The Era of Thomas The Era of Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office Thomas Jefferson was Thomas Jefferson was

inaugurated in March 1801.inaugurated in March 1801. He ran against John He ran against John

Adams. Adams. Aaron Burr won the same Aaron Burr won the same

amount of electoral votes amount of electoral votes as Jeffersonas Jefferson The House of The House of

Representatives debated Representatives debated for 6 days before for 6 days before Jefferson was chosenJefferson was chosen

In 1804, the electors would In 1804, the electors would vote separately for vote separately for President and Vice President and Vice PresidentPresident

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office Jefferson was the first Jefferson was the first

president to get president to get inaugurated in inaugurated in Washington DCWashington DC

The presidents goal The presidents goal was to limit the federal was to limit the federal governments power governments power over the statesover the states

He thought that laissez He thought that laissez faire would be the best faire would be the best ideaidea He fired all tax He fired all tax

collectors and cut the collectors and cut the number of diplomats number of diplomats

He reduced the size of He reduced the size of the militarythe military

People who were People who were imprisoned under the imprisoned under the Sedition Act were Sedition Act were releasedreleased

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office

Adams appointed Adams appointed William Marbury and William Marbury and other judges before other judges before he left officehe left office

Republicans said Republicans said these were to keep these were to keep the Federalists in the Federalists in powerpower

Jefferson ordered Jefferson ordered James Madison to James Madison to cease work on the cease work on the appointmentsappointments

Jefferson takes OfficeJefferson takes Office Marbury sued Madison Marbury sued Madison

citing the Judiciary Act citing the Judiciary Act of 1789of 1789

Chief Justice John Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutionalwas unconstitutional He said the Court’s He said the Court’s

power came from the power came from the ConstitutionConstitution

This was important This was important because of the court because of the court case case Marbury v. Marbury v. Madison, Madison, judicial review judicial review was establishedwas established

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase By 1800, By 1800,

more then a more then a million million settlers lived settlers lived between the between the Appalachian Appalachian and the and the MississippiMississippi

Most of these Most of these settlers were settlers were farmers.farmers.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase These farmers relied on These farmers relied on

the Mississippi River to the Mississippi River to transport their crops to transport their crops to the port at New Orleansthe port at New Orleans

Spain had controlled Spain had controlled new Orleans and the new Orleans and the US negotiated with US negotiated with Spain to guarantee Spain to guarantee American’s right to American’s right to ship goods down the ship goods down the Mississippi to New Mississippi to New OrleansOrleans

This was called This was called Pinckney’s Pinckney’s TreatyTreaty

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Jefferson found out in Jefferson found out in

1801 that Spain had 1801 that Spain had given New Orleans given New Orleans and the Louisiana and the Louisiana Territory to France in Territory to France in a secret treatya secret treaty

In 1802, before the In 1802, before the official transfer of the official transfer of the land to France, the land to France, the Spanish governor Spanish governor stopped allowing stopped allowing Americans to ship Americans to ship their goods through their goods through New OrleansNew Orleans

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase The President decided The President decided

that he would try to buy that he would try to buy New Orleans from the New Orleans from the FrenchFrench

He sent James Monroe He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston and Robert Livingston to try to buy New to try to buy New Orleans and West Orleans and West Florida from FranceFlorida from France

When they arrived they When they arrived they found out that found out that Toussaint L’Ouverture Toussaint L’Ouverture had driven the French had driven the French from Haitifrom Haiti

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase They knew the French They knew the French

would have a hard time would have a hard time defending Louisianadefending Louisiana

They also knew that They also knew that there were tensions there were tensions between France and between France and EnglandEngland

Napoleon, the leader of Napoleon, the leader of France would need France would need money to support the money to support the warwar

Napoleon offered to sell Napoleon offered to sell not only New Orleans not only New Orleans but the entire Louisiana but the entire Louisiana Purchase Purchase They purchased the They purchased the

whole territory for $15 whole territory for $15 Million-4 Cents an acre Million-4 Cents an acre

