcolourMaroon, blue, Maroon, blue, Pink, yellowPink, yellow

A blue and maroon hatA blue and maroon hat

A yellow daffodilA yellow daffodil

shapeshapeCircular, square, Circular, square, round, octagonalround, octagonal

A round barrelA round barrel

An octagonal roomAn octagonal room

qualityqualityGood, fair,Good, fair,Beautiful, kindBeautiful, kind

A fair resultA fair result

Beautiful countrysideBeautiful countryside

NumerativesNumeratives Numeratives in the noun group usually consist of Numeratives in the noun group usually consist of

either ordinal numbers (e.g. first, second, last) or either ordinal numbers (e.g. first, second, last) or cardinal numbers (e.g. some, one, fifty).cardinal numbers (e.g. some, one, fifty).

They may indicate precise and definite information They may indicate precise and definite information about size, weight, or order or give indefinite about size, weight, or order or give indefinite information such as information such as few, manyfew, many..

DeterminersDeterminers

Determiners in a noun group are used to query or Determiners in a noun group are used to query or point to a particular Participant, or to indicate point to a particular Participant, or to indicate ownership or possession.ownership or possession.

queryingqueryingwhichwhichwhosewhosewhatwhat

Which hat will you wear?Which hat will you wear?

Whose car is that?Whose car is that?

What music do you prefer?What music do you prefer?

pointing outpointing outthatthat

thesethesethosethose

That big dog bites.That big dog bites.

These shoes are too small.These shoes are too small.

Those tiny flowers smell sweet.Those tiny flowers smell sweet.

ownershipownership my, mine, our, my, mine, our, ours, your, ours, your, yours, his, yours, his, her, etc.her, etc.

My house is near hers.My house is near hers.

His tail wags constantly.His tail wags constantly.

Their cat and dog fight.Their cat and dog fight.

Embedded Phrases or ClausesEmbedded Phrases or Clauses

queryingquerying whichwhich whosewhose whatwhat Which hat will you wear?Which hat will you wear? Whose car is that?Whose car is that? What music do you prefer?What music do you prefer?

pointing outpointing out thatthat thesethese thosethose That big dog bites.That big dog bites. These shoes are too small.These shoes are too small. Those tiny flowers smell sweet.Those tiny flowers smell sweet. ownershipownership my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, etc.my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, etc. My house is near hers.My house is near hers. His tail wags constantly.His tail wags constantly. Their cat and dog fight.Their cat and dog fight.

Embedded phraseEmbedded phrase Embedded clausesEmbedded clauses

The man The man with the dogwith the dog……The girl The girl with dark hairwith dark hair……

The man The man who was walking who was walking the dogthe dog … …The girl The girl who had dark hairwho had dark hair ……

NominalisationsNominalisations

Nominalisations may also be a component of a noun group.Nominalisations may also be a component of a noun group. Nominalisation involves the transformation of a process into Nominalisation involves the transformation of a process into

a thing.a thing.

They They breedbreed wild birds wild birds The word The word breedbreed represents a represents a Material ProcessMaterial Process

The breeding of wild birdsThe breeding of wild birds raises ethical issuesraises ethical issues

The Material Process has been The Material Process has been transformed into a Participant.transformed into a Participant.

ExamplesExamples

His winningHis winning the race was quite remarkable. the race was quite remarkable. The breedingThe breeding of wild birds in captivity is morally of wild birds in captivity is morally

questionable.questionable. The slaughteringThe slaughtering of seals is a sad affair. of seals is a sad affair.

NominalisationsNominalisations Nominalisations may be represented as abstract Nominalisations may be represented as abstract

nouns, gerunds or participles.nouns, gerunds or participles. Abstract nouns include those which commonly end Abstract nouns include those which commonly end

in in –ment, -tion, -al, -age, -ity –ment, -tion, -al, -age, -ity as in preferment, as in preferment, agitation, proposal, reportage, longevity.agitation, proposal, reportage, longevity.

They are commonly found in scientific writing.They are commonly found in scientific writing.

Noun ComplexNoun Complex Two or more nouns or pronouns may be linked Two or more nouns or pronouns may be linked

together to form a noun group.together to form a noun group. This is referred to as a noun complex. This is referred to as a noun complex.

Sharks, whales, fish, crabs and coral live underwater.She and her friend want to come.Wind and waves beat on the rock.Love and duty matter most.My friend and I are not likely to come.

