the future of 4 innovative learning practices: gamified learning, moocs, flipped classrooms and...

7/30/2019 The future of 4 innovative learning practices: Gamified Learning, MOOCs, Flipped Classrooms and Seamless learni

1/36

8 bc ?8

_uppbrtnm jy

CP; $F_]':>;4::&

Odrfstfhe Sbfkt! Nafshjntd êtnrcrhuenr! Hmhg Obbpnr

]hjan bc Obetnets

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=%8 KHGFCFNM ANHZEFEK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

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2/36

: bc ?8

]hjan bc Cfkurns

Cfkurn :< Phrtfofphtfek obuetrfns $886 rnspbemnets crbg :3 obuetrfns& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3

Cfkurn ?< Hkn hem knemnr mfstrfjutfbe bc rnspbemnets $e7886& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3

Cfkurn =< Mfstrfjutfbe bc rnspbemnets horbss snotbrs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;

Cfkurn >< Httrftfbe rhtn tdrbukdbut tdn survny! jhsnm be e7886 $800.& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;

Cfkurn 3< ]fgn Dbrfzbe ' Khgfcfohtfbe nangnets fe tdn ghlbrfty bc obursns %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

Cfkurn ;< Fgphot bc khgfcfnm hssnssgnet %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 80

Cfkurn 4< Cnhsfjfafty bc jheefek khgfcfnm anhrefek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88

Cfkurn 6< ]fgn dbrfzbe cbr he feornhsn bc GBBOs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8=

Cfkurn 80< Mnsfrhjfafty bc N^ cuemfek cbr GBBOs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 83

Cfkurn 88< Mnsfrhjfafty bc rnkuahtfek tdn usn bc anhrenr mhth %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 83

Cfkurn 8:< Fgphot bc stumnets prncnrneon cbr beafen anoturns be nmuohtfbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :0

Cfkurn 8?< ]fgn dbrfzbe cbr stumnets sfttfek fe tdn mrfvnr snht %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :0 Cfkurn 8=< Fgphot bc stumnets sfttfek fe tdn mrfvnr snht %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :8

Cfkurn 8>< Mnsfrhjfafty bc tnhodnrs rfsi thifek wdne feebvhtfek anhrefek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :8

Cfkurn 83< Mnsfrhjfafty bc gnmfh prbcnssfbehas prbmuofek beafen anoturns %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ::

Cfkurn 8;< ]fgn dbrfzbe cbr rnmuofek beafen hotfvftfns%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :;

Cfkurn 84< Fgphot bc ghssfvn mhth obaanotfbe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :;

Cfkurn 86< Mnsfrhjfafty bc strbek mhth rnkuahtfbes %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :4

Cfkurn :0< Mnsfrhjfafty bc pbssfjay afgftfek hoonss tb beafen entwbris %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :4


3/36

= bc ?8

8 Fetrbmuotfbe_urvnyfek feebvhtfvn anhrefek prhotfons snrvns ghfeay : bjlnotfvns< $h& prhotfon cbrnsfkdt hsifek

cbr tdn tfgn hem tdn fgphot bc spnofcfo mnvnabpgnets odhrhotnrfsfek tdn feebvhtfvn prhotfons hem

$j& pbafoy cbrnsfkdt hsifek cbr tdn cnhsfjfafty hem mnsfrhjfafty bc kfvne pbafoy fetnrvnetfbes gnhettb odheena br jbbst onrthfe mnvnabpgnets% Ft whs fgpbrthet cbr jbtd bjlnotfvns tb cbrguahtn

sthtngnets tdht wbuam haabw guatfpan vfnwpbfets $n%k% khgfcfohtfbe obuam jn snne hs pbfetanss

pbfetfcfohtfbe br hs he fetrfesfo gbtfvhtfbe gnhsurn& sb tdht rnspbemnets obuam sujsorfjn tb

hatnrehtfvn pbafoy gnhsurns $n%k% prbgbtn br jhe khgfcfnm anhrefek fe sodbbas&%

]dn rnpbrt fs struoturnm hs cbaabws8%

:]urbcc! G% $86;0&% ]dn mnsfke bc h pbafoy Mnapdf% ]nodebabkfoha Cbrnohstfek hem _bofha Odhekn! :$:&! 8=6'8;8%

?Gfans! L% hem Innehe! G% $Nms& $:00:&! Obuetry _pnofcfo Prhotfoha Kufmns tb Znkfbeha Cbrnsfkdt! OBZMF_! CBZ'ANHZE Prblnot!

hvhfahjan ht< www%obrmfs%au"cbrrnsfkdt"okrc%dtg


4/36

> bc ?8

tbkntdnr iny hknets bc odhekn hem sburons bc iebwanmkn! fe brmnr tb mnvnabp strhtnkfo vfsfbes hem

hetfofphtbry fetnaafkneon% Bc nquha fgpbrtheon! cbrnsfkdt fs bctne nxpafoftay fetnemnm tb nsthjafsd

entwbris bc iebwanmknhjan hknet! wdb ohe rnspbem jnttnr tb pbafoy hem btdnr odhaanekns%

]nodefohaay! wn usnm tdn bcc'tdn'sdnac! bpne sburon prbmuot Afgnsurvny $www%afgnsurvny%brk"&%

Cbaabwfek h cnw rnobggnemhtfbes cbr obestruotfek tdn Mnapdf hs sdbwe hjbvn%

Hoonss tb Mnapdf

_tumy

]b ghxfgfzn nhsn bc hoonss! tdn odbsne cbrght whs hebeygbus " eb hoonss

tbines sb vfsftbrs wnrn ebt rnqufrnm tb rnkfstnr% Dbwnvnr! enftdnr whs

tdn survny pujafohaay afstnm! dneon beay pnbpan wdb kbt tdn hoonss ^ZA

tdrbukd he fevfthtfbe wbuam cfem tdn survny% H dnapcua cnhturn< rnspbemnets

ohe stbp heswnrfek hem rnsugn ht hey tfgn ahtnr! wftd tdn dnap bc he nghfa

feoaumfek abkfe! P[ hem afei cbr obetfeuhtfbe%

Nxprnssfbe Ghehkn'

gnet $NG&

NG haabws cbr be'tdn'cay ohaouahtfbes hem oahssfcfohtfbes jhsnm be

rnspbemnets feput% Dbwnvnr hoonss rhekn bc NG fs afgftnm tb tdn mhth crbg

tdn ourrnet rnspbemnet! dneon NG ohet jn usnm tb ohaouahtn gnhes horbss

phst Mnapdf rnspbesns% Ebt usnm fe tdfs survny! tdbukd pbtnetfhaay usncua!

nxpnrts obuam oahssfcy tdngsnavns hem knt beay h sujsnt bc qunstfbes snrvnm%

Xunstfbe Butafen [n ghfeay usnm hrrhy muha sohan qunstfbes sfx jabois h > sthtngnets $?0

rhtfeks&% Jncbrn wn dhm snvne jabois $?> rhtfeks& jut feftfha tnstfek

sukknstnm tb rnmuon tdn tbtha eugjnr bc qunstfbes tb ?0

Sfsuhafshtfbe vfh

Puja% _thtfstfos

Cbr nhod qunstfbe _dbw fe pujafo sthtfstfos ennms tb jn nehjanm uemnr

hmvheonm snttfeks% Hatdbukd tdn hutbghtnm knenrhtfbe bc h vfsuhafzhtfbe

bc cfeha rnsuats fs vnry tngptfek! tdfs ohe jnobgn h rhtdnr anektdy rnpbrt!

thifek h wdfan tb jn knenrhtnm% êcbrtuehtnay! tdn systng mbnset haabw ynt

tb cfatnr but spnofcfo krhpdfos%

? PhrtfofphetsHs bc ?

rmbc Ghy! h tbtha bc 886 nxpnrts rnspbemnm tb tdn fevfthtfbe% Hs sdbwe fe tdn cfkurn jnabw!

