the emergence of modern canada 1896-1914. introduction 1905 alberta and saskatchewan join...

99
The Emergence of The Emergence of Modern Canada Modern Canada 1896-1914 1896-1914

Upload: kellie-greene

Post on 24-Dec-2015

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Emergence of The Emergence of Modern CanadaModern Canada

1896-19141896-1914

Page 2: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

IntroductionIntroduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation.1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation.

This made Canada a country that now stretched from sea to sea.This made Canada a country that now stretched from sea to sea. Even with Canada’s vast territory it feared takeover from the Even with Canada’s vast territory it feared takeover from the

US.US. This was both political and economic.This was both political and economic.

Canada was also struggling with trying to find a greater Canada was also struggling with trying to find a greater independence from Britain, and they wanted more control over independence from Britain, and they wanted more control over its own foreign affairs.its own foreign affairs.

Canada was still a part of the British Empire, but this created Canada was still a part of the British Empire, but this created problems within Canada.problems within Canada. The constant struggle of English and French relations.The constant struggle of English and French relations. Laurier worked towards bringing French and English Canadians Laurier worked towards bringing French and English Canadians

together as one in Canada.together as one in Canada.

Page 3: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

IntroductionIntroduction

Page 4: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Still A British NationStill A British Nation

Even though Canada had its own government during Even though Canada had its own government during this period in time, it was still considered a British this period in time, it was still considered a British protectorate and part of the British Empire.protectorate and part of the British Empire.

Britain still had the responsibility of solving issues Britain still had the responsibility of solving issues that took place between Canada and other countries.that took place between Canada and other countries. Because of this some Canadians were disappointed from Because of this some Canadians were disappointed from

time to time in the way Britain dealt with issues.time to time in the way Britain dealt with issues. Britain did not always have Canada’s best interest in mind Britain did not always have Canada’s best interest in mind

when making decisions for them.when making decisions for them. Case in point is the ‘Alaskan panhandle’ dispute.Case in point is the ‘Alaskan panhandle’ dispute.

Page 5: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Still A British NationStill A British Nation

Page 6: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Still A British NationStill A British Nation

Laurier in the political Laurier in the political cartoon is seen bowing cartoon is seen bowing to Uncle Sam during the to Uncle Sam during the Alaska Boundary Alaska Boundary dispute.dispute.

Page 7: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

IntroductionIntroduction

Global markets opened up for Canada’s mineral, Global markets opened up for Canada’s mineral, lumber, wheat, and manufacturing goods.lumber, wheat, and manufacturing goods.

Immigrants began to flock to Canada from Europe, Immigrants began to flock to Canada from Europe, Britain, US and Asia.Britain, US and Asia.

People traveled along the newly constructed railways People traveled along the newly constructed railways to settle into their new lives in Canada’s West.to settle into their new lives in Canada’s West.

Technology was beginning to boom.Technology was beginning to boom. Telephones, wireless radios, cars, planes, and motion Telephones, wireless radios, cars, planes, and motion

pictures.pictures.

Page 8: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

IntroductionIntroduction

With the population growth come social With the population growth come social reforms.reforms. Women and aboriginals began to look for equality Women and aboriginals began to look for equality

and human right.and human right. Labour unions began to pop up on the work site.Labour unions began to pop up on the work site.

Even with the new social reforms, Even with the new social reforms, discrimination still did take place.discrimination still did take place. Immigrants found it hard adjusting to the new Immigrants found it hard adjusting to the new

society.society. Social equality was not fully developed.Social equality was not fully developed.

Page 9: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Sir Wilfrid LaurierSir Wilfrid Laurier

77thth Prime Minister of Prime Minister of CanadaCanada

1896-19111896-1911 French-CanadienFrench-Canadien ““Golden Age of Golden Age of

Laurier”Laurier”

Page 10: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Laurier is ElectedLaurier is Elected

The 1896 election ended 20 years of The 1896 election ended 20 years of conservative power in Canada, but also conservative power in Canada, but also brought Canada its first French Canadian PM.brought Canada its first French Canadian PM. This extremely pleased the Quebecers.This extremely pleased the Quebecers.

They wanted a government that would protect the They wanted a government that would protect the French language and culture, and Roman Catholic French language and culture, and Roman Catholic rights.rights.

French-English relations had always been a French-English relations had always been a problem in Canada, but they had reached new problem in Canada, but they had reached new levels with the execution of Louis Riel.levels with the execution of Louis Riel.

Page 11: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Conflict and CompromiseConflict and Compromise

Laurier was interested in promoting national Laurier was interested in promoting national unity, and protect Canadian interest abroad.unity, and protect Canadian interest abroad. He wanted a nation that was united with both He wanted a nation that was united with both

French and English speaking citizens.French and English speaking citizens. It was the violation of the Manitoba Act were It was the violation of the Manitoba Act were

English only education was developed that English only education was developed that helped Laurier win the election in 1896.helped Laurier win the election in 1896. Macdonald refused to intervene in the situation, Macdonald refused to intervene in the situation,

and most French-Canadians turned and voted for and most French-Canadians turned and voted for Laurier.Laurier.

Page 12: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Imperialism: A French English SplitImperialism: A French English Split

Page 13: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Imperialism: A French English SplitImperialism: A French English Split

French and English relations in Canada have always been French and English relations in Canada have always been difficult and rocky.difficult and rocky. Most English were loyal to the mother country in Britain and her Most English were loyal to the mother country in Britain and her

Empire, and most French felt as though they had not connection Empire, and most French felt as though they had not connection anymore to Britain.anymore to Britain.

Those loyal to the Empire were called imperialists.Those loyal to the Empire were called imperialists. As a result of Canada being a British colony, and then British As a result of Canada being a British colony, and then British

protectorate, Canada had always relied on Britain for naval protectorate, Canada had always relied on Britain for naval and military support.and military support. Britain had the most powerful navy at the turn of the century.Britain had the most powerful navy at the turn of the century.

Some were stationed in Halifax and Esquimalt.Some were stationed in Halifax and Esquimalt. Many viewed military affairs as the responsibility of the Many viewed military affairs as the responsibility of the

British imperial government in London.British imperial government in London.

Page 14: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Imperialism: A French English SplitImperialism: A French English Split

Most English speaking Canadians were still proud to be Most English speaking Canadians were still proud to be British subjects under the crown.British subjects under the crown. This being the case they were glad to help Britain out when needed.This being the case they were glad to help Britain out when needed.

Boar War.Boar War. People shared in the idea of expanding the British empire through People shared in the idea of expanding the British empire through

imperialist ways.imperialist ways. Most French speaking Canadians did not care for the British Most French speaking Canadians did not care for the British

Empire.Empire. Many were descendents of New France and the people who settled it Many were descendents of New France and the people who settled it

200 years earlier.200 years earlier. They saw themselves as Canadiens, and not British subjects.They saw themselves as Canadiens, and not British subjects. The French tended to be nationalists and not loyal to the crown.The French tended to be nationalists and not loyal to the crown. They were disappointed in the decision to send troops to the Boar War.They were disappointed in the decision to send troops to the Boar War.

