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The Globalization The Globalization of World politicsof World politics

IntroductionIntroduction

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From international politics From international politics to world politicsto world politics

international relations vs. international relations vs. international politicsinternational politics

international politics international politics world politics world politics global politics global politics

nation states vs. nation states + nation states vs. nation states + NGOs + more…NGOs + more…

political issues vs. political, economic political issues vs. political, economic and more…and more…

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Theories of world politicsTheories of world politics

Why did Al Qaeda attack the US?Why did Al Qaeda attack the US?Why did George W. Bush attack on Why did George W. Bush attack on

Saddam Hussein’s Iraq?Saddam Hussein’s Iraq?Theories application = sunglasses Theories application = sunglasses

with different colored lenses.with different colored lenses.A theory is some kind of simplifying A theory is some kind of simplifying

device that allows you to decide device that allows you to decide which facts matter and which do not.which facts matter and which do not.

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Realism and world politicsRealism and world politics

Idealism vs. RealismIdealism vs. RealismDominant realism and its main rivals – Dominant realism and its main rivals –

Liberalism, Marxism and ConstructivismLiberalism, Marxism and ConstructivismMain actors Main actors states statesFramework Framework inter-state relations inter-state relationsHuman nature Human nature selfish selfish International nature International nature anarchy anarchySovereignty, power, national interestsSovereignty, power, national interests

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Mechanism Mechanism balance of power (diplom balance of power (diplomacy)acy)

World politics is a self-help systemWorld politics is a self-help systemNeo-realism: Kenneth Waltz, 1979. “the Neo-realism: Kenneth Waltz, 1979. “the

importance of the structure of the internimportance of the structure of the international political system.”ational political system.”

The Cold War (bipolarity) The Cold War (bipolarity) multipolarit multipolarityy

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Liberalism and world politicsLiberalism and world politics

Idealism traditionIdealism traditionMany variants of liberalism (pluralism, trMany variants of liberalism (pluralism, tr

ansnationalism, integration…)ansnationalism, integration…)Human being are perfectibleHuman being are perfectibleDemocracy is necessaryDemocracy is necessaryTransnational actors in issue-areas of wTransnational actors in issue-areas of w

orld politicsorld politicsState as a set of bureaucracies each with State as a set of bureaucracies each with

its own interests (vs. national interests)its own interests (vs. national interests)

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Possibilities for cooperation among statesPossibilities for cooperation among statesThe picture of world politics The picture of world politics a complex a complex

system of bargainingsystem of bargainingNational interests are much more than National interests are much more than

military terms (economic, technological..)military terms (economic, technological..)Order in world politics Order in world politics laws, norms, laws, norms,

international regimes & rules. (vs. BOP)international regimes & rules. (vs. BOP) Interdependence (vs. sovereignty)Interdependence (vs. sovereignty)

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Marxist theories and world Marxist theories and world politicspolitics

Also known as structuralism or world-syAlso known as structuralism or world-system theorystem theory

World capitalist economyWorld capitalist economyClasses are the most important actors of Classes are the most important actors of

world politicsworld politicsStates, MNCs, IOs represent the dominaStates, MNCs, IOs represent the domina

nt class interest in the world economic snt class interest in the world economic systemystem

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World politics as the setting in which World politics as the setting in which class conflicts are played outclass conflicts are played out

Order in world politics has been in Order in world politics has been in economic rather than in military termseconomic rather than in military terms

Division of the world: core, semi-Division of the world: core, semi-periphery, peripheryperiphery, periphery

The most important feature of world The most important feature of world politics is the degree of economic politics is the degree of economic autonomyautonomy

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ConstructivismConstructivism

Optimistic accountOptimistic accountHuman agency has a much greater Human agency has a much greater

potential role in world politics (we potential role in world politics (we make and re-make the social world)make and re-make the social world)

Anarchy (self-help international Anarchy (self-help international system) is what states make of it.system) is what states make of it.

World politics as something that we World politics as something that we can change (vs. neo-realism)can change (vs. neo-realism)

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The fours and globalizationThe fours and globalization

For Realists: For Realists: 1. globalization does not transcend 1. globalization does not transcend

the international political system of the international political system of states . (Territory, sovereignty, states . (Territory, sovereignty, balance of power) 2. it does not balance of power) 2. it does not render obsolete the struggle for render obsolete the struggle for political power between states.political power between states.

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For Liberals: For Liberals: 1. states are no longer such central 1. states are no longer such central

actors as they once were. (numerous actors as they once were. (numerous actors of differing importance according actors of differing importance according to the issues-area concerned) to the issues-area concerned)

2. increased interconnectedness 2. increased interconnectedness between societies, and as result the between societies, and as result the world looks more like a cobweb of world looks more like a cobweb of relations.relations.

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For Marxist:For Marxist:1. globalization is nothing particularly 1. globalization is nothing particularly

new, and is only the latest stage in new, and is only the latest stage in the development of international the development of international capitalismcapitalism

2. it further deepens the existing 2. it further deepens the existing divide between the core, the semi-divide between the core, the semi-periphery, and the periphery.periphery, and the periphery.