84 N^ obuetrfns hem 4 ebe'N^ obuetrfns hrn feoaumnm% ]dn tbp tdrnn obuetrfns hrn Î= $?0.&! _phfe$8:.& hem Hustrfh $4.&% ]dn strbek Î prnsneon ohe jn nxpahfenm jy tdn ahrkn ON]F_ entwbri wn

wnrn hjan tb thp fetb hs wnaa hs tdn hjbvn hvnrhkn prbgbtfbe tdn survny rnonfvnm tdrbukd sbofha

gnmfh jy Î rnspbemnets%

=Znspbemnets crbg _obtahem dhvn jnne nxoaumnm mun tb dhvfek h mfccnrnet nmuohtfbeha systng tb tdn Î%
http://www.limesurvey.org/http://www.limesurvey.org/http://www.limesurvey.org/http://www.limesurvey.org/


5/36

3 bc ?8

Cfkurn 8< Phrtfofphtfek obuetrfns $886 rnspbemnets crbg :3 obuetrfns&

[db phrtfofphtnm2 Gbst rnspbemnets wnrn hjbvn =0! wdfod ohe jn snne hs he

femfohtbr tdht lumkngnets hrn jhsnm be abeknr'tnrg nxpnrfneons%

Cnghan hem ghan rnspbemnets hrn jhaheonm! nxonpt cbr tdn cfrst

hkn krbup $84':6&%

Cfkurn :< Hkn hem knemnr mfstrfjutfbe bc rnspbemnets $e7886&

Gbst rnspbemnets dhm tnhodfek nxpnrfneon $;=.& cbaabwnm jy

rnsnhrod $>8.&% ]dn snotbrs gbrn mfccfouat tb nekhkn wnrn

jusfenssns $84.& hem kbvnregnet bccfofhas $80.&% ]dbukd ben

gfkdt spnouahtn tdht tdn ahttnr hrn anss prnsnet fe tdn thrkntnm

ghfafek afst br sbofha gnmfh butants%


6/36

; bc ?8

Cfkurn ?< Mfstrfjutfbe bc rnspbemnets horbss snotbrs

[dht ohe jn shfm

hjbut tdn rnspbe'

mnets nekhkngnet

anvna2

Hjbut ;0. bc haa rnspbemnets anct tdnfr nghfa hmmrnssns fe brmnr

tb rnonfvn cbaabw up fecbrghtfbe hem nvhauhtfbe rnsuats% Dneon

mngbestrhtfek he fetnrnst fe tdn tbpfos hmmrnssnm jy tdn survny%

Hasb! crbg tdn cfrst tb tdn snobem qunstfbe jaboi >. bc

rnspbemnets anct tdn survny uecfefsdnm hem h curtdnr :. hjbrtnm

tdn survny hctnr tdn snobem qunstfbe jaboi%

Cfkurn =< Httrftfbe rhtn tdrbukdbut tdn survny! jhsnm be e7886 $800.&

H curtdnr femfohtbr bc nekhkngnet fs rnspbemnets prnphrnmenss

tb wrftn crnn tnxt obggnets% H tbtha bc 804 obggnets wnrn

sujgfttnm! ghey bc wdfod dhm obesfmnrhjan anektd hjbvn 8>0

wbrms% ]dn gbst obggnetnm tbpfos wnrn khgfcfnm anhrefek

hem cafppnmoahssrbbgs wftd nhod rnonfvfek :6. bc haa

obggnets%


7/36

4 bc ?8

= Znsuats]dn cbrnohst survny hsinm rnspbemnets tb rhtn sthtngnets mnsorfjfek cbur feebvhtfvn prhotfons fe

tnrgs bc afinay mnvnabpgnets hs wnaa hs tdn pbtnetfha bc spnofcfo pbafoy fetnrvnetfbes% Nhod anhrefek

prhotfon feoaumnm ? sthtngnets be prhotfon mnvnabpgnets hem : sthtngnets be pbssfjan pbafoyfetnrvnetfbes% H cuaa mnsorfptfbe bc feebvhtfvn prhotfons fs hvhfahjan fe M=%?j&! dbwnvnr! nhod

sujsnotfbe feoaumns h sdbrt sugghry bc obrn nangnets hem fssuns hrbuem nhod anhrefek prhotfon%

Znsuats hrn prnsnetnm fe h sugghry cbrght! dfkdafkdtfek ghfe butobgns! pbfets bc fetnrnsts hem h

shgpan bc obggnets% ]dn cbaabwfek prbonmurn fs hppafnm tb prhotfon hem pbafoy sthtngnets%

:% [dnrn hppafohjan! h tnemneoy ghp dfkdafkdts fetnrnstfek bvnrahps jntwnne rhtfeks $n%k%

rnspbemnets wdb rhtn h pbafoy gnhsurn hs dfkday mnsfrhjan hrn hasb afinay tb snn tdfs

gnhsurn hs vnry cnhsfjfafty&%

?% [nhi sfkehas hrn mnrfvnm crbg.%


9/36

80 bc ?8

[nhi sfkehas.&%

[faa hssnssgnet jnjhsnm be khgn'afin

nangnet s suod hs

sobrns! anvnas! nto%2

Nxpnothtfbes wdne tdfs wbuam dhppne anhe tbwhrms h abek tnrg

mnvnabpgnet $hs khgfcfohtfbe fe knenrha& wftd =3. femfohtfek

tdht khgfcfnm hssnssgnet ennms gbrn tdhe 80 ynhrs tb mnvnabp

br gfkdt ebt mnvnabp ht haa%

Fe tnrgs bc fgphot! ben tdfrm snns eb fgprbvngnet tdrbukd

khgn'afin hssnssgnet% Fetnrnstfekay! tdbsn wdb tdfei tdfs wfaa

envnr dhppne snn h gbrn enkhtfvn fgphot tdhe tdbsn wdb snntdfs dhppnefek fe >'80 ynhrs%

