The Goals The Goals NibbanaNibbana

The Third Noble Truth The Third Noble Truth

What do you aspire to ?What do you aspire to ?

1.1.

2.2.

Nibbana – K&UNibbana – K&U

Nibbana (nirvana in sanskrit ) is the state realised by Nibbana (nirvana in sanskrit ) is the state realised by the cessation of suffering . This is the major goal of the cessation of suffering . This is the major goal of Buddhists and is considered to be the state of Buddhists and is considered to be the state of enlightenment. For others enlightenment is a state enlightenment. For others enlightenment is a state beyond this . ( You will learn more of this later ). beyond this . ( You will learn more of this later ).

Buddha taught that the only way to get rid of Buddha taught that the only way to get rid of unsatisfactoriness is to get rid of craving. unsatisfactoriness is to get rid of craving.

This is what causes us to think and act in a way that This is what causes us to think and act in a way that accumulates negative karma .accumulates negative karma .

The only way to remove this is to achieve a state of The only way to remove this is to achieve a state of enlightenment. enlightenment.

SourceSource “ “ When the great seer had comprehended that When the great seer had comprehended that

where there was no ignorance whatever, there also where there was no ignorance whatever, there also the karma – formations had stopped – then he had the karma – formations had stopped – then he had achieved a correct knowledge of all there is to be achieved a correct knowledge of all there is to be known , and he stood out in the world as a Buddha. known , and he stood out in the world as a Buddha. ……From the summit of the world he looked ……From the summit of the world he looked downwards he could detect no self anywhere. Like downwards he could detect no self anywhere. Like the fire when its fuel is burnt up , he became the fire when its fuel is burnt up , he became tranquil. He had reached perfection…”tranquil. He had reached perfection…”

Source : The Legend of the Buddha Shakyamuni , Source : The Legend of the Buddha Shakyamuni , 12.3 Buddhist Scriptures 12.3 Buddhist Scriptures

To attain nibbana : K&UTo attain nibbana : K&U

Truth of suffering must be acceptedTruth of suffering must be accepted Then the Truth of the cessation of sufferingThen the Truth of the cessation of suffering

Then the truth of the eight fold path as a means to Then the truth of the eight fold path as a means to cease suffering cease suffering

One would then cultivate wisdom and compassion One would then cultivate wisdom and compassion which would lead to living a life in harmony with which would lead to living a life in harmony with others . All of this leads beings away from the self.others . All of this leads beings away from the self.

The other alternative is self cherishing and The other alternative is self cherishing and attachmentattachment

What is enlightenment ?What is enlightenment ?A Vajrayana View – stages to A Vajrayana View – stages to

enlightenment K&Uenlightenment K&U Awake to the truth of sufferingAwake to the truth of suffering Awake to the truth that suffering is belief in a Awake to the truth that suffering is belief in a

selfself Awake to the truth there is a path( which Awake to the truth there is a path( which

implies a cause of awakening ) to cessationimplies a cause of awakening ) to cessation

of suffering which leads to a noble mind and of suffering which leads to a noble mind and pure heartpure heart

What is enlightenment ?What is enlightenment ?The stages The stages

Awake to the truth of the teacher as BuddhaAwake to the truth of the teacher as Buddha Who can lead others to liberationWho can lead others to liberation Awake to the truth that a being can go and Awake to the truth that a being can go and

practice these teachings which have been practice these teachings which have been thoroughly tested by others who have also thoroughly tested by others who have also uprooted the causes of suffering and realised uprooted the causes of suffering and realised enlightenmentenlightenment

Great enlightenment- realising true nature and Great enlightenment- realising true nature and taking the bodhisattva vow to remain to help taking the bodhisattva vow to remain to help others –others –

Turning the wheel for others Turning the wheel for others

Nibbana– Info GatheringNibbana– Info Gathering

On your piece of paper write something on On your piece of paper write something on from one of your columns and then pass it from one of your columns and then pass it back, forward or to the side . These papers back, forward or to the side . These papers will be shuffled and then people at random will be shuffled and then people at random will be asked to read out the information on will be asked to read out the information on the piece of paper. the piece of paper.

The Buddha’s experience of nibbana The Buddha’s experience of nibbana mentioned perfection . mentioned perfection .

What qualities might be associated with this ? What qualities might be associated with this ?