Page 15: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Imperialism: A French English SplitImperialism: A French English Split

Language rights continued to be an issue in Language rights continued to be an issue in Canada.Canada. The French lost the right to French instruction in The French lost the right to French instruction in

Manitoba, and then Alberta and Saskatchewan.Manitoba, and then Alberta and Saskatchewan. Henri Bourassa stated that maybe Canadiens Henri Bourassa stated that maybe Canadiens

would be better off without Canada because their would be better off without Canada because their rights as a minority were not being protected as rights as a minority were not being protected as promised at confederation.promised at confederation.

Page 16: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Imperialism: A French English SplitImperialism: A French English Split

As the 1900’s approach, things began to As the 1900’s approach, things began to change in Canada, and the dependence we change in Canada, and the dependence we once had was shifting to the other side.once had was shifting to the other side. Britain was now turning to Canada for support and Britain was now turning to Canada for support and

finance on the military front.finance on the military front. Imperial Issues/Events

Page 17: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The South African WarThe South African War

Page 18: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Naval IssueThe Naval Issue

Page 19: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Alaska Boundary DisputeThe Alaska Boundary Dispute

Page 20: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Laurier BoomThe Laurier Boom During Laurier’s time in office, Canada’s economy began to During Laurier’s time in office, Canada’s economy began to

see great prosperity, and world prices and markets began to see great prosperity, and world prices and markets began to expand for Canadian products.expand for Canadian products.

A rise in industrial production created demand for raw A rise in industrial production created demand for raw materials.materials. This allowed Canada to increase prices based on the demand creating This allowed Canada to increase prices based on the demand creating

more profit.more profit. Better shipping technology combined with lower freight rate Better shipping technology combined with lower freight rate

helped the export of Canadian goods.helped the export of Canadian goods. New technologies in production allowed for Canada to make New technologies in production allowed for Canada to make

the most of its natural resources.the most of its natural resources. Pulp and paper, and mining of the Shield for rich ore deposits.Pulp and paper, and mining of the Shield for rich ore deposits.

Page 21: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Laurier BoomThe Laurier Boom The CPR allowed for expansion West, and helped the The CPR allowed for expansion West, and helped the

industrial boom reach BC.industrial boom reach BC. Dramatic growths in lumbering and mining.Dramatic growths in lumbering and mining. Within 10 years the forest industry grew from $2 million to $65 Within 10 years the forest industry grew from $2 million to $65

million.million. Harvest rights and accessibility led to cutting frenzies.Harvest rights and accessibility led to cutting frenzies.

Rising world prices helped the agricultural industry to thrive Rising world prices helped the agricultural industry to thrive on the prairies.on the prairies. Farmers began to increase production and diversify there crops.Farmers began to increase production and diversify there crops. The region was not the “bread basket of the world,” and not the The region was not the “bread basket of the world,” and not the

agricultural hinterland of Canada.agricultural hinterland of Canada. New hydro electric potential was beginning to be harnessed New hydro electric potential was beginning to be harnessed

for use in the new factories and mines.for use in the new factories and mines.

Page 22: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West”

Page 23: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West” The “Last Best West” was the slogan used to attract The “Last Best West” was the slogan used to attract

people to Canada West to settle down as people to Canada West to settle down as homesteaders and settlers.homesteaders and settlers. More money, more people, and more people, more money, More money, more people, and more people, more money,

become a common thought amongst the people in charge of become a common thought amongst the people in charge of settling the West.settling the West.

With the end of the depression, there was a demand With the end of the depression, there was a demand for wheat around the world.for wheat around the world.

There were no more homestead lands available in the There were no more homestead lands available in the US.US.

The Canadian West started to look extremely The Canadian West started to look extremely appealing to people wanting to settle.appealing to people wanting to settle.

Page 24: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West”

Nearly all immigration between 1867-1890’s in Nearly all immigration between 1867-1890’s in North America was to the US.North America was to the US. Nobody wanted to come to the barren, unpopulated land of Nobody wanted to come to the barren, unpopulated land of

Canada.Canada. Those who did come to Canada usually left for the US Those who did come to Canada usually left for the US

because of lack of work, or the harsh climate.because of lack of work, or the harsh climate. Between 1896-1911, the Canadian government Between 1896-1911, the Canadian government

encouraged people to come and settle in the West.encouraged people to come and settle in the West. During these years the prairie population increased During these years the prairie population increased

dramatically, and Clifford Sifton become the new Minister dramatically, and Clifford Sifton become the new Minister of the Interior in charge of immigration.of the Interior in charge of immigration.

Page 25: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West”

Sifton was a westerner, and Sifton was a westerner, and was dedicated to populating was dedicated to populating the prairies.the prairies.

He launched a recruitment He launched a recruitment program to try and lure program to try and lure people to come and settle in people to come and settle in the prairies.the prairies. It targeted the European and It targeted the European and

US people who would make US people who would make good farmers.good farmers.

Page 26: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West” Sifton brought controversy when he encourage Sifton brought controversy when he encourage

immigrants from the grasslands of eastern and central immigrants from the grasslands of eastern and central Europe.Europe. They understood dryland farming methods.They understood dryland farming methods.

Many Canadians were uncomfortable with Many Canadians were uncomfortable with newcomers who would be bringing a different newcomers who would be bringing a different language and culture into theirs.language and culture into theirs.

Sifton had created an open-door policy, and he Sifton had created an open-door policy, and he defended it.defended it. Sifton stated that “a stalwart peasant in a sheep skin coat, Sifton stated that “a stalwart peasant in a sheep skin coat,

born of the soil, whose forefathers had been farmers for ten born of the soil, whose forefathers had been farmers for ten generations, … is good quality.”generations, … is good quality.”

Page 27: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West” The settlers who come to the prairies were a much The settlers who come to the prairies were a much

more diverse group as a result of Sifton’s open-door more diverse group as a result of Sifton’s open-door policy.policy. Ukrainians, Russians, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles,

Rumanians, Austrians, etc. Rumanians, Austrians, etc. British Settlers still made up 1/3 of all the British Settlers still made up 1/3 of all the

immigrants.immigrants. Many actually failed as farmers because of having no Many actually failed as farmers because of having no

background in it.background in it. Many of the American settlers who come north of the Many of the American settlers who come north of the

border Assimilated into Canadian culture easily.border Assimilated into Canadian culture easily. They made great farmers, and were quite successful at it.They made great farmers, and were quite successful at it.

Page 28: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West”

The average American brought $1000 and farming The average American brought $1000 and farming equipment when coming to Canada.equipment when coming to Canada. The average European brought $15.The average European brought $15. Most Americans favored Alberta as their place to settle.Most Americans favored Alberta as their place to settle.

Between 1896-1914, 1 million Americans settled in Between 1896-1914, 1 million Americans settled in Canada.Canada.

At the same time thousands of British Children were At the same time thousands of British Children were being sent to Canada.being sent to Canada. Many come from orphanages, or were unwanted children Many come from orphanages, or were unwanted children

of poor parents. Others were just sent away by the of poor parents. Others were just sent away by the authorities without choice of the parents.authorities without choice of the parents.