Cfkurn 3< Fgphot bc khgfcfnm hssnssgnet

[nhi sfkehas:.& vnrsus nmuohtbrs $=0.& hem

rnsnhrodnrs $?6.&%


10/36

88 bc ?8

_dbuam khgfcfnm

anhrefek rnonfvn

gbrn spbesbrfek br

sdbuam ft jn

jheenm2

Feornhsfek suppbrt br jheefek khgfcfohtfbe wnrn sthtnm hs

pbssfjan pbafoy fetnrvnetfbes% 38. cbuem tdn cbrgnr mnsfrhjan

hem ;>. cbuem tdn ahtnr uemnsfrhjan% Mnsfrhjfafty mnpnemnm beayghrkfehaay crbg rnspbemnets jnafnvn hjbutcnhsfjfafty%

Cfkurn ;< Cnhsfjfafty bc jheefek khgfcfnm anhrefek

Jheefek khgfcfohtfbe whs snne hs cnhsfjan jy ?;. hem feornhsfek

fevnstgnets wnrn hssugnm tb jn pbssfjan jy 3=.%

]dn cbaabwfek obggnets wnrn prbvfmnm9 enw obeonpts br orftfoha rnghris hrn dfkdafkdtnm fe jbam

anttnrs%

Fe tnrgs bc hssnssgnet ft ghy mnpnem dbw chr bpne beafen jhmkfek fs suoonsscua cbr

fecbrgha anhrefek ' fc thine up cbr OPM $Obetfeunm Prbcnssfbeha Mnvnabpgnet&! tdne tdfs

obuam gnhe tdht jhmkfek $hem btdnr khgfek hpprbhodns ghy jnobgn gbrn ghfestrnhg fe

h cbrgha obetnxt& ' dbwnvnr ghy rnghfe obgphrtgnethafsnm

Ft ghy hasb jn rncanotnm jy phrtfouahr sujlnot mfsofpafen obggueftfns wftdfe festftutfbes tbthin khgfcfohtfbe cbrwhrm ' rhtdnr tdhe jnfek anm jy festftutfbe wfmn pbafoy% hatdbukd pbafoy

wfaa dhvn h jfk nccnot rn prbvfmfek fecrhstruoturn tb suppbrt tdnsn hpprbhodns ' jbtd

tnodebabkfohaay! hem pnmhkbkfohaay

F tdfei tdn tnrg *khgn* fs uednapcua cbr ghey ebt fe tdn anhrefek tnodebabky hrnh%

_onehrfb! sfguahtfbe! ohsn'stumy hem nvne rban'pahy jnttnr obevny wdht fs hotuhaay

dhppnefek%

Gy obeonres hrn tdht tdn femfvfmuhafty bc tnhodnrs hem tdnfr odbfons bc tnhodfek

gntdbms"tbbas sdbuam jn rnobkefsnm% Khgfek fs harnhmy he hpprbprfhtn gntdbm bc anhrefek

hem fs hpprbprfhtn fe sbgn sftuhtfbes jut ebt btdnrs% Dfkd tnod tbbas sdbuam jn hvhfahjan tbnehjan tdn tnhodnr tb snhganssay brkhefsn h khgn jhsnm anhrefek nxpnrfneon cbr tdnfr

stumnets habeksfmn tdnfr btdnr ourrfouahr hotfvftfns% Dbwnvnr! wdntdnr tdht dhppnes br ebt


11/36

8: bc ?8

sdbuam jn tnhodnr anm fe enkbtfhtfbe wftd tdnfr stumnets hem fe obesfmnrhtfbe bc tdnfr

ennms%

]dn tnhodnrs hem anhmnrs bc nmuohtfbeha festftutns mb ebt rnobkefsn tdn pnmhkbkfoha vhaun

bc khgns%

]nodebabky wfaa prbgbtn hoonss tb quhafty nmuohtfbe fe Hcrfoh% Dbwnvnr ghlbr odhaanekns

fe tnrgs bc trhfefek! dhrmwhrn hem fetnrent hoonss ennm tb jn hmmrnssnm

Nmuohtfbe sdbuam ebt lust jn hjbut ben gntdbm hem tdnrncbrn khgns wbuam beay jn phrt

bc tdn sbautfbe%

]dn sujlnot fs h afttan mfccfouat jnohusn tdnrn hrn twb mfstfeot sfmns tb obesfmnr $fe _H& ynhrs 7 =:.&% Vnt ::. cfem tdn fmnh enkhtfvn%

Cfkurn 88< Fgphot bc stumnets prncnrneon cbr beafen anoturns be nmuohtfbe

[faa stumnets mnofmn

dbw fe'oahss tfgn fs

usnm2

Hagbst dhac bc tdn rnspbemnets tdfei tdht knttfek stumnets fe

suod h pbsftfbe wbuam rnqufrn gbrn tdhe 80 ynhrs $:6.& br ft

wbuamet dhppne ht haa $86.&%

Cfkurn 8:< ]fgn dbrfzbe cbr stumnets sfttfek fe tdn mrfvnr snht


20/36

:8 bc ?8

Hasb tdn fgphot bc suod h mnvnabpgnet fs snne hs enutrha $?0.&!

cbaabwnm jy pbsftfvn $:>.& hem enkhtfvn $84.&%

Hkhfe! enkhtfvn fgphot fs rnahtnm wftd h vfnw tdht ft wbet

dhppne%

Cfkurn 8?< Fgphot bc stumnets sfttfek fe tdn mrfvnr snht

[faa tnhodnrs r fsi

thifek jn

prbcnssfbehaay

hoiebwanmknm2

Hjbut 40. jnafnvn tdfs fs mnsfrhjan hs wnaa hs cnhsfjan%

Cfkurn 8=< Mnsfrhjfafty bc tnhodnrs rfsi thifek wdne feebvhtfek anhrefek


21/36

:: bc ?8

[faa beafen anoturns

jn prbmuonm jy

gnmfh prbcnssfbehas

hem ebt tnhodnrs

tdngsnavns2

^eafin tdn cfrst pbafoy sukknstfbe! tdn usn bc gnmfh prbcnssfbeha

fs ebt snne hs h mnsfrhjan bjlnotfvn $>8. snn ft hs uemnsfrhjan&%

Cfkurn 8>< Mnsfrhjfafty bc gnmfh prbcnssfbehas prbmuofek beafen anoturns


anttnrs%

Hoonss tb jrbhmjhem mbnse+t hawhys gnhe h kbbm nebukd obeenotfbe tb anhre $nk sdhrfek

wftd btdnrs fe h dbusndbam! rurha hrnhs ' obeenotnm jut ebt cfjrn bptfos! hoonss tbpbwnr"nanotrfofty&%

Ahst qunstfbe obuam dhvn feoaumnm he bptfbe cbr sdhrnm rbans"obaahjbrhtfvn mnvnabpgnet

hs tdfs fs h ourrnet gbmna cbr BNZ tdht wbris wnaa % $ebtn< h tdfrm pbafoy sukknstfbe&