Discuss and write down Discuss and write down

KUKU

Often when Buddhists talk about nibbana it is often said that Often when Buddhists talk about nibbana it is often said that it is a state that is indescribable as it is a state of it is a state that is indescribable as it is a state of transcendence beyond this realitytranscendence beyond this reality

Nevertheless certain characteristics are associated with it. Nevertheless certain characteristics are associated with it. The sanskrit word is The sanskrit word is NirvanaNirvana. This is made up of . This is made up of nirnir which which means out and means out and va va which means to blow . Whilst this which means to blow . Whilst this conveys the notion of the cessation of suffering , it possibly conveys the notion of the cessation of suffering , it possibly leads people to think of a kind of nothingness. leads people to think of a kind of nothingness.

This is not correct. Why not?This is not correct. Why not?

Whilst some would say that Nibbana has Whilst some would say that Nibbana has stages, nonetheless, most agree the final stages, nonetheless, most agree the final stage and ultimate enlightenment is a stage and ultimate enlightenment is a profound awakening into an awareness of profound awakening into an awareness of reality where all defiled mind states are reality where all defiled mind states are dissolved and the mind is luminous and dissolved and the mind is luminous and infinite. This is not a state of nothingness.infinite. This is not a state of nothingness.

What do you think of this idea? DiscussWhat do you think of this idea? Discuss

Nibbana– Info GatheringNibbana– Info Gathering

On your piece of paper write something on On your piece of paper write something on from one of your columns and then pass it from one of your columns and then pass it back, forward or to the side . These papers back, forward or to the side . These papers will be shuffled and then people at random will be shuffled and then people at random will be asked to read out the information on will be asked to read out the information on the piece of paper. the piece of paper.

AEAEThe nihlist view is that there is nothing The nihlist view is that there is nothing after death . When the body dies, awareness dies with it.after death . When the body dies, awareness dies with it.This is not what Buddhists believe generally.This is not what Buddhists believe generally.In Therevadan Buddhism – emphasise the snuffing out of suffering In Therevadan Buddhism – emphasise the snuffing out of suffering Mahayana- awareness and luminosity and emptinessMahayana- awareness and luminosity and emptiness

These Buddhists talk about luminous emptiness or empty awareness to These Buddhists talk about luminous emptiness or empty awareness to illustrate their ideas .Sometimes they use the image of the illustrate their ideas .Sometimes they use the image of the sky to show this.sky to show this.

Why do you think this might be a good image? DiscussWhy do you think this might be a good image? Discuss and write down your ideasand write down your ideas

The state of Nibbana extinguishes the flames The state of Nibbana extinguishes the flames of greed , hatred and ignorance – the three of greed , hatred and ignorance – the three poisons .It does not depend on anything and poisons .It does not depend on anything and therefore has no beginning or end . Some therefore has no beginning or end . Some Buddhists would describe this as the natural Buddhists would describe this as the natural condition that is intrinsic in all sentient beings . condition that is intrinsic in all sentient beings . It just needs to be uncovered after aeons of It just needs to be uncovered after aeons of obscuration. Sometimes this is called obscuration. Sometimes this is called emptiness – empty of a self emptiness – empty of a self

Discuss this idea of this being our natural state Discuss this idea of this being our natural state natural state. Think too of the idea of the natural state. Think too of the idea of the beginningless beginning and discuss !beginningless beginning and discuss !

Using the textbook and support material , you Using the textbook and support material , you are going to find out more about how Nibbana are going to find out more about how Nibbana is viewed , especially by the two main schoolsis viewed , especially by the two main schools

– –TherevadaTherevada

and Mahayana and Mahayana

What is the difference between nothingness and What is the difference between nothingness and emptiness? emptiness?

Emptiness or Empty awareness is awareness Emptiness or Empty awareness is awareness emptied of all notions, concepts, fixations, emptied of all notions, concepts, fixations, especially that of a self. It is luminous, vibrant, especially that of a self. It is luminous, vibrant, infinite, clear, expansive perception not coloured in infinite, clear, expansive perception not coloured in any way as opposed to the narrow limited any way as opposed to the narrow limited perception of the self perception of the self

Nothingness is lifeless , void of anything. Nothingness is lifeless , void of anything. ( Sometimes in Buddhism the term Void is used ( Sometimes in Buddhism the term Void is used but they mean Emptiness as above )but they mean Emptiness as above )

