ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF NORTH AMERICA

THE EXPLORATION OF NORTH AMERICA

EXPLORATION: To travel to a region previously unknown to learn about its features and inhabitants.

HOW THE UNITED STATES BEGAN1Arm-BuddyWhy would you explore? Think about reasons you might leave everything behind to explore a new world. List your reasons to your arm buddy. Are yours and theirs the same? You have 1 minute

Early World ExplorationsLeif Erickson, 1000 AD New Found landMoors & the Spice Trade Asia Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming Treasure Fleet CaliforniaNicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 - ChinaExpansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.Better seaworthy ships.

315th Century: The SettingCrusades by-pass middle men to get to Asia.Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.Reformation refugees & missionaries.Spanish Reconquista (Conquistadors)Rise of the Nation-State: Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.Technological advances. (ships and printing press)4New Maritime TechnologiesHartman Astrolabe(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariners Compass

Because of advances in TECHNOLOGY and map-making, Europeans began successfully navigating the Atlantic Ocean.

5MERCANTILISMA countries power depends on wealth.More money equals more power!Balance of Trade- Exports vs. Imports

ExportsImportsCAPITALISMEconomic system based on private ownership and investment of resources to make more money

Landed in October 1492 at Caribbean Island he named San Salvador & thought that he had landed in Indies! For centuries Europeans had seen the ocean as a barrier -Columbus changed that.

Christopher Columbus

Western Hemisphere (New World)Eastern Hemisphere(Old World)9Because this global interaction began with Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.

Exploration led to an enormous exchange of people, plants, animals, technology and ideas that would change the lives of people in Asia, Europe, the Americas and Africa.Imagine Italian food without tomatoes, Mexican food with no rice and bean dish, the Irish without potatoes, chocolate without sugar. How would your diet be different without the exchange of food across the continents?

Think about the effects of the Columbian Exchange. What was positive? What was negative?

Economic Revolution!Spurred growth of townsMany merchants became very wealthyMost people still lived in rural areasMainly only traders and merchants gained social mobilityMercantilism started to create national identityEffects of Globalization?!

...all the trees were as different from ours as day from night, and so the fruits, the herbage, the rocks, and all things.

-- Christopher Columbus15The differences between the two hemispheres was often noted by those who were present at the time when Europeans were making their first incursions into the Americas.

* Many Native Americans upon seeing Europeans and their animals for the first time were so shocked at what they saw that they did not know what to make of the invaders. Some thought the Europeans were gods, and when they saw men on horseback they were not sure if they were looking at two animals or one.* Europeans were equally impressed by the differences. Christopher Columbus wrote that all the trees were as different from ours as day from night, and so the fruits, the herbage, the rocks, and all things. * A Frenchman in Brazil in the 16th century wrote that America is so truly different from Europe, Asia and Africa in the living habits of its people, the forms of its animals, and, in general, in that which the earth produces, that it can well be called the new world.

What does this painting tell you about the effects of the Columbian Exchange on the European diet?What effect did the Columbian Exchange have on the Native American population?Pieter Aertsen, MARKET WOMAN AT VEGETABLE STAND (1567). Courtesy of WorldArt Kiosk/Kathleen Cohen.

Why is the Columbian Exchange considered one of the largest turning points in history?

Amerigo VespucciSailed from Italy in 1497 and called America a New WorldA German mapmaker in 1507 named New World America.

SPANISH MOTIVATION 3 GsGOLD Natural Resource, Economic WealthGOD Christianity to Native AmericansGLORY Make Spain more powerful than others

19Treaty of Tordesillas1494- Pope Alexander VISpain and PortugalAll un-Christian lands West of Brazil to Spain and East to PortugalThat is why Brazil is a Portuguese speaking country NOT SpanishWhy would Spain and Portugal ask the Pope to resolve the conflict?

The SpanishSpanish colonizers enslaved the Native Americans they conquered and used their labor to farm, mine and build cities. Spain ruled its colonies with a tight fist, allowing no representative govt., no free trade, no freedom of religion.They explored and eventually settled land in present-day Florida, Southwest United States, Mexico, and the islands in the Caribbean.Spain was the most powerful nation on earth in the early 1500s. Because of the Spanish Armada (Spains fleet of armed ships), no other European nations could cross the Atlantic Ocean to explore the New World.