Page 29: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West”

Page 30: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West”

Page 31: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The “Last Best West”The “Last Best West” It was believed that the It was believed that the

farms would be a good farms would be a good place for the children to eat place for the children to eat well, and learn life skills.well, and learn life skills.

Some took the children in Some took the children in and adopted them, but and adopted them, but others used it as a cheap others used it as a cheap source of labour.source of labour.

They were to be care for and They were to be care for and sent to school through the sent to school through the winter, but many did not see winter, but many did not see the basic necessities of life.the basic necessities of life.

Some were beaten and force Some were beaten and force to live in barns and stables.to live in barns and stables.

Page 32: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Push-Pull Factors of The Push-Pull Factors of ImmigrationImmigration

Between 1891-1921 the population of Canada almost doubled.Between 1891-1921 the population of Canada almost doubled. Table 7-1 in your text.Table 7-1 in your text. 60% of the immigrant who come to Canada settled in the West.60% of the immigrant who come to Canada settled in the West.

Canadian immigration succeeded because of “push-pull” Canadian immigration succeeded because of “push-pull” factors.factors. 1. A need t leave one’s homeland (push).1. A need t leave one’s homeland (push). 2. The lure of opportunity in another country (pull).2. The lure of opportunity in another country (pull).

Americans, British, Europeans, and Asians come as a result of Americans, British, Europeans, and Asians come as a result of the pull factor.the pull factor.

Poor eastern and central Europeans come as a result of the Poor eastern and central Europeans come as a result of the push factor.push factor. The pull factor still did play a part.The pull factor still did play a part. Ukrainians come because of repeated crop failure, starvation, and over Ukrainians come because of repeated crop failure, starvation, and over

population.population.

Page 33: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Push-Pull Factors of The Push-Pull Factors of ImmigrationImmigration

Push-pull factor often worked together, and Push-pull factor often worked together, and not always independent of each other.not always independent of each other. i.e. Doukhobors, a group of Russians who come to i.e. Doukhobors, a group of Russians who come to

escape military service because it was against their escape military service because it was against their religion, and they were in search of free land.religion, and they were in search of free land.

1899, 7000 had settled in Saskatchewan.1899, 7000 had settled in Saskatchewan.

Page 34: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Adjusting to Life on the PrairiesAdjusting to Life on the Prairies Once arriving on the prairies, homesteaders had to Once arriving on the prairies, homesteaders had to

prepare for their new lives.prepare for their new lives. First was raising $500 to buy a plough, a wagon, horses, First was raising $500 to buy a plough, a wagon, horses,

and a milk cow.and a milk cow. Many worked in the lumber industry, railway, mining camps, or Many worked in the lumber industry, railway, mining camps, or

other peoples farms to raise the money they needed to start.other peoples farms to raise the money they needed to start. Many lived in primitive conditions on their new Many lived in primitive conditions on their new

homesteads.homesteads. Comfort was not a concern.Comfort was not a concern. Mud covered sod houses was the norm.Mud covered sod houses was the norm.

Known as “soddie”.Known as “soddie”. Made from thatched roofs, open windows covered with sacks, sod Made from thatched roofs, open windows covered with sacks, sod

like bricks, and a wood frame.like bricks, and a wood frame. Usually they were infested with flies and fleas, and smelt during Usually they were infested with flies and fleas, and smelt during

the hot prairies summers with leaks during the rainy season.the hot prairies summers with leaks during the rainy season.

Page 35: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Adjusting to Life on the PrairiesAdjusting to Life on the Prairies

Adjusting was tough.Adjusting was tough. Winters were cold, and the diet of the homesteaders was Winters were cold, and the diet of the homesteaders was

very monotonous.very monotonous. Natural disasters like hail, drought , and grasshopper Natural disasters like hail, drought , and grasshopper

infestation made things difficult.infestation made things difficult. Most immigrants to the prairies succeeded despite the Most immigrants to the prairies succeeded despite the

conditions.conditions. After a few years the soddies would be replaced with After a few years the soddies would be replaced with

a more substantial home, and with more settlers come a more substantial home, and with more settlers come better roads and infrastructure to get to the towns and better roads and infrastructure to get to the towns and markets.markets.

Page 36: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Adjusting to Life on the PrairiesAdjusting to Life on the Prairies

Page 37: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Adjusting to Life on the PrairiesAdjusting to Life on the Prairies

Page 38: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Adjusting to Life on the PrairiesAdjusting to Life on the Prairies

Page 39: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Adjusting to Life on the PrairiesAdjusting to Life on the Prairies

Page 40: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Newcomers in the CitiesNewcomers in the Cities Between 1898-1914, the population of the prairies increased Between 1898-1914, the population of the prairies increased

by approx. 1.5 million.by approx. 1.5 million. The increase effected the entire country.The increase effected the entire country.

1/3 of all the immigrants that landed in Canada during this 1/3 of all the immigrants that landed in Canada during this time frame chose the cities as their place to settle.time frame chose the cities as their place to settle.

The developments in industry encouraged rural Canadians to The developments in industry encouraged rural Canadians to move to the cites to live a more urban lifestyle.move to the cites to live a more urban lifestyle. Montreal and Toronto doubled in size.Montreal and Toronto doubled in size.

1914, the urban population was almost 50% of the total 1914, the urban population was almost 50% of the total population.population. Only four cities in Canada had populations that exceeded 100,000Only four cities in Canada had populations that exceeded 100,000

Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver.Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver.

Page 41: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Newcomers in the CitiesNewcomers in the Cities Many immigrants coming to Many immigrants coming to

the cities could speak little the cities could speak little English.English.

Many were pushed into Many were pushed into unsafe, low-paying factory unsafe, low-paying factory jobs.jobs.

A lot of the immigrants A lot of the immigrants lived in ghettos.lived in ghettos. Lots lived in crowded two Lots lived in crowded two

room buildings with little room buildings with little heat, fresh air, or water.heat, fresh air, or water.

Disease was common because Disease was common because of the poor living conditions.of the poor living conditions.

Page 42: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Newcomers in the CitiesNewcomers in the Cities

Most people found work as unskilled labourers.Most people found work as unskilled labourers. Pay was $10-$15 a week, working 10-12 hour days, and six Pay was $10-$15 a week, working 10-12 hour days, and six

days a week.days a week. The working conditions were usually poor.The working conditions were usually poor. Job security did not exist.Job security did not exist.

Most incomes were spent on housing and food.Most incomes were spent on housing and food. People did not have a lot of extra money to spendPeople did not have a lot of extra money to spend Lots of families had children that worked to help out, Lots of families had children that worked to help out,

which in turn resulted in no education for them and neglect which in turn resulted in no education for them and neglect from the parents because of the long working hours.from the parents because of the long working hours.

Page 43: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Newcomers in the CitiesNewcomers in the Cities

At this time the government did not feel At this time the government did not feel responsible for the poor, or any type of social responsible for the poor, or any type of social welfare programs.welfare programs.