Cfrst qunstfbe! cnhsfjfafty bc stumnet prncnrneon bc rnobrmnm anoturns ' beay fc tdny dhvn

kbbm btdnr hotfvftfns cbr obaahjbrhtfbe

Cafp obeonpt ghins ohgpus tb h stumnet mhfay wbri pahon cbr fecbrghtfbe prbonssfek! ebt

abeknr h cfaa'up sthtfbe fe he * jheifek* obeonpt bc nmuohtfbe% Ghey tnhodnrs bc tdn

pnrcbrgheon typn wfaa mfsafin tdfs cbr h wdfan% Hem tdnsn enw anhrefek hotfvftfns ohe jn

pahon'mfstrfjutnm hs wnaa! nekhkfek shtnaaftn krbups bc stumnets fe h gbrn rnmnsfkenm

anhrefek prbonss%

Obeenotfvfty hem tdn obst bc tdht obeenotfvfty fs h ghlbr fssun% Phrtfouahray fc stumnets hrn

gbjfan"trhesfnet hem phrtfouahray fc tdny afvn fe sdhrnm hoobggbmhtfbe% ]dnrn hrn hasb

ohtnkbrfns bc anhrenrs wdb hrn ebt hjan tb hoonss tdn bpne fetnrent! n%k% prfsbenrs! snrvfek

gngjnrs bc tdn hrgnm snrvfons%

Hkhfe tdnrn fs eb ben sfzn cfts haa gntdbm bc anhrefek! uefvnrsftfns dhvn sngfehrs! ahjs hem

tutbrfhas hs wnaa hs anoturns% Anoturfek ftsnac vhrfns wftd tdn krbup+s sfzn% ]nhodnrs hem

anoturnrs sdbuam dhvn tdn tfgn hem suppbrt tb jnobgn obecfmnet wftd usfek hatnrehtfvn!

wfmnay jhsnm fecbrghtfbe sburons nk GF] br Idhe hohmngy beafen anoturns


22/36

:? bc ?8

]nhodnrs sdbuam jn gbtfvhtnm hem trhfenm tb usn FO] fe nmuohtfbe hs wnaa hs mnvnabp

obetnet

[n harnhmy mb tdfs hem nanhrefek prbvfmn tdn suppbrt cbr tdn anoturnrns tb mnvnabp tdnsn%

Hatdbukd F afin tdn fmnh bc stumnet anm oahss tfgn! nxpnrfneon sdbws gn tdht tdfs ghy jn

feornmfjay mfccfouat wftd ahrkn obdbrts br nvne gbrn mfccfouat wftd sghaanr obdbrts wdnrn h+strbeknr"abumnr+ stumnet ghy mrfvn btdnr stumnets fe he hatnrehtfvn mfrnotfbe% Ft wbuam

thin h vnry nxpnrfneonm tutbr tb nccnotfvnay ghehkn suod he hpprbhod ' shmay! F jnafnvn

ghey tutbrs sfgpay mbe+t dhvn tdn sifaas tb jn hjan tb mnha wftd tdn gyrfhm bc mfrnotfbes

tdny obuam jn cbronm tb nxpabrn%

]nhodnrs hrn nxtrngnay rnauothet tb dhem bvnr tdn mnsfke bc tdnfr anoturn tb sbgnben

nasn ' lust abbi ht tdn rntfoneon fe sb ghey tdht hrn hkhfest BNZs%

]nhodnrs dhvn nxpnrtfsn fe pnmhkbky hem ueanss tdn mnsfke tngpahtns cbr tdn GBBOs hrn

nhsy tb hoonss hem prbmuon wdht hppnhrs tb jn prbcnssfbeha fetnrchons tdn stumnets wfaa

dhvn pbbr nxpnrfneons% ^snr Nxpnrfneons! Hoonssfjfafty hem ^shjfafty gust jn obesfmnrnmht tdn butsnt ebt snne hs jbat'bes%

Enw rbans cbr tnhodnrs ! eb rbbg cbr trhmftfbeha tnhodnrs hem obeonptuha anoturns!

obgpntneoy bc tnhodnrs tdrnhtnenm jy tnodebabky spnofhafsts! iebwanmkn hem pnmhkbky

nxpnrts thin h jhoi snht

Hustrhafhe pnrspnotfvn% Cafppnm phttnres hrn harnhmy obgfek tb tdn cbrn% Fe gy ourrnet

festftutfbe +cafppnm oahssrbbg+ dhs rnonfvnm pbsftfvn fetnrnst crbg h ahrkn eugjnr bc

hohmngfos! gbrn sb tdhe hey btdnr +nmuohtfbeha obeonpt+ cbr ghey ynhrs% Anoturn

rnobrmfek fs harnhmy wfmn sprnhm hem pbpuahr wftd stumnets% ]dn enxt sthkn fs tb jrnhi

tdnsn mbwe fetb sghaanr mfknstfjan odueis hem fetnrspnrsn tdng wftd sdbrt rncanotfvn

hotfvftfns hem odnoi pbfets cbr gbrn nccnotfvn snac mfrnotnm anhrefek wdfan ht dbgn% Dhvfek

stumnets mnofmn tdn fe'oahss anhrefek hotfvftfns ghy jn h jft curtdnr hwhy hatdbukd tdn

mfstrfjutfbe bc tfgn spnet be tbpfos hem phrtfouahr hotfvftfns ohe nhsfay jn mfrnotnm vfh fe'

oahss humfneon rnspbesn tbbas% Hs suod tdn hohmngfo wfaa jn hjan tb mfrnot wbri fetb

prbjang hrnhs jhsnm be tdn sthtus bc stumnet uemnrsthemfek% _uod h sonehrfb fs cnhsfjan

hem mbhjan% Prbmuotfbe rnsburons hrn vnry afgftnm hem ft fs ueafinay sfkefcfohet cuemfek wfaa

jn ghmn hvhfahjan cbr prbmuotfbe% ab'cf snac rnobrmnm vfmnbs hrn afinay tb jn tdn ebrg cbr

tdn cbrnsnnhjan cuturn% _bgn ahrkn dfkd prbcfan obursns ghy rnonfvn sbgn mnvnabpgnet

hssfstheon% Ehtfbeha jrbhmjhem entwbri jufam fs obgfek fe ahtn% Dfkday afinay tdht tdnrn

wfaa jn h odhekn bc cnmnrha kbvnregnet ahtnr tdfs ynhr wdfod wfaa out ft bcc curtdnr rbaabutsb ft wbet jn obesfmnrnm cbr ht anhst hebtdnr 80 ynhrs% ]dfs fs h dfstbrfo abst bppbrtuefty

cbr nmuohtfbe hem ehtfbeha mnvnabpgnet%

]dnrn snng tb jn hssugptfbes fe tdnsn qunstfbes tdht beafen anhrefek nquhtns tb puttfek

