CHAP 4 AND 5 AND 6

The Fundamentals of Biology,The Marine Microbial World,

Multicellular Primary Producers

Life

8 characteristics of living things 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Life needs Energy: Photosynthesis

Organisms need to capture, store and use energy Most organisms use only 2 sets of reactions

Photosynthesis Respiration

Photosynthesis: Making the Fuel

Capture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucose

Pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energy

Photosynthesis

We rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygen

Autotrophs- organisms that photosynthesize = Producers Plants on land; bacteria

and algae in the ocean Algae, plants, and some

microorganisms

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

Various ways to obtain energy Autotrophs –

“Self feeders” Use light or chemicals to create own energy

Photosynthesis (light) or Chemosynthesis (chemicals) Use Light, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium, Nitrate, Iron,

etc.

Heterotrophs – Cannot make their own food/energy must eat/ingest to get their food, energy

Life needs Energy: Respiration

Respiration: Burning the Fuel Both autotrophs and heterotrophs do it Releases the energy from org. compounds Reverse of photosynthesis Organic matter C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 H2O +

CO2

Chemical energy captured in ATP molecule

Life needs Energy : Respiration

Various ways to break down and release this energy =Respiration

Aerobic Organic matter broken down using oxygen to release

energyAnaerobic

Organic matter broken down in the absence of oxygen

Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Primitive cells Ancient, simple, small No membrane-bound organelles Ex: Bacteria, Archaea Prokaryotes have few structures:

Cell wall – support Ribosomes – assemble proteins DNA – loose in the cytoplasm Flagella – locomotion

Types of cells: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells are organized and complex

Larger than prokaryotes

Membrane-bound organelles

Have specialized organelles

Eukaryotes

Have specialized organelles: Nucleus – contains

chromosomes (DNA) Endoplasmic reticulum –

make proteins and other org. molecules for the cell

Golgi apparatus – package, transport molecules

Mitochondria – respiration center to provide energy

May have flagella and cilia – for movement

Diversity of Life in the Sea

The vast diversity of organisms in the ocean came through millions of years of evolution = The gradual alteration of a species’ genetic makeup = Explains how species change over time

Evolution occurs because of genetic differences Individual organisms show variation in how they:

Find food, avoid being eaten, reproduce, find mates, metabolize, etc.

The best-adapted produce more offspring than the others This process is called natural selection

Diversity of Life in the Sea

Natural selection As their genes get passed on the favorable traits

become more common The population’s genetic makeup changes over

time as it adapts to its environment Populations either:

adapt to the changes in the environment or become extinct.

Classifying Living Things

To discuss the huge variety of life forms we must first classify them

What is a species? A type of organism? = a population with common characteristics

that can successfully breed with each other (fertile offspring)

Binomial Nomenclature

Organisms are identified with a two-word name - Genus and species = Binomial Nomenclature

Blue whale – Balaenoptera musculusFin whale – Balaenoptera physalusMinke whale – Balaenoptera acutorostrata

Latin or Greek is used for naming Common names are confusing, scientific names

are used worldwide to precisely identify a species

Phylogenetic: Reconstructing Evolution

Organisms are grouped according to their relatedness

Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or phylogeny

Share a common ancestor Look at fossil record Anatomy Reproduction Embryo development DNA Behavior, etc.

Phylogeny of Sea Stars

Tree of Life

Classifications have changed over time Started with two kingdoms – Animalia and

Plantae Then 5 kingdoms – added Fungi, Monera, &

Protista Now--3 domain system

Classification: The Three Domains

Domain Archaea– Includes newly discovered cell types – Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria

Domain Bacteria– Includes other members of old kingdom Monera – Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria

Domain Eukarya– Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

– Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae

Prokaryotes:-No Nucleus-No membranebound organelles

Eukaryotes:-DNA in nucleus-MembraneBound organelles

Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes

Classes are subdivided into orders

Orders are subdivided into families

Families are divided into genera Genus contain closely related species

Species are unique

Each grouping is called a Taxon, Taxa plural

Ex: Classification

Domain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaPhyla: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: PhocidaeGenus: PagophilusSpecies: groenlandicus

Harp Seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus

Marine Microbes and Primary Producers

Prokaryotes Bacteria Archae

Unicellular Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates

Protozoans Formaniferans Radiolarians Ciliates

Fungi

Multicellular Algae Red-Rhodophyta Green-Chlorophyta Brown-Phaeophyta

Flowering Plants True Plants

Seagrass Salt Tolerant

Mangroves Salt marsh grass

Bacteria

CyanobacteriaRed Tide

Archaea

Methanogens

Extremophiles

Extreme Halophiles

Thermoacidophiles

Hot springs sewage

Great salt lakes

Unicellular Algae

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Zooxanthelle

Protozoa: Foraminiferans and CiliatesAnimal-like

Fungi

Biotec.or.th

Multicellular Algae

Padina japonica

Macrocystis pyrifera

Flowering Plants