The poor relied on each other, and charitable The poor relied on each other, and charitable organizations for help.organizations for help.

Page 44: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Railways To EverywhereRailways To Everywhere The economy in Canada was booming during the Laurier The economy in Canada was booming during the Laurier

period, and with the boom come the construction of two new period, and with the boom come the construction of two new transcontinental railways through the West.transcontinental railways through the West. The Canadian Northern Railway, and the Grand Trunk Railway.The Canadian Northern Railway, and the Grand Trunk Railway. Both come as farmers become fed up with the CPR and the high prices Both come as farmers become fed up with the CPR and the high prices

they were charging for shipping.they were charging for shipping. They also come at a time were most of the land around the CPR had They also come at a time were most of the land around the CPR had

been taken, and people were having to move farther away.been taken, and people were having to move farther away. The Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk both sought The Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk both sought

federal and provincial aid to built the rail lines.federal and provincial aid to built the rail lines. Railway development.

Page 45: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Railways To EverywhereRailways To Everywhere The Canadian Northern Railway extended its prairie line The Canadian Northern Railway extended its prairie line

eastward to Quebec, and west on a northern route to the eastward to Quebec, and west on a northern route to the pacific.pacific. 1901, BC invited owners William Mackenzie, and Donald Mann to 1901, BC invited owners William Mackenzie, and Donald Mann to

extend their lines through the Yellowhead Pass, and down the extend their lines through the Yellowhead Pass, and down the Thompson River to Kamloops, and through to Vancouver.Thompson River to Kamloops, and through to Vancouver.

Mackenzie and Mann eventually built a financial business empire that Mackenzie and Mann eventually built a financial business empire that included the railways, mining, lumber, and shipping.included the railways, mining, lumber, and shipping.

The Grand Trunk expanded much the same with government The Grand Trunk expanded much the same with government encouragement, but this time it come from Laurier who agreed encouragement, but this time it come from Laurier who agreed to built a section eastward for areas not serviced by the CPR or to built a section eastward for areas not serviced by the CPR or Canadian Northern.Canadian Northern. The Grand Trunk followed the same western route as the Canadian The Grand Trunk followed the same western route as the Canadian

Northern through the Yellowhead Pass, but it continued across Northern through the Yellowhead Pass, but it continued across Northern BC to Prince Rupert.Northern BC to Prince Rupert.

Page 46: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Railways To EverywhereRailways To Everywhere

With the outbreak of WWI, all of the new With the outbreak of WWI, all of the new railways that were not a part of the CPR were railways that were not a part of the CPR were consolidated as one.consolidated as one. This was done to avoid the financial hardships This was done to avoid the financial hardships

because they were becoming unprofitable with less because they were becoming unprofitable with less immigration and British capital.immigration and British capital.

The single railway become know as the Canadian The single railway become know as the Canadian National Railways, which was to be owned by the National Railways, which was to be owned by the people.people.

Page 47: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Railways To EverywhereRailways To Everywhere

Page 48: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rise of UnionsThe Rise of Unions

Canada was prosperous, but the prosperity of the time Canada was prosperous, but the prosperity of the time was something that was not shared around equally.was something that was not shared around equally.

A few major corporate giants controlled a majority of A few major corporate giants controlled a majority of the industry and finance of the country.the industry and finance of the country. i.e. Imperial Oil, Massey-Harris, and Dunsmuir Coal.i.e. Imperial Oil, Massey-Harris, and Dunsmuir Coal.

Few people in the population were able to see any of Few people in the population were able to see any of the money in these companies, and their wealth the money in these companies, and their wealth sharply contrasted that of the poor working class sharply contrasted that of the poor working class people.people.

Page 49: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rise of UnionsThe Rise of Unions

Many flaunted their wealth Many flaunted their wealth and built huge mansions and and built huge mansions and homes for themselves.homes for themselves. i.e. Dunsmuir Craigdarroch i.e. Dunsmuir Craigdarroch

Castle in Victoria.Castle in Victoria.

The gap between the poor The gap between the poor working class and the working class and the wealth grew bigger, and wealth grew bigger, and workers began to look for workers began to look for their share in the wealth their share in the wealth they generated for the they generated for the owners of the businesses.owners of the businesses.

Page 50: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rise of UnionsThe Rise of Unions

Page 51: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rise of UnionsThe Rise of Unions Labour unions began to arise between 1880-1910.Labour unions began to arise between 1880-1910.

Approx. 10% of all workers joined a union during this time.Approx. 10% of all workers joined a union during this time. The problems the unions faced was that the employers could The problems the unions faced was that the employers could

easily replace the workers, and the government and legal easily replace the workers, and the government and legal system tended to favor the rich owners opposed to the system tended to favor the rich owners opposed to the workers.workers.

Companies had private police to del with any disturbances that Companies had private police to del with any disturbances that may have arisen from public protest or people wanting to go may have arisen from public protest or people wanting to go on strike.on strike.

Between 1910 and WWI, there were a number of different Between 1910 and WWI, there were a number of different violent confrontations that erupted between employers and violent confrontations that erupted between employers and workers.workers. Coal miners in Nanaimo who worked for the Dunsmuir family were Coal miners in Nanaimo who worked for the Dunsmuir family were

involved in a 2 year strike over unsafe working conditions and low involved in a 2 year strike over unsafe working conditions and low pay.pay.

Pg. 270 of your text.Pg. 270 of your text.

Page 52: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Closing the Door to ImmigrationClosing the Door to Immigration Not everyone was a fan of the immigration that was Not everyone was a fan of the immigration that was

happening as a result of the Sifton open-door policy.happening as a result of the Sifton open-door policy. Labour organizations seen it as a threat, British Canadians Labour organizations seen it as a threat, British Canadians

feared that it would alter the British character of the feared that it would alter the British character of the country, and the French feared that they would become country, and the French feared that they would become more of a minority and their culture and language would be more of a minority and their culture and language would be lost.lost.

Businesses liked the idea of the immigration because Businesses liked the idea of the immigration because it provided a cheap labour pool for them to hire it provided a cheap labour pool for them to hire people out ofpeople out of

Immigration was especially an issue in BC were Immigration was especially an issue in BC were many felt that their jobs were threatened by the large many felt that their jobs were threatened by the large numbers of Asian immigrants.numbers of Asian immigrants. BC pressured the federal government to do something as a BC pressured the federal government to do something as a

result.result.

Page 53: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Closing the Door to ImmigrationClosing the Door to Immigration 1905, Frank Oliver replace 1905, Frank Oliver replace

Sifton as Minister of the Sifton as Minister of the Interior.Interior.

Oliver agreed with reducing Oliver agreed with reducing the number of immigrants, the number of immigrants, and he introduced a more and he introduced a more selective immigration selective immigration policy.policy. He especially agreed with He especially agreed with

limiting the number of non-limiting the number of non-white immigrants.white immigrants.

Provincial governments Provincial governments began to restrict the began to restrict the Chinese, Japanese, and East Chinese, Japanese, and East Indian immigration.Indian immigration.