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase No where in the No where in the

Constitution did it say Constitution did it say that the President had that the President had power to buy land power to buy land

Jefferson said that the Jefferson said that the President was allowed President was allowed to make treaties, the to make treaties, the Senate approved and Senate approved and Congress voted to pay Congress voted to pay for the land for the land

In January 1803, In January 1803, Jefferson convinced Jefferson convinced Congress to pay $2,500 Congress to pay $2,500 on a western expeditionon a western expedition

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase He chose Meriwether He chose Meriwether

Lewis and William Lewis and William Clark to report back Clark to report back about geography, about geography, plants, animals and plants, animals and other natural featuresother natural features He also wanted He also wanted

them to make them to make contact with the contact with the Natives and to look Natives and to look for a waterway from for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Mississippi to the Pacific Oceanthe Pacific Ocean

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase They took 40 men and They took 40 men and

traveled up the Missouri traveled up the Missouri River, met up with River, met up with natives, reached the natives, reached the Great Plains, traveled Great Plains, traveled west, and met up with west, and met up with Native American Native American Sacagawea, who traveled Sacagawea, who traveled with them and was a with them and was a translatortranslator

They climbed the Rockies, They climbed the Rockies, reached the continental reached the continental divide, found the divide, found the Columbia River and Columbia River and traveled by canoe to the traveled by canoe to the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

It took nearly 6 months to It took nearly 6 months to return to Missourireturn to Missouri

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

In 1806-1807, In 1806-1807, Zebulon Pike also Zebulon Pike also explored the explored the southern part of the southern part of the Louisiana Territory Louisiana Territory

When he got to the When he got to the Rocky Mountains, he Rocky Mountains, he was stopped by deep was stopped by deep snowsnow The mountain he The mountain he

could not climb is could not climb is now called Pike’s now called Pike’s PeakPeak

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase On his return, he On his return, he

went to Spanish new went to Spanish new MexicoMexico Pike and his Pike and his

explorers were explorers were arrested by Spanish arrested by Spanish troopstroops

They thought they They thought they were spies trying to were spies trying to take over the areatake over the area

They were released They were released and escorted back and escorted back to the United Statesto the United States Because of Because of

Pike’s reports, Pike’s reports, the Americans the Americans grew interested grew interested in the Spanish in the Spanish Borderlands.Borderlands.

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict Pirate ships began to Pirate ships began to

attack American ships in attack American ships in the Mediterranean Seathe Mediterranean Sea

These ships came from These ships came from Morocco, Algiers, Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia and Tripoli (the Tunisia and Tripoli (the Barbary State) Barbary State)

These pirates took These pirates took property and sailors, property and sailors, holding the sailors for holding the sailors for ransomransom

European governments European governments stopped the raids by stopped the raids by paying the States paying the States tributetribute

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict Jefferson stopped Jefferson stopped

paying tribute and paying tribute and sent warships to the sent warships to the MediterraneanMediterranean The The PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

ran aground near ran aground near Tripoli and the crew Tripoli and the crew was imprisonedwas imprisoned

American sailors American sailors burned this ship to burned this ship to prevent the pirates prevent the pirates from using it.from using it.

American troops American troops marched across the marched across the Sahara desert and Sahara desert and captured Tripoli captured Tripoli

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict By 1803, France By 1803, France

and England were at and England were at warwar

Americans were Americans were NeutralNeutral

To prevent the other To prevent the other side from getting side from getting supplies, the French supplies, the French and English began to and English began to seize American ships seize American ships and stealing the and stealing the cargocargo The British again The British again

used impressmentsused impressments

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict To try to stop this, in To try to stop this, in

1807, Jefferson passed 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Actthe Embargo Act

Forbid any trade on Forbid any trade on American ships sailing American ships sailing to any foreign portto any foreign port Jefferson thought this Jefferson thought this

would stop the other would stop the other countries from seizing countries from seizing shipsships

Instead, the money Instead, the money made by exports fell, made by exports fell, prices of crops declined prices of crops declined and thousands of and thousands of Americans lost their Americans lost their jobsjobs

Many Americans began Many Americans began to smuggle goods.to smuggle goods.