+anoturns+ beafen% ]dfs fs h cuemhgnethaay cahwnm pnmhkbky% Ft fse+t oanhr wdht knbkrhpdfoha

rnkfbe tdfs survny fs rncnrrfek tb wdne hsifek fc haa stumnets wfaa dhvn jrbhmjhem% F+vn

heswnrnm yns cbr wnstnre Nurbpn hem Enw \nhahem jut tdfs wbe+t jn trun fe h kabjha

obetnxt%

Cafppnm oahssrbbgs rnqufrn kbbm tnhodnrs wftd h phssfbe cbr tnhodfek%

Beafen anoturns sdbuam jn prbmuonm jy gnmfh prbcnssfbehas uemnr tdn supnrvfsfbe bc

tnhodnrs%


23/36

:= bc ?8

Hkhfe! ouaturha mfccnrneons hgbek obuetrfns obuam jn rnvnhanm jy suod gntdbms< F iebw

tdht cafppnm oahssrbbgs hrn harnhmy usnm cbr vbohtfbeha trhfefek fe ^I9 fe Crheon! ft dhs h

jhm obeebthtfbe cbr tdn ngpabynrs tdht phy cbr tdn trhfefek bc tdnfr ngpabynns $*pnbpan

wfaa ebt trhfe prbpnray*! *tdny wfaa prntnem tb trhfe hem ebt mb heytdfek*%%%&

Ahst qunstfbe< F tdfei +tnhodfek+ odhekns obesthetay ' hem kbbm tnhodnrs tbmhy harnhmy hrn

gnmfh prbcnssfbehas $wnaa! ebt JJO anvna! jut mncfeftnay jnttnr tdhe typfoha dbgn usn bc ?8

iebw wdht stumnets hrn anhrefek hem hrn fetnrnstnm fe anhrefek% Ft wbuam jn h jhm tdfek fc

stumnets ohgn tb fghkfen tdht tdny obuam hetfofphtn wdht tnhodnrs hrn ohphjan bc tnaafek

tdng% _b wdntdnr ft+s h jhm tdfek tdht stumnets mbe+t obgn tb anoturns mnpnems be tdn

quhafty bc tdn anoturfek% ]b gy gfem! tdnrn fs eb sujstftutn cbr tdn pnrsbeha nxpnrfneon bc

httnemfek anoturns jy netdusfhstfo nxpnrts hem mnnp tdfeinrs fe h mfsofpafen! hem cuaa

hpprnofhtfbe fevbavns gbrn tdhe whtodfek h vfmnb ' ft fevbavns tdn rfodnr anvna bc pnrsbeha

nekhkngnet hem feofmnetha bjsnrvhtfbe tdht nehjans us tb hpprnofhtn tnhodnrs hs pnbpan%Afinwfsn! F mbe+t tdfei wn ohe jnkfe tb uemnrsthem stumnets+ anhrefek nxpnrfneons cuaay

wftdbut iebwfek sbgntdfek hjbut tdng pnrsbehaay hs wnaa hs hohmngfohaay%

]dn qunstfbe hjbut gbrn tdhe dhac stumnets prncnrrfek beafen anoturns fs tbb sfgpafstfo%

Gbst stumnets wfaa usn h gfxturn bc beafen hem pdysfoha httnemheon cbr h abek tfgn%

[dntdnr tdny prncnr tb httnem pdysfohaay br ebt fs afinay tb mnpnem be wdht fs dhppnefek fe

tdn anoturn $dbw mfmhotfo ft fs&! dbw ft cfts fe wftd tdn rnst bc tdnfr tfgnthjan nto%

Jrbhmjhem wfaa vhry! wn wfaa stfaa chon tdn shgn fssuns hjbut sbofb'sphtfha vhrfhtfbes

ornhtfek hoonss fenquhaftfns% Hs mnsfkenrs wn wfaa stfaa ennm tb jn gfemcua bc tdfs%

_nobemay beafen sdbuam jn snne hs h gnmfug tdht haabws tdn sdhrfek bc obetnet! wn gfkdt

hasb whet tb abbi ht dbw ft ohe jn usnm tb suppbrt hem mnvnabp pahon hem prhotfon jhsnm

obgpntneofns%

]nhodnrs gust rhfsn tb tnodebabkfoha odhaanekns! ben bc wdfod fs tdn usn bc oahssrbbg tfgn%

]dfs fs oanhray tdnfr rnspbesfjfafty% _tumnet phrtfofphtfbe fs hasb nssnetfha ' hs nssnetfha hs

tnhodnr phrtfofphtfbe! eb gbrn! eb anss%

Prbcnssfbeha quhafty bc anhrefek ghtnrfhas obetrfjutns tb jnttnr anhrefek% ]dn jhaheon

jntwnne gnmfh nxpnrts! tnhodfek nxpnrts hem sujlnot nxpnrts $tdn jnst rnsnhrodnrs hrn ebt

enonsshrfay tdn jnst tnhodnrs& fs h ghlbr odhaanekn% Mnhafek supnrcfofhaay wftd mfccfouat!

ghyjn stfaa bjsourn pbfets bc h mfsofpafen! fs hs enkhtfvn hs mnafvnrfek jbrfek hem

obuetnrprbmuotfvn anoturns jnohusn bc ahoi bc gnmfh sifaas%

Bjvfbusay ngjrhofek snrfbus khgns! gbbos hem cafppnm oahssrbbgs wfaa mrhstfohaay odhekn

tdn rban hem sthtus bc tnhodnrs! hem pbssfjay hasb tdnfr trhfefek% [dfan ebwhmhys ft snngs

ueafinay tdht tnhodnrs wbuam thin h anhmfek rban fe tdn mnvnabpgnet bc beafen anoturn

$gbstay mun tb tfgn obestrhfets hem ahoi bc gnmfh sifaas&! tdfs obuam vnry wnaa odhekn fe

tdn cuturn hs h enw knenrhtfbe bc gbrn tnodebabky'brfnetnm tnhodnrs ngnrkns%


25/36

:3 bc ?8

=%= _nhganss Anhrefek_nhganss Anhrefek $^jfquftbus Anhrefek&< bjaftnrhtfek jbrmnrs jntwnne mfccnrnet tnodebabkfns

hem anhrefek cbrghts suod hs cbrgha hem fecbrgha anhrefek br femfvfmuha hem sbofha anhrefek% ]dn

hfg fs tb suppbrt obetfeubus! caufm anhrefek nxpnrfneons% Obetrbvnrsfha fssuns nvbavn hrbuem tdn

bwenrsdfp bc anhrefek tbbas hem mhth knenrhtnm jy anhrenrs+ hotfvftfns! br tdn pbtnetfhaay fevhsfvn

odhrhotnr bc anhrefek tnodebabkfns tb tdn mntrfgnet bc h jhaheonm afcn styan%

[faa nvnrymhy

bjlnots jnobgn

hotfvn phrt bc bur

anhrefek " $ fest ruo'

tfbeha&nevfrbegnet2

]dfs qunstfbe whset vnry wnaa cbrguahtnm hem ohusnm sbgn

gfsuemnrsthemfeks% Obggnets pbfetnm but tdht anhrefek hawhys

feoaumnm nvnrymhy bjlnots% [dht whs gnhet tdbukd chaas fetb

tdn hrnh bc ujfquftbus obgputfek hem mnvnabpgnets hrbuem

mnvfons suod hs rhspjnrrypf3

%

]dn hjbvn gfkdt jn tdn rnhsbe cbr tdn rnahtfvnay caht afen

obeonrefek tdn tfgn dbrfzbe cbr tdfs qunstfbe%

[faa anhrenrs rnmuontdnfr beafen

hotfvftfns2

]dn lumkngnet dnrn whs chfray oanhr% 3=. wbuam obesfmnr suod h

mnvnabpgnet enkhtfvn hem gbrn tdhe dhac tdfei tdht tdfs wfaa

envnr dhppne%

3 h ornmft'ohrm'sfznm sfekan'jbhrm obgputnr mnvnabpnm fe tdn ^I wftd tdn fetnetfbe bc prbgbtfek tdn tnhodfek bc

