The English Reformation

Remember Henry VII?• His two sons… Arthur and Henry

The Next Tudor king?• Arthur groomed to be king;

even named after Arthurian legend

• Two year old Arthur bethrothed to Catherine of Aragon; alliance and huge dowry

• Catherine came to England, married in 1501

• Catherine’s misery…• Fifteen year old Arthur died

of “consumption”, or the “sweating sickness”

NOT THE

NEXT TUDOR KING!!

!

The Next Tudor King: Henry VIII• Took the throne in 1509 (18 yrs.

old)• It’s good to be king…tamed

nobles, full treasury, good ministers

• Transformed navy; broadside firing canons on ships; coastal defenses

• Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in 1509 (yes, previously his sister-in-law)

• England went to war against France (1512-1514) because Pope Julius II was being threatened by French King Louis XII (think back to the end of Italian Renaissance flow chart)

Francis I (Fr)

b. 1494

r. 1515-1547

Emperor Charles V

(HRE)b. 1500

r. 1519-1556

Henry VIII (Eng)b. 1491

r. 1509-1547

“Field of Cloth of Gold”1520: celebration between Henry VIII and Francis I to solidify their new alliance

“Defender of the Faith”• 1521: Henry wrote

“Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther”

• Pope Leo bestowed Henry with the title “Defender of the Faith”

• Early sign of Henry’s religious conservatism…

William Tyndale

• translated the New Testament into English

• 1525 it was mass printed and smuggled into England

• profoundly influenced the written English language

• hunted, incarcerated, then burned at the stake for “heresy.”

Henry’s Wife and Affair…• Catherine of Aragon

• Coronated Queen in June 1509 after marriage to Henry VIII

• Stillborn daughter 1510

• Prince Henry born 1511…

• …died 52 days later…

• 1516, daughter Mary born…

• …survives (will become Queen Mary I, Tudor, “Bloody Mary”)

• Becoming increasingly religious

• NO MALE HEIR!!!!

Anne Boleyn• Love letters from Henry• Queen or nothing…• Influenced by Protestantism• Lord Chancellor Wolsey is not

able to procure an annulment from the pope and was dismissed in 1529

• New Minister, Thomas Cromwell set out to find a way to deal with the problem…

• Anne gave in to Henry, pregnant by late 1532

• Secretly married to Henry 1533• By summer of 1533 royal plans

being made for the birth of Henry’s long awaited heir…

OOOOPPPSS!!!• Elizabeth I, daughter of

Anne Boleyn

The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536

• Parliament passed a series of Acts to officially break from Roman Papacy and make Henry VIII the head of the church of England

• 1532: Act of Annates: prevented the payment of money to the Pope

• 1533: Act of Restraint of Appeals: forbid appeals from being taken to Rome, preventing Catherine from appealing her divorce to the Pope

• 1534: Act of Supremacy: declared Henry, not the Pope, head of the Church of England

• Dissolution of the Monasteries

DESPITE BREAKING FROM ROME, THE ENGLISH CHURCH IS STILL

“CATHOLIC IN DOCTRINE”

• Maintained church structure, but replaced pope with king

• Six Articles of 1539 • Latin Mass• Reaffirmed clerical celibacy• Reaffirmed need for confession• Reaffirmed transubstantiation

Wives of Henry VIII

1. Catherine of Aragon• m. 1509-1533• First married

Arthur• Had a daughter

Mary• Henry cheated on

her w/ Bessie Blount

• Divorced

2. Anne Boleyn• m. 1533-1536• Six fingers and a goiter?• Not popular with people• Secretly married 1533

Had a daughter, Elizabeth

• Executed for adultery, incest and treason, Elizabeth declared illigitimate

3. Jane Seymour• m. 1536-1537

• Had a son, Edward (King Edward VI)

• Died in 1537 after giving birth

4. Anne of Cleves• M. 1540 (Jan-July)• Married to form an

alliance• Married sight unseen• Really not too

pretty: “Flander Mare”

• Marriage never consumated, annulled

5. Catherine Howard• m. 1540-1542

• Henry fat and smelly at this point (49 yrs old)

• Who can blame her?

• Beheaded for adultery in 1542

6. Catherine Parr

• m. 1543-1547• Survived!• Mother figure

for Elizabeth and Edward

• Protestant influence…

All’s well that ends well….?

• Henry died in 1547 (an obese, smelly, festering, gangrenous man)

• The people of England were increasingly supportive of the continental reformers

• Remember…. The monarch is now the head of the Church…. The next monarch?

The Consolidation of the English Reformation

Henry’s three heirs… Edward, Mary, Elizabeth

Edward VI takes the throne at age 10• Heavily influenced by powerful

advisor, John Dudley , Duke of Northumberland

• Corresponded directly with John Calvin

• Clerical marriage and communion with cup were sanctioned

• Imposed Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer on all church services

• Images and altars removed from churches

• Influx of Protestantsr.1547-1553

The Second Act of Uniformity 1552

• Cranmer’s confession of faith adopted (moderate Protestant doctrine)

• Required church attendance

• Justification by faith, supremacy of Holy Scripture

• Denied transubstantiation

• Recognized two sacraments

The next English monarch?

• Lady Jane Grey

• “The Nine Day Queen”

• John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland

• Why not a Tudor?

The Next Tudor monarch....• Queen Mary I (Mary

Tudor)• r. 1553-1558• Restored Catholic

doctrine• Married Philip II of

Spain• Cranmer, Dudley and

many other Protestants burned at the stake

• “Bloody Mary”• Did not produce an

heir…

Finally… • A religious settlement

will come about thanks to …

• Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) established the Anglican Church

• Moderate Protestantism, Protestant doctrine with Catholic ritual