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For Constructivist: For Constructivist: 1. constructivists think that we can 1. constructivists think that we can

mould globalization in a variety of mould globalization in a variety of ways.ways.

2. it offer very real changes to create 2. it offer very real changes to create cross-national social movements cross-national social movements aided by modern technological forms aided by modern technological forms of communication such as the of communication such as the Internet.Internet.

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Globalization and its Globalization and its precursorsprecursors

Globalization: the process of Globalization: the process of increasing interconnectedness increasing interconnectedness between societies such the events in between societies such the events in one part of the world more and more one part of the world more and more have effects on peoples and societies have effects on peoples and societies far away.far away.

Extensively, intensively, deeply, Extensively, intensively, deeply, speeding up; the world seems to be speeding up; the world seems to be ‘shrinking’‘shrinking’

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There have been several precursors to glThere have been several precursors to globalization:obalization:

1. theory of modernization (Modelski 191. theory of modernization (Modelski 1972; Morse 1976)72; Morse 1976)

2. industrialization 2. industrialization economic growth economic growth (Walt Rostow 1960)(Walt Rostow 1960)

3. economic interdependence (Cooper 13. economic interdependence (Cooper 1968; Nye 1971)968; Nye 1971)

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4. global village (McLuhan 1964)4. global village (McLuhan 1964) 5. world society (state system 5. world society (state system non-stat non-stat

e actors) (Burton 1972)e actors) (Burton 1972) 6. world order models project (WOMP) (M6. world order models project (WOMP) (M

endlovitz 1975; Falk 1975)endlovitz 1975; Falk 1975) 7. international society (Hedley Bull 1977)7. international society (Hedley Bull 1977) 8. end of history (Fukuyama 1992)8. end of history (Fukuyama 1992) 9. liberal peace theory (Bruce Russett 1999. liberal peace theory (Bruce Russett 199

3; Michael Doyle 1983)3; Michael Doyle 1983)

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Globalization: myth or Globalization: myth or reality?reality?

Arguments in favor of globalizationArguments in favor of globalization::1. The pace of economic transformation 1. The pace of economic transformation is so great;is so great;2. Communication have revolutionized 2. Communication have revolutionized

the the way we deal with the rest of world.way we deal with the rest of world.3. There is now a global culture.3. There is now a global culture.4. The world is becoming more 4. The world is becoming more homogeneous.homogeneous.

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The opposites:The opposites: 1. Globalization is a myth. (Hirst & Thompson)1. Globalization is a myth. (Hirst & Thompson) (1). the present internationalized economy is no(1). the present internationalized economy is no

t t unique in history.unique in history. (2). genuinely transnational companies are (2). genuinely transnational companies are relatively rare.relatively rare. (3). there is no shift of finance and capital from (3). there is no shift of finance and capital from the developed tothe developed to underdeveloped worlds. underdeveloped worlds.

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(4). the world-economy is not global.(4). the world-economy is not global. (three blocs – Europe, north America, (three blocs – Europe, north America, and Japan)and Japan) (5). three blocs could regulate global (5). three blocs could regulate global economic markets and forces.economic markets and forces. 2. Globalization is very uneven in its 2. Globalization is very uneven in its effects. (Western theories, WWW)effects. (Western theories, WWW) 3. Globalization may well be simply the latest 3. Globalization may well be simply the latest stage of Western imperialismstage of Western imperialism

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4. Globalization are technologies that 4. Globalization are technologies that automatically benefit the richest automatically benefit the richest economies in the world.economies in the world. 5. Not all globalized forces are necessarily 5. Not all globalized forces are necessarily ‘ ‘good’ ones. (WWW anarchy)good’ ones. (WWW anarchy) 6. Global governance – to whom are the 6. Global governance – to whom are the transnational social movements responsible transnational social movements responsible and democratically accountable?and democratically accountable? 7. Paradox at the heart of globalization thesis 7. Paradox at the heart of globalization thesis (Western value vs. Asian Tigers’ values)(Western value vs. Asian Tigers’ values)

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Stand for or against Stand for or against globalization?globalization?

Is globalization a new phenomenon Is globalization a new phenomenon in world politics?in world politics?

Which theory discussed above best Which theory discussed above best explains globalization?explains globalization?

Is globalization a positive or a Is globalization a positive or a negative development?negative development?

Is globalization merely the latest Is globalization merely the latest stage of capitalist development?stage of capitalist development?

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Does globalization make the state obsoleDoes globalization make the state obsolete?te?

Does globalization make the world more Does globalization make the world more or less democratic?or less democratic?

Is globalization merely Western imperialiIs globalization merely Western imperialism in a new guise?sm in a new guise?

Does globalization make war less likely?Does globalization make war less likely?

Lesson of 9/11…Lesson of 9/11…