UNTIL.In 1588, England defeated the Spanish Armada. This meant that other European nations could now explore and claim land in the New World.

22The French 3 FsThe French explored North America for these reasons:1. Fish natural resources2. Fur to sell in Europe for MONEY3. Friendship with the Natives to encourage trade

Problems: New France failed to attract large numbers of settlers from Europe. The poor climate discouraged farming. Land grants were only given to the nobles who then rented out the land to farmers.Success: The French were more interested in fur trapping and trading, so they did not truly conquer and take land from the Native Americans. Instead they made them trading partners!In 1682 Robert de La Salle claimed the entire length of the St. Louis river and all lands to the west for France, naming it for King Louis XIV while looking for the Northwest Passage a quicker and easier water route to the Pacific Ocean or Asia(all three European countries were in search of a faster, cheaper trade route to Asia)Why did Europe want to find a Northwest Passage to Asia?

France claimed the Mississippi River Valley.25THE ENGLISH 3 EsECONOMIC WEALTH Natural Resources from North America that could be traded in EuropeESCAPE RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION If you didnt believe in the Church of England, you were harassed, discriminated against, and even killed.EXPAND LAND England is small island, population growing and food shortages.

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England claimed the east coast of North America.27EUROPEAN TERRITORIAL CLAIMS IN NORTH AMERICA

28PUSH--WHY LEAVE EUROPE?HUNGERHOMELESSNESSPOVERTYLACK OF OPPORTUNITYRELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE29PULL--WHY GO TO AMERICA?LAND OF ABUNDANCE- Opportunity to own your own landRESOURCES OF ABUNDANCE- FORESTS and RICH SOIL, FISH & GAMEPROMISE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOMPROMISES OF WEALTH30COLONIZATIONGroups of people settle in a distant land but remain under the control of their native land (mother country).Colonies exported raw materials, such as wood and furs European nations were able to make goods out of raw materialsColonies then bought finished goods from Europe31THINK BACK-

Why was England now able to send explorers and settlers to the New World?

32The English ColonizationIn 1587 Queen Victoria sent 187 people to colonize Roanoke Island, Virginia. By 1591 all 187 settlers had disappeared, leaving only the name of a local Native American Indian tribe carved on a post: Croatoan

JAMESTOWN

In 1606, several groups of merchants applied for CHARTERS from King James I to organize settlements in North America. The VIRGINIA COMPANY, received a charter and sent 3 ships of settlers. 34The ships entered Chesapeake Bay in 1607. They sailed up the James River and named their settlement JAMESTOWN after the beloved King James I

Jamestown was built on a peninsula so it could be defended against attack, but because of its location it lacked good farmland.

35The main goal of the Virginia Company was to make a profit for investors. Most of the settlers were gold-seekers and noblemen who were not accustomed to hard work.

They spent their time searching for gold and silver instead of planting food.

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Many died from disease and starvation. The colony survived only because of the leadership of JOHN SMITH.

A period of hardship followed Smiths departure from Jamestown.37TOBACCO SAVES THE COLONY!The Virginia colonists finally found a way to make moneyJohn Rolfe discovered that the soil in Virginia was good for growing tobacco, a cash crop which would bring great wealth to the colony.It was an instant success in Europe $ $ $

38Another economic improvement occurred when settlers were allowed to own their own land.

Private ownership of land meant that colonists could grow their own food for a profit, so they began working harder, which made the colony more successful.

39Anyone who paid their own passage to America received 100 hundred acres of land. This encouraged thousands of people to move to Virginia.

In 1619, the Virginia Company sent 90 women to Jamestown so that the number of families would grow, making Virginia more stable.You could still come to Virginia even if you could not afford the passageBUT you would become an indentured servant for at least 5-7 years.

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In 1619, the Virginia Company agreed to let colonists have a say in their government.

Ten towns sent 2 representatives called BURGESSES to an assembly called THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES that had the right to make laws for the colony.

THIS WAS THE FIRST FORM OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES.41As the Virginia colony grew and prospered, a new group of settlers sailed for English America in search of religious freedom Who do you think the next set of settlers will be????

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