jhsfo obgputnr sofneon fe sodbbas $snndttp


26/36

:; bc ?8

Cfkurn 83< ]fgn dbrfzbe cbr rnmuofek beafen hotfvftfns

[nhi sfkehas.& snn rnmuonm

beafen hotfvftfns enkhtfvn! wdnrnhs nmuohtbrs hem

rnsnhrodnrs anhe tbwhrms enutrha br pbsftfvn%

[faa pnrvhsfvn tnod'

ebabkfns hoouguahtn

ghssfvn hgbuet s bcmhth2

=8. tdfei tdht tdfs wfaa dhppne rhtdnr sbbe! paus ?0. wdb

nstfghtn ft wfaa thin hebtdnr >'80 ynhrs% Beay 4. tdfei tdfs wfaa

envnr dhppne%

Hatdbukd obggnets butafen pbsftfvn hspnots bc mhth hehaysfs! tdn

mnvnabpgnet fs knenrhaay obesfmnrnm tb jn enkhtfvn $=;.& vnrsus

8>. pbsftfvn fgphot rhtfeks%

Cfkurn 8;< Fgphot bc ghssfvn mhth obaanotfbe


27/36

:4 bc ?8

[faa hey mhth jn

cuaay bwenm jy

anhrenrs2

H dukn pnronethkn $;6.& tdfeis tdht tdfs fs pbssfjan hs wnaa hs

mnsfrhjan $;=.&%

Cfkurn 84< Mnsfrhjfafty bc strbek mhth rnkuahtfbes

[faa anhrenrs hoonss

tb beafen entwbris

jn gbeftbrnm hem

afgftnm fc enonsshry2

Gbrn tdhe dhac rnspbemnets wbuam cfem tdfs he uemnsfrhjan

pbafoy fetnrvnetfbe% 3:. tdfei afgftfek hoonss wbuam jn cnhsfjan%

]dbsn wdb mbet tdfei hoonss ohe jn ourjnm hasb snn ft fe h gbrn

enkhtfvn afkdt $snn mfhkrhg jnabw&%

Cfkurn 86< Mnsfrhjfafty bc pbssfjay afgftfek hoonss tb beafen entwbris


anttnrs%

Snry fetnrnstfek hspnots bc bwenrsdfp"obetrba dnrn ' mfccfouat tb heswnr jnohusn cbr sbgn

anhrenrs jnfek fe obetrba bc tdfs stucc wfaa jn cnhsfjan"mnsfrhjan jut btdnrs wfaa ebt whet br

ebt dhvn tdn sifaas tb ghehkn tdfs ' sb ennm tb jn jbtd bptfbes fe cuturn mnvnabpgnets%


28/36

:6 bc ?8

Caufm afcnabek anhrefek beay pbssfjan fc sodbbas nmuohtfbe odhekns mrhghtfohaay ' crbg h cbous

be chots hem gngbry tb suppbrtfek rnha anhrefek hem tdn mnvnabpgnet bc anhrefek

obgpntneofns tb thin tdng cbrwhrm tb curtdnr stumy! ngpabygnet br anhrefek cbr cue%*

Zhtdnr tdhe tb tdfei bc c:c hem beafen hs twb snphrhtn wbrams! be wn afvn fe hem ben wn abk

fe tb hem sbgntfgns knt abst fe! ants festnhm tdfei bc dbw tdfs uednhatdy betbabky bc

*mfkftha muhafsg* $Cabrfmf& ohe onhsn br jn trhescbrgnm fetb h ben hem beay wbram wftd hjnttnr hem gbrn hoonssfjan hem oustbgfzhjan fecbrghtfbe ahynr% Fse+t *anhrefek beafen*

sfgpay *anhrefek*! beay jy usn bc enw dughe tbbas2 [n gust tdfei gbrn bc mnsfke bc sbofha

prbonssns tdhe bc mfstrfjutfbe bc fecbrghtfbe fe wbrams" pahons%

Crnn usn bc Fetnrent sdbuam jn neoburhknm hs abek hs ben fs ebt hjusfvn% Ahws be oyjnr

snourfty sdbuam jn wnaa fgpangnetnm

+Mfkftha mfnt+ (((( F wbuam rhtdnr tnhod pnbpan dbw tb ghehkn tdnfr tfgn hem nqufp tdng

wftd tdn iebwanmkn hem tbbas tb ghin tdn rfkdt mnofsfbes cbr tdn rfkdt rnhsbes tdhe

rnstrfot tdnfr hoonss ' wn+rn tryfek tb prbmuon wnaa'rbuemnm femfvfmuhas ohphjan bc

ghehkfek tdnfr afvns% ]dnfr afvns feoaumn tdnsn entwbris hem +mfstrhotfbes+ hem wfaa obetfeun

tb mb sb% Jfk jrbtdnr %%% obetrbaafek phrnets %%%% dgggg! ohe+t snn tdht ben jnfek thine

up(

Ft fs cnhsfjan fe tnrgs bc obetrbaafek hoonss tb tdn festftutfbeha entwbri jut ybu oheebt ourj

hoonss tb pnrsbeha beafen ushkn " entwbris sb F mb ebt snn dbw dnapcua gy heswnr dhs

jnne%

Hustrhafhe pnrspnotfvn% ]fgnafens hrn fe mbujt% Mhth prfvhoy wfaa ebt jn fgpangnetnm

hmnquhtnay fe Hustrhafh% ]dnrn hrn tbb ghey obggnrofha fetnrnsts wftd he fecauneon bvnr

kbvnregnet cbr tdfs tb dhppne% Fc mhth prfvhoy hem obetrba obuam jn fgpangnetnm ft wbuamdhvn h pbsftfvn fgphot be anhrenrs hem tdnfr wfaafekenss tb nekhkn wftd tdn tnodebabky%