Page 54: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

British Columbia: The “Golden British Columbia: The “Golden Mountain”Mountain”

The construction of the CPR and the Cariboo Gold The construction of the CPR and the Cariboo Gold Rush brought large amounts of Chinese immigrants Rush brought large amounts of Chinese immigrants to BC. to BC. They comprised the largest group of Asian immigrants.They comprised the largest group of Asian immigrants. 1891, 9400 Chinese were living in BC.1891, 9400 Chinese were living in BC.

Many had planned to return back to China.Many had planned to return back to China. A majority lived in “Chinatowns”, which become A majority lived in “Chinatowns”, which become

places of business and cultural organizations.places of business and cultural organizations. A majority of the Chinese workers were employed in A majority of the Chinese workers were employed in

the salmon canning and coal mining industries on the salmon canning and coal mining industries on Vancouver Island.Vancouver Island. Many companies wanted to hire the Chinese because they Many companies wanted to hire the Chinese because they

would work hard for low wages.would work hard for low wages.

Page 55: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

British Columbia: The “Golden British Columbia: The “Golden Mountain”Mountain”

Victoria's ramshackle Chinatown 1886Victoria's ramshackle Chinatown 1886

Page 56: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

British Columbia: The “Golden British Columbia: The “Golden Mountain”Mountain”

It was the labour organizations that become key in It was the labour organizations that become key in getting exclusionary legislation against the Chinese getting exclusionary legislation against the Chinese because they felt their jobs were being threatened as a because they felt their jobs were being threatened as a result the the Chinese undercutting them.result the the Chinese undercutting them.

Groups were formed to put up protest against the Groups were formed to put up protest against the Asian immigration.Asian immigration. i.e. Asiatic Exclusion League.i.e. Asiatic Exclusion League.

Things come to a head in 1907 when Lt. Governor Things come to a head in 1907 when Lt. Governor James Dunsmuir refused to sign a bill to exclude James Dunsmuir refused to sign a bill to exclude Japanese immigrants from entering Canada.Japanese immigrants from entering Canada.

Page 57: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

British Columbia: The “Golden British Columbia: The “Golden Mountain”Mountain”

The actions of Dunsmuir had protesters march on The actions of Dunsmuir had protesters march on Vancouver’s city hall, and a riot ensued.Vancouver’s city hall, and a riot ensued. Roughly 1000 demonstrators marched through the streets Roughly 1000 demonstrators marched through the streets

of Chinatown and Japanese sections of the city damaging of Chinatown and Japanese sections of the city damaging businesses, etc.businesses, etc.

The riot focused international attention on Vancouver.The riot focused international attention on Vancouver. PM Laurier was embarrassed, and as a result of Japanese PM Laurier was embarrassed, and as a result of Japanese

being a British ally, Laurier apologized and created a Royal being a British ally, Laurier apologized and created a Royal Commission to look at the matter.Commission to look at the matter.

The Government still went about setting a 400 person The Government still went about setting a 400 person limit on the number of Japanese that were allowed in limit on the number of Japanese that were allowed in Canada per year.Canada per year.

Page 58: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

British Columbia: The “Golden British Columbia: The “Golden Mountain”Mountain”

Page 59: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

By “Continuous Passage” OnlyBy “Continuous Passage” Only

William Lyon Mackenzie King, Laurier’s Minister of William Lyon Mackenzie King, Laurier’s Minister of Labour, was in charge of the Royal Commission that Labour, was in charge of the Royal Commission that looked at the Vancouver Riots.looked at the Vancouver Riots. He was too also look at the immigration of people from He was too also look at the immigration of people from

Asia as a whole, and look at how they had been enticed to Asia as a whole, and look at how they had been enticed to come to Canada to work.come to Canada to work.

Since 1904, CPR agents had been encouraging Sikhs Since 1904, CPR agents had been encouraging Sikhs to immigrate.to immigrate. It was difficult to restrict them access because they were It was difficult to restrict them access because they were

British subject and could not be denied access to Canada.British subject and could not be denied access to Canada.

Page 60: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

By “Continuous Passage” OnlyBy “Continuous Passage” Only To prevent any more East Indians from immigrating, To prevent any more East Indians from immigrating,

the Immigration Act of 1906.the Immigration Act of 1906. It was now change to make sure the immigrants now had to It was now change to make sure the immigrants now had to

come from their country of origin on a non-stop direct come from their country of origin on a non-stop direct route.route.

A direct route from India was impossible, and the A direct route from India was impossible, and the government believed that they had solved the immigration government believed that they had solved the immigration issue.issue.

The amendment was challenged in 1914 when the The amendment was challenged in 1914 when the Komagata Maru, a steamer chartered by Gurdit Komagata Maru, a steamer chartered by Gurdit Singh, arrived in Vancouver with 354 Sikh Singh, arrived in Vancouver with 354 Sikh immigrants.immigrants.

Page 61: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

By “Continuous Passage” OnlyBy “Continuous Passage” Only

Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver on May 23 Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver on May 23 after stops in China and Japan, and was immediately after stops in China and Japan, and was immediately quarantined by Canadian authorities.quarantined by Canadian authorities. Passengers were not allowed to leave the ship.Passengers were not allowed to leave the ship. Supporters argued that the continuous-passage rule was Supporters argued that the continuous-passage rule was

invalid, but the government would not budge.invalid, but the government would not budge. Officials and police officers tried boarding the ship, but Officials and police officers tried boarding the ship, but

they were bombed with sticks and bottles to keep them they were bombed with sticks and bottles to keep them away.away.

July 23 the ship was escorted out of the Vancouver July 23 the ship was escorted out of the Vancouver Harbour by the cruiser Rainbow, one of the Naval ships Harbour by the cruiser Rainbow, one of the Naval ships Britain had loaned Canada.Britain had loaned Canada.

Page 62: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

By “Continuous Passage” OnlyBy “Continuous Passage” Only

Page 63: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

By “Continuous Passage” OnlyBy “Continuous Passage” Only

Page 64: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

At the turn of the century, women , Native Canadians, At the turn of the century, women , Native Canadians, immigrants of Asian descent, and other newcomers to immigrants of Asian descent, and other newcomers to Canada, they did not have many rights.Canada, they did not have many rights. None of the above had the right to vote, and there was very None of the above had the right to vote, and there was very

little equality.little equality. Before the invention of such things as the washing Before the invention of such things as the washing

machine, housework and child rearing consumed machine, housework and child rearing consumed much of the average women’s day.much of the average women’s day. Large families were common, and the risk of death or Large families were common, and the risk of death or

disability at child birth was high.disability at child birth was high. Educational expectations were low because most women Educational expectations were low because most women

did not work outside the home after marriage.did not work outside the home after marriage. 1900, only 15% of the undergraduates at university were women.1900, only 15% of the undergraduates at university were women. Women were banned from professions like law, and they were not Women were banned from professions like law, and they were not

eligible for scholarships.eligible for scholarships.