Evaluation of understanding Evaluation of understanding

I understand the difference between I understand the difference between nothingness and emptiness nothingness and emptiness

Use the traffic lights Use the traffic lights

Explain it to your partnerExplain it to your partner

Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a good understanding good understanding

Therevada and Mahayana views on Therevada and Mahayana views on NibbanaNibbana

These two traditions have different views on These two traditions have different views on how to ‘attain’ nibbana and it is important how to ‘attain’ nibbana and it is important you are aware of these. They also have a you are aware of these. They also have a different focus regarding the goals of different focus regarding the goals of kamma and nibbana kamma and nibbana

The Goals The Goals

For Therevada Buddhists, their primary goal is to improve For Therevada Buddhists, their primary goal is to improve their kamma. Ultimately they wish to attain Nibbana. They their kamma. Ultimately they wish to attain Nibbana. They think though that Nibbana is only reached after many think though that Nibbana is only reached after many lifetimes of virtue and diligence in practicing the Dhamma. lifetimes of virtue and diligence in practicing the Dhamma. They think the more realistic goal of a life is to attain a They think the more realistic goal of a life is to attain a better rebirth – perhaps to be born as a monk or nun. Then better rebirth – perhaps to be born as a monk or nun. Then they have a better chance of attaining nibbana. they have a better chance of attaining nibbana.

For Mahayana Buddhists, the primary goal is to attain For Mahayana Buddhists, the primary goal is to attain Nibbana. In order to do this they must improve their Nibbana. In order to do this they must improve their kamma . They think though this is possible with great effort kamma . They think though this is possible with great effort in one lifetime.in one lifetime.

The Therevadin View KUThe Therevadin View KU

Therevadin Buddhists believe that nibbana is Therevadin Buddhists believe that nibbana is complete liberation from dukkha and is attained complete liberation from dukkha and is attained during life rather than on death. When one attains during life rather than on death. When one attains Nibbana, kamma ceases therefore the cycle of Nibbana, kamma ceases therefore the cycle of samsara ceases- there will no longer be rebirth.samsara ceases- there will no longer be rebirth.

There are three main areas that can be worked on There are three main areas that can be worked on to reach Nibbana:to reach Nibbana:

1. Sila- morality1. Sila- morality 2. Samadhi- concentration2. Samadhi- concentration 3.Panna- wisdom3.Panna- wisdom

KU KU They would also say that there are four stages that a being works through to They would also say that there are four stages that a being works through to

attain Nibbana, the final stage being the attain Nibbana, the final stage being the ArhatArhat. Only Arhats attain Nibbana in . Only Arhats attain Nibbana in the Therevada tradition.the Therevada tradition.

The four stages are :The four stages are : 1. Sotapanna- stream enterer1. Sotapanna- stream enterer 2.Sakadagami- once returner2.Sakadagami- once returner 3.Anagami- eliminated all cravings3.Anagami- eliminated all cravings 4. Arhat- destroyed all craving and poisons4. Arhat- destroyed all craving and poisons

This process happens over several lifetimesThis process happens over several lifetimes

With your neighbour, discuss each of the stages and what you think they fully With your neighbour, discuss each of the stages and what you think they fully mean and make notes. Then turn to p.83 in mean and make notes. Then turn to p.83 in Issues of BuddhismIssues of Buddhism or p.30 in or p.30 in your support material and complete your notes on each stage.your support material and complete your notes on each stage.

Most lay people within the Therevada tradition would see this as a distant goal. Most lay people within the Therevada tradition would see this as a distant goal. Their primary objective is to gain good kamma, a good rebirth and then Their primary objective is to gain good kamma, a good rebirth and then eventual enlightenment. Monks and nuns are far better placed to attain eventual enlightenment. Monks and nuns are far better placed to attain Nibbana as their lifestyles make it easier for them to lessen cravings etc. They Nibbana as their lifestyles make it easier for them to lessen cravings etc. They are able to spend time in meditations and study of the sutras and scriptures. are able to spend time in meditations and study of the sutras and scriptures.

Evaluation of understanding Evaluation of understanding

I understand the difference between the I understand the difference between the Therevada and Mahayana different focus on goalsTherevada and Mahayana different focus on goals

I understand the path of the Therevada Buddhist I understand the path of the Therevada Buddhist on how to attain nibbanaon how to attain nibbana

Use the traffic lights Use the traffic lights

Explain it to your partnerExplain it to your partner

Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a good Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a good understanding understanding

Criticisms of the Arhat AECriticisms of the Arhat AE

Some non Theravadin Buddhists think this is a Some non Theravadin Buddhists think this is a selfish thing to do . Can you think why? selfish thing to do . Can you think why?