Mnsfrhjfafty bc +mfnts+ mnpnems be wdntdnr tdfs fs obestrunm hs hmmfotfvn jndhvfbur br

enonsshry tb hodfnvn tdn hssnssgnet rnsuats tb obgpantn% Ghssfvn hgbuets bc mhth hs abek

hs tdny hrn rnanvhet hem ohe jn prbonssnm ghy ebt jn he fssun% Nvnrymhy bjlnots dhvn

hawhys jnne phrt bc tdn anhrefek nevfrbegnet ' tdfs fs h sfaay qunstfbe%

*Mnantn ht wfaa* ' tdfs mnpnems be wdht tdny hrn hjan tb mnantn% Fc ybu chfa he nxhg hem hrn

hjan tb mnantn tdfs crbg ybur trhoi rnobrm! tdfs ghy jn uemnsfrhjan $br ant+s put ft

mfccnrnetay< mfccnrnet N^ sodbba systngs mnha wftd tdfs fe h mfccnrnet why< sbgn haabw! sbgn

mbe+t&% _b< fc mhth obaanotfbe fs cbrghtfvn hem nxoaumns dfkd sthins nxhgs! tdne h mncfeftnyns $cnhsfjan hem mnsfrhjan&% Fc ft feoaumns hssnssgnet mhth bc dfkd sthins nxhgs! tdne ft+s

gbrn obgpafohtnm%

[ftd rnkhrm tb tdn cfrst nxhgpan bc ]'sdfrt hem oups! wn hrn harnhmy snnfek tdn usn bc

tnodebabkfns suod hs Zhspjnrry Pf tb ture nvnrymhy bjlnots fetb usncua tbbas% Hs wnaa! tdn

rfsn bc ghinr sphons hem sdhrfek bc fecbrghtfbe tb suppbrt ?'M prfetfek fs hebtdnr trnem

tdht wn hrn snnfek% Ht tdfs pbfet ft fs mfccfouat tb tnaa fc anhrenrs wfaa rnmuon tdnfr beafen

hotfvftfns hem wdntdnr tdfs fs mnsfrhjan% Hatdbukd ft fs pbssfjan tb trhoi anhrenr mhth hem

khtdnr ghssfvn hgbuets bc fecbrghtfbe! F mbe+t snn tdn pbfet% Dbwnvnr! wn mb snn tdn usn

bc tbbas tb suppbrt tdn gbeftbrfek bc dnhatd mhth $n%k%! dnhrt! tngpnrhturn! nto%&% Mhth

obaanotnm jy anhrefek tbbas hjbut anhrenrs sdbuam jn bwenm jy tdn anhrenrs tdngsnavns!

tdfs fs tdn why ft fs ourrnetay uemnrstbbm fe bur obuetry! ' haa wbri ornhtnm jy stumnets

jnabeks tb tdn stumnet% Ft fs tdn stumnet wdb mnofmns wdht fs prbvfmnm tb tdn festruotbr "


29/36

?0 bc ?8

F] systng cbr ghrifek% Hatdbukd ft fs mncfeftnay cnhsfjan tb rnstrfot hoonss! tdfs fs

uemnsfrhjan fc tdn anhrefek hotfvftfns hrn ankftfghtn hem ahwcua%

Phy httnetfbe ebt tb ghin *ujfquftbus* jnobgn h syebeyg bc *bjsnssfvn*%

Cbrghafzhtfbe dnaps mnnp uemnrsthemfek9 mbe+t ant he nxonss bc fecbrghafty mnornhsn

sbuemenss%

Haa tdht mhth obuam jn usnm cbr pbsftfvn purpbsns $hmhptfvn anhrefek tnodebabkfns& br

enkhtfvn purpbsns $sbofha obetrba& ' sb wn ennm tb dhvn pbafofns tdht hfg tb prnvnet tdn

ahttnr boourrfek%

F mfm ebt uemnrsthem tdn qunstfbe hjbut stumnets rnmuofek tdnfr beafen hotfvftfns ' fc

obgputfek jnobgns ujfquftbus! gy ]'sdfrt gfkdt jn hasb beafen! ifem bc% Jfk mhth hem fts

vhabrfzhtfbe tdrbukd anhrefek hehaytfos hrn oanhray ben bc tdn gbst fgpbrthet $hem

obetrbvnrsfha& trnems fe anhrefek tnodebabky%

Anhrenrs rhrnay ennm tb rnmuon tdnfr beafen anhrefek hotfvftfns ynt! jut usn bc chonjbbi ntoobuam jn usncuaay rnmuonm%

]dn pfoturn tdht ybu phfet wbuam stbp gy afcnabek anhrefek fe fts trhois! Dbwnvnr ft fs tdn

phtd be wdfod uefvnrsftfns hrn kbfek! hem wfaa ohusn hatnrehtfvn festftutfbes tb ngnrkn% ]dn

rfsi hvnrsfbe harnhmy hpphrnet fe stumnets fe obursn odbfon hem thsis wfaa jn rnfecbronm

jy tdn rntrbspnotfvn rbaaup bc tdn survnfaaheon% F ohet fghkn gysnac br gy odfamrne kbfek

heywdnrn enhr tdfs sbrt bc festftutfbe%!% tdn rfsn bc femfvfmuha tutbrfek jy dfkday nxpnrt

namnrs $ngnrftf nto& wfaa krbw! hem hs gbst bc tdng hrn ebt phfm heywhy jy uefvnrsftfns wfaa

dhppne h abt qufoinr tdhe ybu tdfei

Ebt surn tdht F uemnrsthem wdht tdnsn qunstfbes hrn hjbut( Dhrm tb spnouahtn be wdhtmnvnabpgnets wfaa boour fe anhrefek% Jrbhmay! F tdfei tdht nvnrymhy bjlnots hrn phrt bc tdn

anhrefek bjlnots hem hawhys dhvn jnne! wdfod fs wdy F+g uenhsy hjbut tnodebabky tdht

sujstftutns h sornne cbr nvnrymhy fetnrhotfbe% ]dht shfm! F dhvn spnet prbkrnssfvnay gbrn

tfgn beafen " fe crbet bc h obgputnr hs gy ohrnnr dhs mnvnabpnm! pnrdhps ht sbgn obst tb

gy pnrsbeha afcn% F dhvn sbgn obeonres tdht tdnrn hrn uecbrnsnne sbofha hem psyodbabkfoha

prbjangs fe stbrn cbr tdn Chonjbbi hem vfrtuha wbram knenrhtfbe! jut F mb hpprnofhtn tdht

tdnsn mnvnabpgnets oheebt jn pfknbe'dbanm hs pbsftfvn br enkhtfvn wrt nerfodfek

nxpnrfneon! pbtnetfha cbr ngjbmfgnet! anvna bc pnrsbeha obgguefohtfbe nto% Hem tdbukd F

afin tdn fmnh tdht anhrenrs sdbuam dhvn hutbebgy hem crnnmbg tb obetrba tdnfr bwe

anhrefek nevfrbegnet nto! hem hg vnry obeonrenm hjbut fssuns bc mhth prbtnotfbe! tdnwdban prngfsn bc h tnhodnr'stumnet rnahtfbe fs tdht stumnets ohe jnencft crbg tnhodnrs+

nxpnrfneon hem kufmheon%

F tdfei tdht tdnrn wfaa jn h vnry oanhr out mfvfsfbe bc bpfefbe be tdn mnsfrhjfafty bc he

fetnesn cbrg bc tnodebabky gnmfhtnm anhrefek feoaumfek hmhpthtfbe tb tdn anhrenr usfek

hehaytfos9 F tdfei tdn mfvfsfbe wfaa hafke ftsnac be nobebgfo hem mngbkrhpdfo afens $put

sfgpay9 pnbpan wftd he hppntftn tb mnvnabp tdnfr sifaas hem iebwanmkn hem feornhsn tdnfr

ngpabyhjfafty hem tdnrncbrn usn GBBOs obgn crbg obuetrfns wdnrn tdn nmuohtfbe systng

oheebt rnhmfay suft tdnfr mnsfrn tb sdfct tdngsnavns crbg pbbr nobebgfo pbsftfbes< hs wn

snn wftd tdn JZFO obuetrfns&%

]dn btdnr pnrspnotfvn $tdht anhrefek fs uemnrpfeenm dughe rnahtfbesdfp! tdht fmnetfty fs

nebrgbusay sfkefcfohet cbr anhrefek! hem sbgn ifem bc pnrsbeha rnahtfbesdfp wftd gbrn'

iebwanmknhjan btdnrs fs vftha& wfaa jnobgn gbrn prbgfenet fe btdnr phrts bc sbofnty9 f%n%


