the effects of organic amendment on soil properties and crop production komariah dept. of irrigation...

The Effects of Organic The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Properties and Crop

ProductionProduction

Komariah

Dept. of Irrigation and Drainage, United Graduate School of Agriculture , Gifu University, Japan

岐阜大学関係学位論文発表

平成 20 年 1 月 22 日

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru SengeSengeAssociate: Dr. Kengo ItoAssociate: Dr. Kengo Ito

Background

Total cassava production in province of Lampung, Indonesia: 4.67 x 109 kg

Abundant tapioca waste:Limited utilization for industries and

livestock

Evoke environmental problem

Utilization for environmental conservation

BackgroundIndonesia: tropical country

High Air Temperature +High solar radiation intensity

High EvaporationHigh Soil temperature

Utilization of tapioca wastes for reduce water loss

(evapotranspiration) + as insulating material for lower soil

temperature

Background

Pineapple Plantation in Indonesia: Long culture period + tropical monsoon climate

Soil deterioration

Utilization of tapioca wastes for soil properties amelioration

Experimental Site Experimental Site (Research 1)(Research 1)

INDONESIAINDONESIA

1. “ The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and

Temperatures” –A Case Study of Tapioca Wastes Application-

TreatmeTreatmentsnts

A. Control

B. Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha)

C. Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha)

D. Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha)

E. 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulch

1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Cassava Bagasse

Cassava PeelRice Husk

( もみがら）

Investigated Organic Investigated Organic MaterialsMaterials

SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA FROM TAPIOCA

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY


Plot Size

0.6m

15m

60 plan

ts

0.5m

1 treatment:

2 plots

1 plot:

120 plants

Pineapple variety: “Smooth Cayenne”


Control


300ton/ha rice husk mulching


300ton/ha cassava bagasse mulching


300ton/ha cassava peel mulching


0.5mm-Black polyethylene film mulching


Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

(Exp. 1)(Exp. 1)


Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth2.5cm depth

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

Aug.2001

Sept.2001

Oct.2001

Nov.2001

Dec.2001

J an.2002

Feb.2002

Mar.2002

Apr.2002

May.2002

J une.2002

july.2002

Aug.2002

Sept.2002

soil

tem

pera

ture

(o C

)

control

rice husk

cassava bagasse

cassava peel

black film

General declining trend??

Canopy of plants progressively increased


solarsolar

small canopy big canopy

IllustrationIllustration

Canopy progressively increased

decreased soil temp.

increased soil surface shading

suppressed heat absorption by mulch

1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content

and Temperatures

Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth2.5cm depth

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

Aug.2001

Sept.2001

Oct.2001

Nov.2001

Dec.2001

J an.2002

Feb.2002

Mar.2002

Apr.2002

May.2002

J une.2002

july.2002

Aug.2002

Sept.2002

soil

tem

pera

ture

(o C

)

control

rice husk

cassava bagasse

cassava peel

black film

Black film low albedo (high heat absorption); low latent heat flux

(heat release/discharge)

Cassava bagasse: can readily undergo fermentation ( 28oC)fermentation occurred soil temperature high

Rice husk & cassava peel: nearly similar albedo to control; low heat transfer into soil layers


IllustrationIllustration1. The Influences of Organic

Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

control

rather high soil temp.

High heat absorption

(rather low albedo)

High heat discharge

(high latent heat flux)

Black film mulch

higher soil temp.


(low albedo)

Low heat discharge

(low latent heat flux)

IllustrationIllustration1. The Influences of Organic

Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Low heat discharge

(rather low latent heat flux)

soil temp. higher

Cassava bagasse mulch

Low heat absorption from solar rad.

(rather high albedo)

fermentation

High heat absorption from fermentation

Lower soil temp.

Rice husk/ cassava peel mulch


(rather high albedo)

Low heat transfer into soil

Dry Dry seasonseason

Dry seasonDry seasonRainy seasonRainy seasonEl NinoEl Nino

irrigatedirrigated

Soil moisture content at 0-30cm depth (TDR)Soil moisture content at 0-30cm depth (TDR)

20

25

30

35

40

Aug.2001

Sept.2001

Oct.2001

Nov.2001

Dec.2001

J an.2002

Feb.2002

Mar.2002

Apr.2002

May.2002

J une.2002

J uly.2002

Aug.2002

Sept.2002

Soi

l Moi

stur

e C

onte

nt (%

vol.)

control

rice husk

cassava bagasse

cassava peel

black filmirrigatedirrigated

Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater;

enhanced effective rainfall

Rice husk, cassava peel and black film nearly

similar to controlSoil moistures under cassava bagasse and black film mulch were the lowest due to higher

biomass and caused the higher evapotranspiration rates


0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Control Ricehusk

Cassavabagasse

Cassavapeel

Blackfilm

(t h

a-1)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

Control Rice husk Cassavabagasse

Cassavapeel

Black film

(g p

lant

-1)

Pineapple Fruit Pineapple Fruit YieldYield

Total wet Total wet biomassbiomass

No significant differences at p0.05; ANOVA followed with Duncan test (both of total wet biomass and yield)


Black film mulches resulted in higher total wet biomass and yield due to the Black film mulches resulted in higher total wet biomass and yield due to the highest mean soil temperature; highest mean soil temperature;

Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures; higher Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures; higher than control hence biomass and yields than control hence biomass and yields

Mean Soil Temperature

25

26

27

28

29

30Aug

. 200

1

Sep

t. 2

001

Oct

. 200

1

Nov

. 200

1

Dec

. 200

1

Jan.

