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The Fungi of Medical Importance Chapter 22

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Page 1: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

The Fungi of Medical Importance 

Chapter 22

Page 2: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Fungi as infectious agents 

n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora 

n  humans are relatively resistant n  fungi are relatively nonpathogenic n  of the 100,000 fungal species, only 300 have been linked to disease in animals 

n  fungi are the most common plant pathogens n  human mycoses are caused by true pathogens and opportunistic pathogens

Page 3: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are
Page 4: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are
Page 5: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Mycoses 

n most fungal pathogens do not require a host to complete their life cycles and infections are not communicable 

n dermaphytes & Candida sp naturally inhabit human body & are transmissable 

n dermaphytoses most prevalent n most cases go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed n systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous or superficial infections

Page 6: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Levels of invasion

Page 7: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Systemic mycoses caused by true pathogens 

n Histoplasma capsulatum n Coccidioides immitis n Blastomyces dermatitidis n Paracoccidioidomycosis brasiliensis

Page 8: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Histoplasma capsulatum 

n  cause histoplasmosis n  typically dimorphic n  distributed worldwide, most prevalent in eastern & central regions of US (Ohio River Valley) KENTUCKY 

n  grow in moist soil high in nitrogen content n  inhaled conidia produce primary pulmonary infection that may progress to systemic involvement of a variety of organs & chronic lung disease 

n  amphotericin B, ketoconazole

Page 9: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Histoplasma capsulatum

Page 10: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Histoplasma capsulatum

Page 11: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Candida albicans 

n widespread yeast n  infections can be short­lived, superficial skin irritations to overwhelming, fatal systemic diseases 

n  budding cells of varying size that my form both elongate pseudohyphae & true hyphae 

n  forms off­white, pasty colony with a yeasty odor

Page 12: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Candida albicans 

n Normal flora of oral cavity, genitalia, large intestine or skin of 20% of humans 

n Account for 80% of nosocomial fungal infections 

n Account for 30% of deaths from nosocomial infections

Page 13: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Candida Albicans infections 

n  Thrush – occurs as a thick, white, adherent growth on the mucous membranes of mouth & throat 

n  Vulvovaginal yeast infection – painful inflammatory condition of the female genital region that causes ulceration & whitish discharge 

n  Cutaneous candidiasis – occurs in chronically moist areas of skin and burn patients

Page 14: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Candida albicans

Page 15: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Candida albicans

Page 16: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Pneumocystis carinii 

n a small, unicellular fungus that causes pneumonia (PCP), the most prominent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients 

n this pneumonia forms secretions in the lungs that block breathing & can be rapidly fatal if not controlled with medication 

n pentamidine & cotrimoxazole

Page 17: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Pneumocystis carinii

Page 18: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Fungal allergies & mycotoxicoses 

•  Fungal spores are common sources of atopic allergies 

•  Fungal toxins lead to mycotoxicoses usually caused by eating poisonous or hallucinogenic mushrooms

Page 19: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are

Examples of Fungal Allergies & Mycotoxicoses 1.  asthma, often occurring in seasonal episodes 2.  farmer’s lung, a chronic & sometimes fatal 

allergy of agricultural workers exposed to moldy grasses 

3.  teapicker’s lung 4.  bagassosis, a condition caused by inhaling 

moldy dust from processed sugarcane debris 5.  bark stripper’s disease caused by inhaling 

spores from logs

Page 20: The Fungi of Medical - bellarmine.edu Chapter 22. Fungi as infectious agents n molds & yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites & normal flora n humans are