30/36

?8 bc ?8

sbgn vnrsfbe bc h jhoiahsd hkhfest mfkftha ouaturn ' jut ft wfaa jn h obgpanx hem

fetnrnstfek mnvnabpgnet tdht mbns ebt mney tdn fevbavngnet br pbssfjfaftfns bc usn bc

tnodebabky%*

F dhvn jnne tdfeifek h abt hjbut pnrvhsfvn tnodebabky hem jfk mhth! F mb ebt tdfei fts

hjbut mnantfek tb prbtnot prfvhoy! F tdfei fts hjbut bpneenss hem hkkrnkhtfek tb prbtnot

fmnetfty

]dn gnhefek bc tun qunstfbe be nvnrymhy bjlnts fs ebt oanhr tb gn% Hrnet tdny harnhmy h

phrt bc bur afvns! fn bc bur anhrefek2 ]'sdfrts br pbstnrs hs tdfeifek gnsshkns jnhrnrs hrn ebt

enw%

Anhrefek snrvfons hrn hasb netftanm tb usn bc anhrefek mhth% Ohrncua rnkuahtfbe hem fe

phrtfouahr h strbek mnvnabpgnet bc anhrefek hem tnhodfek ntdfos fe h mfkftha ouaturn hrn

nssnetfha%

Hmmfotfbe tb sbofha entwbrifek fs harnhmy h prbjang wdfod ennms tb jn hmmrnssnm! nvne fc

tdnrn hrn sfkes bc tdn cnvnr sujsfmfek h afttan jft% Dbwnvnr! anhrefek hmmfotfbe fs h rhrnhfagnet! hem beay h sbofha prbjang fe **hetf'ouaturha** $nk ]hafjhe& rnkfgns%*

Fe brmnr cbr anhrenrs tb jn hjan tb ghehkn tdnfr pnrsbeha mhth! tdny ennm tb jn nmuohtnm

rnkhrmfek tdn ankfsahtfvn crhgnwbri hem tdn hvhfahjan tbbas tb ghehkn tdnfr mfkftha

fmnetfty% Hssugfek tdfs fs mben! anhrenrs wfaa jn hjan tb jnobgn gbrn femnpnemnet fe tdn

ghehkngnet bc tdnfr pnrsbeha mhth% Ebentdnanss! rfsis rnkhrmfek tdn gfsusn bc anhrenrs+

mhth ennm bt jn hmmrnssnm hem gftfkhtnm jy tdnfr rnspnotfvn festftutns br obetnet prbvfmnrs

tb nesurn tdht anhrenrs ' wdb fe tdfs ohsn hrn hasb obesugnrs ' hrn prbtnotnm%

> Enxt _tnps]dn enxt stnp wfaa jn h gbrn obgprndnesfvn hehaysfs bc tdn rnsuats hem mfssngfehtfek tdn rnsuats

tdrbukd mfvnrsn Chonjbbi! AfeinmFe br ]wfttnr odheenas% ]dn mhth bjthfenm sb chr prbvfmn sthrtfek

pbfets be fssuns tdht hrn gbrn spnofcfo suod hs khgfcfnm hssnssgnetbr gnmfh prbmuotfbe

suppbrtcbr tnhodnrs " anoturnrs% Cbaabwfek twb nxhgpans bc dbw tdn mnjhtn obuam obetfeun%

Khgfcfnm hssnssgnet< hatdbukd rnspbemnets wnrn fe chvbur bc khgfcfohtfbe! tdn obeenotfbe wftd

hssnssgnet whs snne hs phrtfouahray prbjanghtfo hs stumnets gfkdt anhre tb +khgn tdn systng+

khfefek uemnsnrvnm ornmft br anhrefek bjlnotfvns anss prben tb khgfcfnm hssnssgnet gfkdt jn out

sdbrt9 anhcfek but rncanotfvn hem obetngpahtfvn nangnets bc anhrefek%

Gnmfh prbmuotfbe suppbrt< fe tdfs hrnh! h safkdtay hgjfvhanet pbsftfbe whs vfsfjan% Be ben sfmnabsfek obetrba bvnr phrts bc mnsfkefek tdn nmuohtfbeha nxpnrfneon whs snne hs h rfsi hem be tdn

btdnr sfmn ft whs sukknstnm tdht obaahjbrhtfvn mnvnabpgnet hs snne cbr BNZobuam jn phrt bc tdn

heswnr%Curtdnrgbrn! tdnrn whs h tnebr tb ngpbwnr tnhodnr fe tdnfr obgpntneofns bc usfek FO]9

hs tdny harnhmy dhvn nxpnrtfsn fe pnmhkbky jut trhescnrrfek tdfs nxpnrtfsn fetb mfkftha snttfeks fs

nhsfay dhgpnrnm jy ebe'fetuftfvn fetnrchons br tbb rnstrfotfvn tngpahtns%

]dn hjbvn nxhgpans dfkdafkdt tdn pbtnetfha bc tdn mhth cbr h susthfenm mfhabkun hs obeonpts gbvn

tbwhrms fgpangnethtfbe hem prhotftfbenrs ennm heswnrs tb tdnfr spnofcfo qunstfbes%

3 Heenx< _urvny _thtngnets


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8=%0?%8? ]NA'Ghp ynhrs

Fe >'80

ynhrs

Gbrn

tdhe 80

ynhrs Envnr

Mbe+t

iebw

Snry

enkhtfvn Enkhtfvn Enutrha Pbsftfvn

Snry

pbsftfvn

Mbe+t

iebw

Gbrn tdhe dhac bc

uefvnrsfty stumnets wfaa

prncnr tb usn beafen

anoturn ghtnrfhas rhtdnrtdhe httnemfek oahssrbbg

anoturns%

_tumnets! ebt tnhodnrs!

wfaa mnofmn dbw fe'oahss

tfgn fs usnm%

Hagbst haa stumnets wfaa

dhvn Jrbhmjhem Fetnrent

hem Obgputnrs tb hoonss

beafen vfmnbs ht dbgn

, Panhsn rhtn tdn cbaabwfek pbafoy gnhsurns fe nhod bc twb mfgnesfbes


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