How do you think a Theravadin Buddhist How do you think a Theravadin Buddhist would respond to this criticism?would respond to this criticism?

AEAE

Theravada Buddhists regard their doctrine Theravada Buddhists regard their doctrine to be the original teachings of Buddha. Their to be the original teachings of Buddha. Their Arhat ideal states that disciples must isolate Arhat ideal states that disciples must isolate themselves from the distractions of the themselves from the distractions of the world and "...with prodigious concentration, world and "...with prodigious concentration, [proceed] unswervingly toward that goal" of [proceed] unswervingly toward that goal" of nirvana (Smith 124).nirvana (Smith 124).

AEAE Some would say that Theravada Buddhism is Some would say that Theravada Buddhism is

selfish because Arhats focus mainly on their own selfish because Arhats focus mainly on their own salvation, and not on others'. An Arhat is literally salvation, and not on others'. An Arhat is literally one who has conquered all "lust, hatred, and one who has conquered all "lust, hatred, and delusion..." (Lester in Earhart 964) and has freed delusion..." (Lester in Earhart 964) and has freed himself from the cycle of desire, suffering, and himself from the cycle of desire, suffering, and rebirth, patiently awaiting nirvana.rebirth, patiently awaiting nirvana.

However a Theravadin would respond by saying However a Theravadin would respond by saying that Arhats would then help other beings, once that Arhats would then help other beings, once enlightened enlightened

AE AE

It can be said about Theravadin Buddhism It can be said about Theravadin Buddhism that seekers on the path to nibbana are on that seekers on the path to nibbana are on their own. Theravada expert Ven. Dr. H. their own. Theravada expert Ven. Dr. H. Saddhatissa states that "...Buddhism does Saddhatissa states that "...Buddhism does not recognize a Creator God but rather not recognize a Creator God but rather states that we are the architects of our own states that we are the architects of our own destinies" (35). They are taught not to rely destinies" (35). They are taught not to rely on the grace of God/gods, but rather on the on the grace of God/gods, but rather on the solitary efforts they make toward nirvana.solitary efforts they make toward nirvana.

Nibbana– Info GatheringNibbana– Info Gathering

On your piece of paper write something on On your piece of paper write something on from one of your columns and then pass it from one of your columns and then pass it back, forward or to the side . These papers back, forward or to the side . These papers will be shuffled and then people at random will be shuffled and then people at random will be asked to read out the information on will be asked to read out the information on the piece of paper. the piece of paper.

Criticisms of the arhat AE Criticisms of the arhat AE

Critics (Mahayana Buddhists) would say think the arhat Critics (Mahayana Buddhists) would say think the arhat route is too remote for most ordinary people. Why do you route is too remote for most ordinary people. Why do you think this is ? think this is ?

They would say that attaining Nibbana is open to all – not They would say that attaining Nibbana is open to all – not just to a few. This is one of the reasons Mahayana just to a few. This is one of the reasons Mahayana Buddhism is known as the greater vehicle. Buddhism is known as the greater vehicle.

Mahayana Buddhists think too that with pure effort it is Mahayana Buddhists think too that with pure effort it is possible that beings can attain enlightenment in one life.possible that beings can attain enlightenment in one life.

( though difficult) ( though difficult)

Evaluation of understanding Evaluation of understanding

I understand the criticisms of the arhat I understand the criticisms of the arhat

Explain it to your partnerExplain it to your partner

Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a good understanding good understanding

Mahayana - KUMahayana - KU

Within this tradition is the Within this tradition is the idea of the Bodhisattva – idea of the Bodhisattva – one who wishes to attain one who wishes to attain enlightenment for the enlightenment for the benefit of all beings.benefit of all beings.

Mahayana KUMahayana KU

Another way of describing Another way of describing it is as a Buddha- to-be . it is as a Buddha- to-be . The Jakata Tales are The Jakata Tales are stories of Siddharta’s stories of Siddharta’s previous lives as a previous lives as a bodhisattva before he bodhisattva before he became a Buddha.became a Buddha.