Page 65: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

Women’s suffrage come to the forefront in the Women’s suffrage come to the forefront in the Laurier era.Laurier era. These women were devoted to social reform, and trying to These women were devoted to social reform, and trying to

get the right to vote.get the right to vote. Suffragists blamed the problems of society on the Suffragists blamed the problems of society on the

growing problem of alcoholism.growing problem of alcoholism. Problems like child neglect and poverty were some of the Problems like child neglect and poverty were some of the

things they looked at.things they looked at. 1885 the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) 1885 the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

was created, and they promoted prohibition.was created, and they promoted prohibition.

Page 66: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

Suffragist were also know as “maternal feminists” because Suffragist were also know as “maternal feminists” because they believed that the skills of wives and mothers would bring they believed that the skills of wives and mothers would bring a fresh, companionate perspective to a male-dominated a fresh, companionate perspective to a male-dominated government.government. They believed that female influence could change laws to improve the They believed that female influence could change laws to improve the

lives of women and children.lives of women and children. The suffragist movement was a worldwide movement, but The suffragist movement was a worldwide movement, but

Canadian women generally were a bit more peaceful.Canadian women generally were a bit more peaceful. The campaign was led by the Canadian Women’s Suffrage The campaign was led by the Canadian Women’s Suffrage

Association, which was supported by the National Council of Association, which was supported by the National Council of Women of Canada, founded by Lady Aberdeen.Women of Canada, founded by Lady Aberdeen. She was the wife of the Governor General, and had great influence She was the wife of the Governor General, and had great influence

because of husband.because of husband.

Page 67: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

The earliest successes for the The earliest successes for the suffragist movement come on the suffragist movement come on the prairies.prairies.

Some believe it was a result of the Some believe it was a result of the hardships women went through in hardships women went through in the west being right beside the the west being right beside the men when settling and beginning men when settling and beginning a homestead.a homestead.

Prairie men were more incline to Prairie men were more incline to give the vote because they seen give the vote because they seen what the women had gone what the women had gone through, considered them more through, considered them more as equals as a result, and it was a as equals as a result, and it was a way for the farmers of the west to way for the farmers of the west to increase the farm vote to increase the farm vote to influence provincial influence provincial governments.governments.

The west was the first to grant The west was the first to grant women’s suffrage.women’s suffrage.

Page 68: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta were the first to grant to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta were the first to grant to vote to women in 1916.vote to women in 1916. Time Line 7-1 pg. 277 of your text.Time Line 7-1 pg. 277 of your text.

In BC the fight for Suffrage was one that would last more than In BC the fight for Suffrage was one that would last more than 45 years.45 years. 1871, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony visited Victoria and 1871, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony visited Victoria and

spoke for women’s rights.spoke for women’s rights. Following year a bill was proposed and turned down.Following year a bill was proposed and turned down.

1873, women had property had the right to vote in municipal elections.1873, women had property had the right to vote in municipal elections. 1899, another suffrage bill was shot down in legislature, but this time 1899, another suffrage bill was shot down in legislature, but this time

only by a vote of 15-17.only by a vote of 15-17. 1912, suffrage was a part of the Liberal campaign in BC.1912, suffrage was a part of the Liberal campaign in BC. 1916, a referendum was passed on the issue, and in 1917 BC granted 1916, a referendum was passed on the issue, and in 1917 BC granted

women the right to vote and hold political office.women the right to vote and hold political office.

Page 69: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

It was believed that politics was a “man’s work”.It was believed that politics was a “man’s work”. It was beliefs like this that hindered the women’s It was beliefs like this that hindered the women’s

suffrage movement.suffrage movement. Nelly McClung was a well know suffragist.Nelly McClung was a well know suffragist.

Campaigned for women’s rights.Campaigned for women’s rights. Was instrumental Was instrumental in the famous ‘Person's Case’ which saw in the famous ‘Person's Case’ which saw

Canadian women declared persons in 1929. Canadian women declared persons in 1929. She helped She helped put on a play called ‘The Women's Parliament,’ put on a play called ‘The Women's Parliament,’

a satire which turned the tables and poked fun at the a satire which turned the tables and poked fun at the dangers of giving men the right to vote.dangers of giving men the right to vote.

This was instrumental in getting women the right to vote in This was instrumental in getting women the right to vote in Manitoba first.Manitoba first.

Canada had the group know as the “famous five”.Canada had the group know as the “famous five”. Nellie McClung, Emily Murphy, Henrietta Edwards, , Henrietta Edwards,

Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby. Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby.

Page 70: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Women’s Suffrage and Social Women’s Suffrage and Social ReformReform

Page 71: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples

With the policy of assimilation, the survival of native With the policy of assimilation, the survival of native lands and culture was being threatened.lands and culture was being threatened.

There were attempted to make treaties to free up land There were attempted to make treaties to free up land for European settlement.for European settlement.

Aboriginal people wanted to retain their culture, land, Aboriginal people wanted to retain their culture, land, and traditions.and traditions. To do so they based their claims on the Royal Proclamation To do so they based their claims on the Royal Proclamation

of 1763 which recognized them as “Nations or Tribes, ” of 1763 which recognized them as “Nations or Tribes, ” extended to them the protection of Britain, and recognized extended to them the protection of Britain, and recognized their right to own the land they had used and occupied.their right to own the land they had used and occupied.

Page 72: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples Residential schools become common place in the Residential schools become common place in the

policy for assimilation.policy for assimilation. Removing the children fro their families was detrimental to Removing the children fro their families was detrimental to

most.most. 1910, more than 60 school existed, most run by Christian 1910, more than 60 school existed, most run by Christian

religious groups.religious groups. The Children received manual, vocational, and religious The Children received manual, vocational, and religious

instruction in Christian faith.instruction in Christian faith. They wee not allowed to practice their traditions or culture, They wee not allowed to practice their traditions or culture,

and could not speak in their language.and could not speak in their language. It made it difficult to preserve and pass on their culture to It made it difficult to preserve and pass on their culture to

future generations.future generations. The effects were detrimental.The effects were detrimental.

Page 73: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples

Page 74: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples

Page 75: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples

The BC native were unique in their situation The BC native were unique in their situation because they had been sheltered from a lot of because they had been sheltered from a lot of the large scale settlement in Canada.the large scale settlement in Canada. It allowed them to retain the land longer.It allowed them to retain the land longer. Overlap between the federal and provincial Overlap between the federal and provincial

government responsibilities caused confusion in government responsibilities caused confusion in the ownership of Native lands.the ownership of Native lands.

Provincial was control of Native lands, and federal was Provincial was control of Native lands, and federal was responsible for Indian affairs.responsible for Indian affairs.

Page 76: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples

Settlers flooded BC during the Laurier era and this Settlers flooded BC during the Laurier era and this caused problems with issues of land and title to it.caused problems with issues of land and title to it.

The federal government believed reserves were a The federal government believed reserves were a priority.priority. 1900, only 15 treaties had been concluded with the 200 BC 1900, only 15 treaties had been concluded with the 200 BC

native bands.native bands. 1911 the Native bands united to press for aboriginal 1911 the Native bands united to press for aboriginal

title to the land, and they presented their claim to the title to the land, and they presented their claim to the provincial government.provincial government. The problem was the provincial and federal governments The problem was the provincial and federal governments

could not agree on how to respond to the claims.could not agree on how to respond to the claims.