PROCESSES:PROCESSES:Material, Mental, Verbal, RelationalMaterial, Mental, Verbal, Relational

Physical, mental, verbal activities,Physical, mental, verbal activities, states of being states of being

Material Processes Material Processes Material Processes are those when obvious action Material Processes are those when obvious action

takes place.takes place. Someone or something is carrying a physical Someone or something is carrying a physical

action.action. They are represented in the language by words They are represented in the language by words

such as such as walk, do, actwalk, do, act or or jumpjump.. They are commonly found in texts such as They are commonly found in texts such as

recounts, procedures and explanations.recounts, procedures and explanations.

ExamplesExamples

MaterialMaterial

(doing, (doing, behaving)behaving)

I’m I’m going to drivegoing to drive to the movies tonight. to the movies tonight.

Adrian Adrian carriescarries the load. the load.

They They had been going to walkhad been going to walk to walk to … to walk to …

Monkeys Monkeys eateat bananas. bananas.

Mental ProcessesMental Processes

Mental processes are those which represent mental Mental processes are those which represent mental activities of thinking, perceiving or feeling.activities of thinking, perceiving or feeling.

MentalMental(thinking, (thinking,

perceiving, perceiving, feelings)feelings)

I know how to make Laksa.I know how to make Laksa.

Marianne considered her response.Marianne considered her response.

Duncan believes that story.Duncan believes that story.

I perceive a fault.I perceive a fault.

I felt very unhappy about the decision.I felt very unhappy about the decision.

Verbal ProcessesVerbal Processes

Usually involve a participant who is human or who has been Usually involve a participant who is human or who has been given human attributes.given human attributes.

They are represented in the language by words such as They are represented in the language by words such as say, ask, tell, say, ask, tell, etc.etc.

They are commonly found in narrative, exposition texts, They are commonly found in narrative, exposition texts, among others.among others.

VerbalVerbal(Saying, asking, (Saying, asking,

telling)telling)

Owen Owen sayssays it can be done. it can be done.

Her temperature Her temperature showedshowed that she was ill. that she was ill.

Evelyn Evelyn had toldhad told Phoebe. Phoebe.

Relational ProcessesRelational Processes Relational Processes are those which establish Relational Processes are those which establish

states of being or having.states of being or having. They are concerned with who or what someone or They are concerned with who or what someone or

something is or what they have.something is or what they have. They are represented by words such as They are represented by words such as be, seem, be, seem,

have, have, etc.etc. They are commonly found in information reports They are commonly found in information reports

and exposition texts.and exposition texts.

Relational ProcessesRelational Processes

RelationalRelational

(being, having, (being, having, becoming, becoming,

representing)representing)

Her name Her name isis Jane. Jane.

Apples Apples areare crunchy. crunchy.

Tadpoles Tadpoles havehave no legs. no legs.

Two plus two Two plus two equalsequals four. four.

Verb GroupsVerb Groups Processes of doing, thinking, and saying, and the Processes of doing, thinking, and saying, and the

state of being and having are represented in the state of being and having are represented in the clause by verb groups.clause by verb groups.

A verb group may comprise a single verb or a group A verb group may comprise a single verb or a group of words.of words.

It may include auxiliaries and non-finite elements It may include auxiliaries and non-finite elements such as participles.such as participles.

Single verbSingle verb Auxiliaries and participlesAuxiliaries and participles

They They ride ride bikes.bikes.

Evan Evan buildsbuilds houses. houses.

She She watcheswatches closely. closely.

They They had been going to walkhad been going to walk to the to the park.park.

I I will be able to servewill be able to serve you in a you in a moment.moment.

Auxiliary verbs may assist in marking the time in Auxiliary verbs may assist in marking the time in which a Process is occurring or in indicating voice which a Process is occurring or in indicating voice or modality.or modality.

Auxiliary verbs which mark time or tense may be Auxiliary verbs which mark time or tense may be derived from verbs such as ‘to be’ or ‘to have’.derived from verbs such as ‘to be’ or ‘to have’.

Ben and Alex are going to the park I had moved house.

Sally is doing her work. Lynn has returned from the US.

Participles in the ‘-ing’ (present) or ‘-ed’ (past) form or in the Participles in the ‘-ing’ (present) or ‘-ed’ (past) form or in the base form may be included in the verb group. base form may be included in the verb group.

I have I have walkedwalked two kilometres. two kilometres.

I’ve I’ve walkedwalked two kilometres. two kilometres.

Past participlePast participle

I was I was walkingwalking two kilometres. two kilometres.

I shall be I shall be walkingwalking 2 kilometres. 2 kilometres.

