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Page 1: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

The Enlightenment

Page 2: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

What Was the Enlightenment?

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to

a whole new world view.

Page 3: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new
Page 4: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Influences of the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and Scientific

Revolution• 1.

• 2.

• 3.

• 4.

Page 5: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Key Beliefs of the Philosophes

• Deism

• Reason

• Nature

• Happiness

• Progress

• Liberty

Page 6: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Enlightenment Principles

• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought

• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith

• Scientific and academic thought should be secular

A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

Page 7: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

The French Salon and the Philosophes

Madame de Pompadour

• Madame de Pompadour• Salons: gatherings for

aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas

• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons

Page 8: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Enlightenment Thinkers

Page 9: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new
Page 10: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)

• Applied rational analysis to the study of government

• Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy

• Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler

• Social contract between ruler and people

Page 11: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

John Locke (1632–1704)• The “State of Nature”

• Tabula rasa

• Treatises of Government

• Natural rights – life, liberty, property

• Gov. should protect rights

• Gov. power comes from consent of people

• Right to rebel against an unjust government

Page 12: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Voltaire (1694–1778)• Most famous philosophe

• Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books

• Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order

• Championed social, political, and religious tolerance (freedom of speech and religion)

Page 13: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778)

• Philosophized on the nature of society and government

• The Social Contract – based on the “general will” of society

• All people are equal• Best government =

direct democracy

Page 14: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)

• French noble and political philosopher

• The Spirit of the Laws• Separation of powers• Checks and balances• Constitutional

monarchyFrontspiece to The Spirit of the Laws

Page 15: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Beccaria

• Promotes Criminal Justice• Abolition of torture• Abolition of death penalty• Speedy trial

Page 16: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Women and the Enlightenment

• Changing views• Role of education• Equality• A Vindication of the

Rights of Women

Mary Wollstonecraft

Page 17: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

“Enlightened Monarchs”• Most of Europe ruled by

absolute monarchs

• Receptive to Enlightenment ideas

• Instituted new laws and practices

Enlightened Monarchs

• Frederick II, Prussia

• Catherine the Great, Russia

•Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire

Page 18: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786)

• Prussian ruler• Had a strong interest in

Enlightenment works• Induced Voltaire to come

to Prussia• Wanted to make Prussia a

modern state• Reforms

Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”

Page 19: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)

• Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780

• Joseph’s reforms• Religious

toleration• Abolition of

serfdom• Freedom of

press• Legal reforms

Page 20: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796)

• Russian ruler• Well-versed in

Enlightenment works• “Westernizing”

Russia• Religious toleration• Abolished torture &

capital punishment• Peasant revolt

Page 21: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Effects of the Enlightenment

• Belief in Progress

• More Secular Outlook

• Importance of the Individual

• New Trends in Art, Literature, & Music

Page 22: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

Spread of Enlightenment ideas• Salons• Diderot’s Encyclopedia• Books, letters, visits,

newspapers, magazine articles helped ideas reach middle class

Page 23: The Enlightenment. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new

The Legacy of the Enlightenment

• Government• Society• Education

The signing of the U.S. Constitution


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