Page 77: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Rights of the Native PeoplesThe Rights of the Native Peoples The McKenna-McBride Royal Commission was established to The McKenna-McBride Royal Commission was established to

look and determine the size and location of Native reserves.look and determine the size and location of Native reserves. It recommended adding land but taking away some of the most It recommended adding land but taking away some of the most

valuable land.valuable land. The problem was the Indian Act of 1876 did not allow for cut-off lands The problem was the Indian Act of 1876 did not allow for cut-off lands

unless the Native people agreed in which they did not.unless the Native people agreed in which they did not. The Allied Tribes of BC rejected the report, and the federal The Allied Tribes of BC rejected the report, and the federal

government passed a law removing the requirement for consent to the government passed a law removing the requirement for consent to the sale of cut-off lands.sale of cut-off lands.

The government believed they had closed the issue of land The government believed they had closed the issue of land claims, but they Natives believed the issue was far from over.claims, but they Natives believed the issue was far from over. Nisga’s Land Claims on pg 280-282 of your text.Nisga’s Land Claims on pg 280-282 of your text.

Page 78: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Nisga’a Land ClaimThe Nisga’a Land Claim Took place in BC, and has taken more than 90 years Took place in BC, and has taken more than 90 years

to resolve.to resolve. August 4, 1998, representatives from the federal and August 4, 1998, representatives from the federal and

provincial governments, and the Nisga’a First provincial governments, and the Nisga’a First Nations signed the first modern treaty in BC.Nations signed the first modern treaty in BC. Allocated $200 million in treaty settlement funds, 1930 Allocated $200 million in treaty settlement funds, 1930

square km of land in the Lower Nass Valley, and square km of land in the Lower Nass Valley, and ownership of 18 reserves outside of the area.ownership of 18 reserves outside of the area.

They are entitled to all resources on Nisga’a owned land, They are entitled to all resources on Nisga’a owned land, have rights to timber outside settlement area, and have a have rights to timber outside settlement area, and have a guaranteed share of about 20% of the allowable catch of guaranteed share of about 20% of the allowable catch of Nass River Salmon.Nass River Salmon.

The Nisga’a government can also make laws consistent The Nisga’a government can also make laws consistent with Canadian law, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, with Canadian law, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the Criminal Code.and the Criminal Code.

Page 79: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Nisga’a Land ClaimThe Nisga’a Land Claim

Nisga’a Land Claim

Page 80: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Nisga’a Land ClaimThe Nisga’a Land Claim The struggle for the Nisga’a land claim rights began The struggle for the Nisga’a land claim rights began

in 1907.in 1907. They were the first Native peoples in BC to pursue their They were the first Native peoples in BC to pursue their

goal of claiming title to their ancestral lands through the goal of claiming title to their ancestral lands through the Canadian political system.Canadian political system.

They argued that because they had not signed a treaty with They argued that because they had not signed a treaty with the provincial government, the concept of reserves for the the provincial government, the concept of reserves for the Native peoples did not apply to them.Native peoples did not apply to them.

Pg. 281.Pg. 281. The Nisga’a chiefs wanted a treaty that would The Nisga’a chiefs wanted a treaty that would

accomplish three things:accomplish three things: Honour aboriginal title to the land.Honour aboriginal title to the land. Give the Nisga’a larger reserves on which they live.Give the Nisga’a larger reserves on which they live. Compensate the Nisga’a for any land they surrendered.Compensate the Nisga’a for any land they surrendered.

Page 81: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Nisga’a Land ClaimThe Nisga’a Land Claim

1910, PM Laurier encouraged the Nisga’a to take 1910, PM Laurier encouraged the Nisga’a to take their case to the Judicial Committee of the British their case to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council.Privy Council. The Council decided the claim must be heard in a Canadian The Council decided the claim must be heard in a Canadian

court first.court first. Laurier was no longer PM at the time of this and the case would Laurier was no longer PM at the time of this and the case would

never be heard.never be heard.

It was not till 1949 when Nisga’a chief Frank Calder It was not till 1949 when Nisga’a chief Frank Calder was elected t the BC legislature, and 1960 when was elected t the BC legislature, and 1960 when suffrage was granted to the Natives of Canada, that suffrage was granted to the Natives of Canada, that things began to change.things began to change. The governments soon began to resolve issues of land and The governments soon began to resolve issues of land and

self government.self government.

Page 82: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Nisga’a Land ClaimThe Nisga’a Land Claim

The Nisga’a treaty was The Nisga’a treaty was the first treaty the first treaty concluded west of the concluded west of the Rockies since BC joined Rockies since BC joined confederation in 1871.confederation in 1871.

Page 83: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The New Century: Wonders of he The New Century: Wonders of he Laurier AgeLaurier Age

Things had now began to Things had now began to change.change.

Technology was developing Technology was developing and the world around people and the world around people was now becoming more was now becoming more accessible.accessible.

Travel by car and plane, Travel by car and plane, rapid communication rapid communication through wireless radio, and through wireless radio, and the creation of the motion the creation of the motion picture were all new picture were all new technological developments.technological developments.

Page 84: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Arrival of the CarThe Arrival of the Car

1901, automobiles appeared on the cover of the 1901, automobiles appeared on the cover of the Eaton's catalogue for the first time.Eaton's catalogue for the first time.

Within the next few years, automobiles become more Within the next few years, automobiles become more affordable, and more and more of the were now being affordable, and more and more of the were now being seen on Canadian streets.seen on Canadian streets.

The profits to be made in the automobile industry The profits to be made in the automobile industry were huge.were huge. Companies like Massey-Harris, and the Canadian Cycle Companies like Massey-Harris, and the Canadian Cycle

and Motor Company went into production.and Motor Company went into production. Most of the vehicles made were hybrids that included American Most of the vehicles made were hybrids that included American

engines and working parts mounted on a Canadian body.engines and working parts mounted on a Canadian body.

Page 85: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Arrival of the CarThe Arrival of the Car Not everyone was happy about the coming of the car.Not everyone was happy about the coming of the car.

1908, P.E.I. banned the automobile on a claim that they 1908, P.E.I. banned the automobile on a claim that they tore up roads and frightened children and livestock.tore up roads and frightened children and livestock.

In BC the response was positive.In BC the response was positive. Soon most Canadian’s realized that the car was a Soon most Canadian’s realized that the car was a

useful and reliable thing.useful and reliable thing. Soon the successful and well-to-do people of Canada Soon the successful and well-to-do people of Canada

adopted the car as the preferred means of transportation.adopted the car as the preferred means of transportation. 1908, Canada opened its first gas station in 1908, Canada opened its first gas station in

Vancouver as a result of the popular growth of the Vancouver as a result of the popular growth of the use of automobiles.use of automobiles.

Most vehicles in BC were restricted to the south Most vehicles in BC were restricted to the south because of the lack of good road north of the lower because of the lack of good road north of the lower mainland.mainland.