It can also be described as It can also be described as ‘enlightened essence’‘enlightened essence’

KUKUKUKU

Whilst the Arhat can be seen as a noble thing, the Whilst the Arhat can be seen as a noble thing, the bodhisattva ideal is seen as a nobler aspiration.bodhisattva ideal is seen as a nobler aspiration.

The bodhisattva vows to remain in Samsara until all suffering The bodhisattva vows to remain in Samsara until all suffering ceases for everyone and he does everything he or she can ceases for everyone and he does everything he or she can to help them . This is noble as they deliberately stay amidst to help them . This is noble as they deliberately stay amidst suffering, even if they have reached the stage of leaving it suffering, even if they have reached the stage of leaving it behind . They will not abandon the suffering . Its like behind . They will not abandon the suffering . Its like someone who is wealthy living amidst the slums of India. someone who is wealthy living amidst the slums of India. Even although they have a plane ticket to leave, they Even although they have a plane ticket to leave, they choose to stay and help. choose to stay and help.

KUKU

Mahayana means literally "big raft“ because Mahayana means literally "big raft“ because it considers itself to be able to carry all it considers itself to be able to carry all beings over the ocean of samsara to the beings over the ocean of samsara to the shore of liberation. Mahayana Buddhism shore of liberation. Mahayana Buddhism has ritual, prayer, and acknowledgment of has ritual, prayer, and acknowledgment of deities at the heart of it, unlike Therevada deities at the heart of it, unlike Therevada Buddhism (Smith 126). Buddhism (Smith 126).

KUKU

In the Mahayana the bodhisattva, is the In the Mahayana the bodhisattva, is the "being striving for enlightenment." (Lester in "being striving for enlightenment." (Lester in Earhart 879) Earhart 879)

The bodhisattva can be characterized as The bodhisattva can be characterized as one who denies self-interest (879) and one who denies self-interest (879) and refuses nibbana for the sake of helping refuses nibbana for the sake of helping others achieve it. others achieve it.

KUKU

The selfless bodhisattva aims to The selfless bodhisattva aims to accumulate merit for others’ benefit. accumulate merit for others’ benefit. Bodhisattvas can be called upon in prayer Bodhisattvas can be called upon in prayer by lay Buddhists — a ritual dimension not by lay Buddhists — a ritual dimension not unlike the Christian concept of sainthood.unlike the Christian concept of sainthood.( Lester) Very different from the Therevada ( Lester) Very different from the Therevada Buddhist Buddhist

Evaluation of understanding Evaluation of understanding

I understand the Mahayana path to I understand the Mahayana path to enlightenment/ nibbanaenlightenment/ nibbana

I understand the concept of a bodhisattva I understand the concept of a bodhisattva

Use the traffic lights Use the traffic lights

Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a Give yourself a grading 1-5 . 5 indicates a good understanding good understanding

Criticisms of the Bodhisattva AECriticisms of the Bodhisattva AE As already mentioned, Therevada As already mentioned, Therevada

Buddhists believe that their form of Buddhists believe that their form of Buddhism is much closer to the Buddhism is much closer to the original teachings of the Buddha. The original teachings of the Buddha. The idea of the bodhisattva was not taught idea of the bodhisattva was not taught by the Buddha. by the Buddha.

Criticisms of the Bodhisattva AECriticisms of the Bodhisattva AE Also as it has developed, bodhisattvas Also as it has developed, bodhisattvas

themselves have become objects of themselves have become objects of devotion, rather like gods. This is not devotion, rather like gods. This is not what the Buddha taught. Idea of being what the Buddha taught. Idea of being helped to nibbana is not part of helped to nibbana is not part of

Therevada tradition – only you can Therevada tradition – only you can liberate yourselfliberate yourself

Evaluation of understanding Evaluation of understanding

I understand the criticisms of the I understand the criticisms of the bodhisattvabodhisattva

I agree/ disagreeI agree/ disagree

Use the traffic lights Use the traffic lights

Write down your reason for the second part.Write down your reason for the second part.

You will be asked to share it with your class You will be asked to share it with your class

Responses - AEResponses - AE

The Mahayana Buddhist would argue The Mahayana Buddhist would argue that these bodhisattvas are not that these bodhisattvas are not worshipped likeworshipped like

gods but that they are meditated on to gods but that they are meditated on to develop the qualities of the bodhisattva develop the qualities of the bodhisattva in the person.e.g.in the person.e.g.