I’ll be I’ll be walkingwalking 2 kilometres. 2 kilometres.

Present participlePresent participle

I shall I shall walk walk to the station.to the station.

I’ll I’ll walkwalk to the station. to the station.

Base form of participleBase form of participle

TenseTense Verbs may contain information about the time of the Verbs may contain information about the time of the

action in relation to the speaker’s or writer’s time – action in relation to the speaker’s or writer’s time – the moment of speaking, before it or after it.the moment of speaking, before it or after it.

The term ‘tense’ is used to refer to the ways in The term ‘tense’ is used to refer to the ways in which these different times are represented in the which these different times are represented in the language.language.

Tense is described as past, present, timeless Tense is described as past, present, timeless present and future.present and future.

Tense is marked in the verb form.Tense is marked in the verb form.

TenseTense

PastPast Action occurring in Action occurring in the pastthe past

Sally went …Sally went …

PresentPresent Action occurring in Action occurring in the presentthe present

Sally is going …Sally is going …

FutureFuture Action to occur in Action to occur in the futurethe future

Sally will go …Sally will go …

Timeless presentTimeless present Action that is Action that is generalisedgeneralised

Sally goes …Sally goes …

The timeless presentThe timeless present The timeless present (sometimes referred to as the The timeless present (sometimes referred to as the

‘habitual’ present) is a common conventional ‘habitual’ present) is a common conventional pattern of verb in information reports, descriptions pattern of verb in information reports, descriptions and expositions.and expositions.

Example:Example:

Polar Bears live in the Artic. They have thick, white,furry coats to protect them from the cold.Polar Bears are good hunters. They eat mainly fishand seals.They swim strongly using only their front legs.The thick layer of fat under their skin helps them to stay above the water and keeps out the cold.

CIRCUMSTANCESCIRCUMSTANCES

CircumstancesCircumstances

Circumstances give information about the Circumstances give information about the conditions in which a Process occurs such as conditions in which a Process occurs such as where, when, how, with what, why, how far, how where, when, how, with what, why, how far, how long, about what or as what.long, about what or as what.

Circumstances can be categorised in terms of the Circumstances can be categorised in terms of the type of information they provide: space, time, type of information they provide: space, time, manner, means, cause, extent, accompaniment, manner, means, cause, extent, accompaniment, matter, role.matter, role.

SpaceSpace They work They work downstairsdownstairs. . (NG)(NG)

TimeTime She goes to church She goes to church every Sundayevery Sunday.. (NG) (NG)

MannerManner The dog barked The dog barked extremely loudly. extremely loudly. (Av.G.)(Av.G.)

MeansMeans She goes there She goes there by taxiby taxi.. (Prep.phr) (Prep.phr)

CauseCause The sheep died The sheep died of thirstof thirst.. (Prep.phr) (Prep.phr)

Extent Extent We could see We could see for miles and milesfor miles and miles..

AccompanimentAccompaniment I left I left without my briefcasewithout my briefcase..

MatterMatter The book is The book is about functional grammarabout functional grammar..

RoleRole He lived a quiet life He lived a quiet life as a beekeeperas a beekeeper..

Last Saturday night (time), the local council held a fancy dress ball for charity (cause) in the townHall (place). The Lord Mayor, who came with his current lady (accompaniment), was dressed as Old King Cole (role). He pounced around regally (manner), and the made a politically correct speech about the homeless (matter).

CircumstancesCircumstances Circumstances are realised / represented by prepositional Circumstances are realised / represented by prepositional

phrases, adverbial groups or noun groups.phrases, adverbial groups or noun groups. A prepositional phrase is a word group that is introduced by A prepositional phrase is a word group that is introduced by

a preposition such as a preposition such as with, in, after, for.with, in, after, for. Adverbial groups may contain one or more adverbs.Adverbial groups may contain one or more adverbs. Adverbial groups which include the adverb Adverbial groups which include the adverb veryvery usually usually

indicate Circumstances.indicate Circumstances. Noun groups may be used to represent Circumstances as Noun groups may be used to represent Circumstances as

well as Participants.well as Participants.

Prepositional Prepositional phrasephrase

We arrived We arrived after lunchafter lunch..

They sang They sang out of tuneout of tune..

They performed They performed with great successwith great success..

Adverbial groupAdverbial group We arrived We arrived earlyearly..

They sang They sang softlysoftly..

They performed They performed very successfullyvery successfully..

Noun groupNoun group They will come They will come next weeknext week..

It happened It happened the day before yesterdaythe day before yesterday..