A Time of ConflictA Time of Conflict After the Battle of Fallen After the Battle of Fallen

Timbers, many settlers moved Timbers, many settlers moved WestWest

Diseases such as measles, Diseases such as measles, smallpox and the flu killed smallpox and the flu killed thousands of Nativesthousands of Natives

Settlers stole native lands for Settlers stole native lands for hunting hunting

The Shawnee people were hurt The Shawnee people were hurt by the settlersby the settlers

In 1805, Tenskwatawa and In 1805, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh urged Natives to Tecumseh urged Natives to fight against the settlersfight against the settlers This action scared American This action scared American

officialsofficials In 1811, William Henry In 1811, William Henry

Harrison, marched his soldiers Harrison, marched his soldiers against the Shawnee villages against the Shawnee villages and defeated the Natives at the and defeated the Natives at the Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Tippecanoe

The War of 1812The War of 1812 There was tensions There was tensions

between Britain and the between Britain and the US when James US when James Madison became Madison became president in 1809president in 1809

Arming NativesArming Natives Impressments of sailorsImpressments of sailors America’s new America’s new

nationalismnationalism Henry Clay and John Henry Clay and John

C. Calhoun became C. Calhoun became leaders in the House leaders in the House of Representativesof Representatives

They supported war They supported war with Britain-They were with Britain-They were

called War Hawkscalled War Hawks

The War of 1812The War of 1812 Although England Although England

was at war in Europe, was at war in Europe, they would not give they would not give into US Demands to into US Demands to

avoid waravoid war

The War of 1812The War of 1812

The US navy only The US navy only had 16 warships, had 16 warships, and the army had and the army had only 7,000 menonly 7,000 men

The British set up a The British set up a blockade of the blockade of the CoastCoast

A major sea battle A major sea battle was in Aug 1812 and was in Aug 1812 and the USS the USS ConstitutionConstitution defeated the British defeated the British ship ship GuerriereGuerriere

The War of 1812The War of 1812 The British and Americans The British and Americans

were also fighting for were also fighting for control of the Great Lakes control of the Great Lakes and the Mississippiand the Mississippi

American General William American General William Hull tried and failed to Hull tried and failed to invade Canadainvade Canada

The Americans did win at The Americans did win at Lake Erie, where they Lake Erie, where they defeated the Britishdefeated the British

In the south, Natives In the south, Natives attacked American attacked American settlements.settlements. Andrew Jackson fought Andrew Jackson fought

back and defeated the back and defeated the natives at the Battle of natives at the Battle of Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend

The War of 1812The War of 1812

The British Attacked The British Attacked Washington D.C. in Washington D.C. in August 1814August 1814

Dolly Madison, the Dolly Madison, the President’s wife President’s wife gathered important gathered important documents and fled documents and fled the buildingthe building

The British set fire to The British set fire to the White Housethe White House

The War of 1812The War of 1812 They Then moved to They Then moved to

For McHenry in For McHenry in MarylandMaryland Although the British Although the British

fought through the fought through the night, the night, the Americans had Americans had beaten off the attackbeaten off the attack

Francis Scott Key Francis Scott Key saw this attack and saw this attack and later wrote “The later wrote “The Star Spangled Star Spangled Banner”Banner”

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Britain had become Britain had become tired of war and tired of war and peace talks began in peace talks began in Ghent, BelgiumGhent, Belgium

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent ended the warended the war

Many Federalists did Many Federalists did not agree with this not agree with this war, and met at the war, and met at the Hartford Convention Hartford Convention to talk about New to talk about New England states England states

seceding from the USseceding from the US