Page 86: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

The Arrival of the CarThe Arrival of the Car

Page 87: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Soaring Through the AirSoaring Through the Air

The use of airplanes in Canada took much The use of airplanes in Canada took much longer to catch on than the use of the longer to catch on than the use of the automobile.automobile.

Crashes were frequent, and most pilots did Crashes were frequent, and most pilots did their own repairs and maintenance.their own repairs and maintenance.

The first successful flight in Canada was in The first successful flight in Canada was in 1909 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.1909 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. J.A.D. McCurdy was the pilot, and he flew a plane J.A.D. McCurdy was the pilot, and he flew a plane

called the Silver Dart 10 meters above the ground called the Silver Dart 10 meters above the ground for almost a kilometre at 30 km/hr.for almost a kilometre at 30 km/hr.

Page 88: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Soaring Through the AirSoaring Through the Air

Page 89: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

A Communications RevolutionA Communications Revolution At the turn of the century, Canada was the world At the turn of the century, Canada was the world

leader in telephone use.leader in telephone use. 1901 census counted over 300,000 phone lines.1901 census counted over 300,000 phone lines.

This was nearly twice as many per person as the US.This was nearly twice as many per person as the US. Wake-up calls were offered to encourage new customers to Wake-up calls were offered to encourage new customers to

subscribe.subscribe. Other company’s like the Victoria and Esquimalt Telephone Other company’s like the Victoria and Esquimalt Telephone

Company, had children run errands for subscribers at a rate of 15 Company, had children run errands for subscribers at a rate of 15 cents a half hour.cents a half hour.

The working conditions for operators were The working conditions for operators were undesirable with the headphone sets weighing 3 undesirable with the headphone sets weighing 3 kilograms, and the hours and pay being dismal.kilograms, and the hours and pay being dismal. Pg. 285.Pg. 285.

Page 90: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

A Communications RevolutionA Communications Revolution 1901, Canada received the first wireless telegraph from 1901, Canada received the first wireless telegraph from

England on Signal Hill in Newfoundland.England on Signal Hill in Newfoundland. It was the first message to cross the Atlantic without the use of wires.It was the first message to cross the Atlantic without the use of wires. It was in Morse Code.It was in Morse Code.

1902, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company was set up in 1902, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company was set up in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. They a established permanent radio communication across the Atlantic.They a established permanent radio communication across the Atlantic. 1908, they announced they would transmit messages from the public at 1908, they announced they would transmit messages from the public at

a rate of 15 cents a word.a rate of 15 cents a word. 1907, Canadian inventor Frederick Fessenden transmitted the 1907, Canadian inventor Frederick Fessenden transmitted the

worlds first radio broadcast of music and voice.worlds first radio broadcast of music and voice. The radio was slow to catch on.The radio was slow to catch on.

Page 91: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

A Communications RevolutionA Communications Revolution

Page 92: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

A Communications RevolutionA Communications Revolution

Superior reception over water increased the use of Superior reception over water increased the use of wireless radio in shipping.wireless radio in shipping. 1913, the use of radios was increasing with the publicity 1913, the use of radios was increasing with the publicity

surrounding the role they played in the sinking of the surrounding the role they played in the sinking of the Titanic.Titanic.

The Titanic wired a message alerting rescue ship, and it allowed The Titanic wired a message alerting rescue ship, and it allowed for 700 lives to be saved in the sinking.for 700 lives to be saved in the sinking.

It was around this same time that new moving picture It was around this same time that new moving picture shows were coming out.shows were coming out. The first public screening in Canada was in 1896.The first public screening in Canada was in 1896.

The viewers paid 10 cents to crowd into a hall in Ottawa to see The viewers paid 10 cents to crowd into a hall in Ottawa to see several one-minute films showing people doing everyday things.several one-minute films showing people doing everyday things.

Page 93: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

During the Laurier Era, Canadian sports began During the Laurier Era, Canadian sports began to take off, and many who participated become to take off, and many who participated become world champions.world champions. George Dixon was the first black man to win a George Dixon was the first black man to win a

world boxing championship, Tommy Burns was world boxing championship, Tommy Burns was the only Canadian to capture the heavyweight title the only Canadian to capture the heavyweight title in 1906 and defend in 10 times, Tom Longboat of in 1906 and defend in 10 times, Tom Longboat of the Six Nations was one of greatest long distance the Six Nations was one of greatest long distance runners of the time.runners of the time.

1908, Canada sent its first team to the Olympics.1908, Canada sent its first team to the Olympics.

Page 94: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

As a result of rapid industrialization and As a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization, spectator sports and outdoor urbanization, spectator sports and outdoor recreation began to grow.recreation began to grow. 1909, first Grey Cup.1909, first Grey Cup. 1912, first Calgary Stampede.1912, first Calgary Stampede. People watched Babe Ruth hit his first home run at People watched Babe Ruth hit his first home run at

Hanlan’s Point, Toronto.Hanlan’s Point, Toronto. The emergence of the automobile also helped The emergence of the automobile also helped

with the development of other outdoor with the development of other outdoor activities like hiking and camping.activities like hiking and camping.

Page 95: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

Page 96: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

Canadian poetry and writing become a favourite past Canadian poetry and writing become a favourite past time.time. Pauline Johnson was a Canadian poet who celebrated her Pauline Johnson was a Canadian poet who celebrated her

success in poetry reading across Canada, the united States, success in poetry reading across Canada, the united States, and Europe.and Europe.

Lucy Maude Montgomery wrote Anne of Green Gables, Lucy Maude Montgomery wrote Anne of Green Gables, and Stephan Leacock authored Sunshine Sketches of a and Stephan Leacock authored Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, a humorous look at small town Ontario.Little Town, a humorous look at small town Ontario.

Robert Service brought to life the adventures of the Yukon Robert Service brought to life the adventures of the Yukon Gold Rush through his poems.Gold Rush through his poems.

Emily Carr become well know for her paintings of Emily Carr become well know for her paintings of aboriginal life and wild life settings in the Queen Charlotte aboriginal life and wild life settings in the Queen Charlotte Islands.Islands.

Page 97: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

Page 98: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

With the invention of the refrigerated rail car, With the invention of the refrigerated rail car, a wider variety of foods were now available a wider variety of foods were now available across the country.across the country.

Taste in food began to change.Taste in food began to change. 1910, processed foods like Heinz ketchup 1910, processed foods like Heinz ketchup

were common, and 5-cent chocolate bars went were common, and 5-cent chocolate bars went on sale.on sale.

Soft drinks began to sweep across the nation Soft drinks began to sweep across the nation much like they did in the US.much like they did in the US.

Page 99: The Emergence of Modern Canada 1896-1914. Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation. 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation

Arts and LeisureArts and Leisure

Coca Cola was now Coca Cola was now being marketed as a soft being marketed as a soft drink and not a drink and not a medicine.medicine.

John McLaughlin, a John McLaughlin, a Toronto pharmacist, Toronto pharmacist, developed Canada Dry developed Canada Dry Ginger Ale.Ginger Ale.

It seemed as though It seemed as though Canada was truly Canada was truly coming of age!coming of age!