Avalokiteshvara embodies enlightened Avalokiteshvara embodies enlightened compassioncompassion

( pictured here)( pictured here)

Mahayana would also say that an Mahayana would also say that an individual can only liberate individual can only liberate themselves but that they can be themselves but that they can be helped with auspicious conditions. helped with auspicious conditions. E.g its like the difference between E.g its like the difference between going up a mountain without a going up a mountain without a map, compass and guide and map, compass and guide and going up a mountain with all of going up a mountain with all of that. Only the individual can walk that. Only the individual can walk up the mountain but they are up the mountain but they are assisted with all of these assisted with all of these conditions. conditions.

..

They also say that the Buddha They also say that the Buddha taught beings according to their taught beings according to their abilities and this is the original abilities and this is the original teachings of the Buddha. He also teachings of the Buddha. He also left some things for beings to left some things for beings to uncover when they were ready to . uncover when they were ready to .

As others have become enlightened, As others have become enlightened, they have left a wealth of wisdom they have left a wealth of wisdom to help others to become to help others to become enlightened too. This is just as enlightened too. This is just as important as the Buddha’s important as the Buddha’s teachings as they too are coming teachings as they too are coming from enlightenment mind.from enlightenment mind.

Becoming a BodhisattvaBecoming a Bodhisattva

Develop bodhichitta- mind of enlightenmentDevelop bodhichitta- mind of enlightenmentWhere the aspiration to help all beings naturally arisesWhere the aspiration to help all beings naturally arises

Develop the six perfections :Develop the six perfections :1.generosity- dana1.generosity- dana2.morality-sila2.morality-sila3.patience-ksanti3.patience-ksanti4.virya- effort4.virya- effort5.dhyana-concentration5.dhyana-concentration6.prajna- wisdom6.prajna- wisdom

Course the ten stages (bhumis)Course the ten stages (bhumis)

The bodhisattva is the perfect combination of wisdom (prajna)The bodhisattva is the perfect combination of wisdom (prajna)and compassion (karuna)and compassion (karuna)

Find out what the following terms mean- Find out what the following terms mean- Sravaka,Sravaka,

Pratyekabuddha ( use p.87 of Issues of Buddhism)Pratyekabuddha ( use p.87 of Issues of Buddhism)

Evaluation of understanding Evaluation of understanding

I understand the difference between the I understand the difference between the arhat and the bodhisattvaarhat and the bodhisattva

Use the traffic lights Use the traffic lights

Explain it to your partnerExplain it to your partner

Which would you aim to attain if you were a Which would you aim to attain if you were a Buddhist – being a bodhisattva or an arhat?Buddhist – being a bodhisattva or an arhat?

Go to the appropriate area of the room Go to the appropriate area of the room

Now review your notesNow review your notes

What are you still unsure of?What are you still unsure of? What do you really understand?What do you really understand? Which parts of this will you need to go over Which parts of this will you need to go over

again to ensure you understand all of it? again to ensure you understand all of it?

Exam Questions Exam Questions

Unit Assessment Unit Assessment Int 1Int 1 What is Nibbana ?(2) What is Nibbana ?(2)Int 2Int 2 “If you have not attained nibbana you remain in “If you have not attained nibbana you remain in

ignorance .” What would a Buddhist mean by this ignorance .” What would a Buddhist mean by this statement ? (6) statement ? (6)

HigherHigher ‘ Nibbana means awakening to the true nature of ‘ Nibbana means awakening to the true nature of reality’ Explain this Buddhist teaching (8)reality’ Explain this Buddhist teaching (8)

Sample Exam Question Sample Exam Question Int 2Int 2 According to Mahayana Buddhists,what is a According to Mahayana Buddhists,what is a

Bodhisattva? (4 k&u)Bodhisattva? (4 k&u) Higher Higher What criticisms of the idea of the Bodhisattva might What criticisms of the idea of the Bodhisattva might

a Therevada Buddhist have ?a Therevada Buddhist have ? (4k&u) (4k&u)

ARE YOU A BODHISATTVAARE YOU A BODHISATTVAOR AN ARHAT ?OR AN ARHAT ?

ONE SIDEONE SIDE THE OTHER THE OTHER

WHICH WHYWHICH WHY

. .

Now go and find the other and Now go and find the other and discuss the for and against of each discuss the for and against of each

positionposition

Decide between you which is the Decide between you which is the better position and say why better position and say why

. .