200

2

Feb.

200

2

Mar

. 200

2

Apr

. 200

2

May

. 200

2

June

. 200

2

July

. 200

2

Aug

. 200

2

Sep

t. 2

002

soil

tem

pera

ture

(o C

)controlrice husk mulchcassava bagasse mulchcassava peel mulchblack polyethylene mulch

Conclusion (Exp.1)• Black film and cassava bagasse mulches Black film and cassava bagasse mulches resulted in higher maximum soil temperaturesresulted in higher maximum soil temperatures

• Rice husk and cassava peel mulches Rice husk and cassava peel mulches resulted in lower maximum soil resulted in lower maximum soil

temperaturestemperatures

• Cassava bagasse absorbed and Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater hence soil retained rainwater hence soil

moisture contents were high, while moisture contents were high, while others did not play any better role in others did not play any better role in

soil moisture retentionsoil moisture retention


• Organic mulches resulted in nearly Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures hence similar mean soil temperatures hence

the biomasses and yields toothe biomasses and yields too

2. “ Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using

Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes”

Materials and MethodMaterials and Method

Same experimental Same experimental site as Exp. 1site as Exp. 1

2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Cassava Bagasse

Cassava PeelRice Husk

( もみがら）

SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA FROM TAPIOCA

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY


TreatmentTreatmentss

A.A. ControlControl

B.B. Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha)Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha)

C.C. Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha)Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha)

D.D. Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha)Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha)

E. E. CCassava peel incorporated/ mixed into soil assava peel incorporated/ mixed into soil (300 ton/ha)(300 ton/ha)

F.F. 0.5mm- 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulchBlack polyethylene film mulch


Picture of Total Experimental PlotPicture of Total Experimental Plot

Complete randomized design; 3 replicationsComplete randomized design; 3 replications


Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion(Exp. 2)(Exp. 2)


0

20

40

60

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Control Rice huskmulch

Bagassemulch

Cassavapeel

mulch

Peelmixed soil

Black Filmmulch

x10-3

kg

kg-1

Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Change; Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Change; 0-5cm0-5cm


Initial: July 2001;Initial: July 2001;

Final: Sept. 2002Final: Sept. 2002

ONLYONLY

Decomposition Rate Level (Visible with naked-eyes):

FASTFAST : : Cassava Bagasse (No longer visible 15 months after application)

MEDIUMMEDIUM: Rice Husk (Visible 15 months after application with partially decomposed into smaller sizes)

Cassava Peel (Visible 15 months after application with very less physical changes)

Had already totally decomposed and could not supply more SOM

The decomposition process was still ongoing hence kept on supplying SOM

Cassava peel had just started or just started to decompose hence could not supply SOM yet

Available Water Content Change (AWC); -10 Available Water Content Change (AWC); -10 ～～ -1500 -1500 kPa; 0-kPa; 0-5cm depth5cm depth

0

50

100

150

200

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Initia

l

Fin

al

Control Rice huskmulch

Bagassemulch

Cassavapeel

mulch

Peelmixed soil

BlackFilm

mulch

x10-3

m3 m

-3

Initial: July 2001;Initial: July 2001;

Final: Sept. 2002Final: Sept. 2002

AWC distinctly AWC distinctly increased only under increased only under

rice husk mulch due to rice husk mulch due to SOM increased; SOM SOM increased; SOM

holds more waterholds more water


EarthworEarthworm m

PopulatioPopulationsns

(0-45(0-45cm)cm)

Rainy Rainy season season

Dry Dry season season

0

30

60

90

120

150

indi

vidu

al m

-2

control rice huskmulch

bagassemulch

peelmulch

black filmmulch

peel mixed

0

30

60

90

120

150

indi

vidu

al m

-2

control ricehuskmulch

bagassemulch

peelmulch

blackfilm

mulch

peelmixed

Organic Materials provided food source for Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms at both seasons hence significantly earthworms at both seasons hence significantly

increased earthworm populationsincreased earthworm populations


Conclusion (Exp.2)

• The decomposition process of rice husk The decomposition process of rice husk mulch that was still ongoing until 15 mulch that was still ongoing until 15

months after application kept on months after application kept on supplying SOM, thus distinctly supplying SOM, thus distinctly

increased SOM and Available Water increased SOM and Available Water ContentContent


• Organic Materials provided food Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms, hence source for earthworms, hence

earthworm populations were highearthworm populations were high

CONTROL

RBM

RBMx

RBMx + BM

RBM + BM

RBM + CM

RBMx + CM

BM

CM

3. Soil Solarization Incorporated with Rice Bran on Soil Physical, Biological, and Broccoli Yield

1.2m

0.8m

Final conclusion

Tapioca wastesTapioca wastes

Cassava bagasse:Cassava bagasse: Cassava peelCassava peel

High max. soil temperatureHigh max. soil temperature

High soil moistureHigh soil moisture

Speedy decomposition; no Speedy decomposition; no more SOM supplymore SOM supply

Low max. soil temperatureLow max. soil temperature

Low soil moistureLow soil moisture

Medium decomposition; no Medium decomposition; no SOM supply yetSOM supply yet

Nearly similar biomass and yield

Rice husk:Rice husk:

Contributed significant increase on SOM by keeping Contributed significant increase on SOM by keeping SOM supplied until 15 months after application with SOM supplied until 15 months after application with its moderate decomposition rate, hence available its moderate decomposition rate, hence available water content (AWC) also increasedwater content (AWC) also increased

the effects of organic amendment on soil properties and crop production komariah dept. of irrigation...

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