the duel for north america: 1608-1763

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The Duel for North America: 1608-1763 In the late 17 th and early 18 th centuries the major powers in Europe (Great Britain, France and Spain) fought a series of wars over land, power and trade. These wars were not only fought in Europe but also in India and North America.

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The Duel for North America: 1608-1763. In the late 17 th and early 18 th centuries the major powers in Europe (Great Britain, France and Spain) fought a series of wars over land, power and trade. These wars were not only fought in Europe but also in India and North America. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries the major powers in Europe (Great Britain, France and Spain) fought a series of wars over land, power and trade. These wars were not only fought in Europe but also in India and North America.

Page 2: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The First Three Wars

King George II Named after the king or queen who ruled England during the war

King William’s War 1689-1697Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713England tried to capture

Quebec with limited success

King George’s War 1744-1748Spain and France attacked the

frontiers of the colonies England had some success

Page 3: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The French and Indian War

In the first three wars, the European powers saw little value in committing regular troops to America

But the French and Indian War started in the Americas and spread to Europe

The value of the colonies increased, so large numbers of troops were sent to help defend them

In Europe it was known as the Seven Years’ War

Page 4: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The French and Indian War

George Washington From the British point of view France initiated the war by building forts in the Ohio R. Valley

A small colonial militia, led by G. Washington was sent to stop the growing French presence

After a small victory, Washington met defeat at the hands of a superior French force

The war had begun!

Page 5: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The French and Indian War

At first the war went badly for the British

In 1755, Gen. Braddock was defeated by a combined French and Indian force near Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

The Algonquin allies of the French attacked the frontier from PA to NC

Page 6: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The French and Indian War

Page 7: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The Albany Plan of Union

Recognizing the need for coordinating colonial defenses, the British govt. called for colonial representatives to meet

Representatives from the colonies met in 1754 in Albany

The delegates from 7 colonies adopted a plan – the Albany Plan of Union – developed by B. Franklin

Page 8: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The Albany Plan of Union

The plan provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the colonies

The delegates, including Benjamin Franklin adopted the plan but the individual colonies spurned it

The colonies could not agree (especially on the tax issue) and the plan never took effect

The Albany Congress did set a precedent for later, more revolutionary congresses in the 1770s

Page 9: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

“Join, or Die.”

A month before the Albany congress assembled, Benjamin Franklin published this political cartoon in his Pennsylvania Gazette

Page 10: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

British Victory

William Pitt In London, the new PM, William Pitt refocused Britain’s war goals

Canada was attacked and slowly key cities were conquered by the British army

Louisburg, Quebec (Gen. James Wolfe) and Montreal were taken by the British by 1760

Peace treaty was signed in 1763

Page 11: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

French and Indian war

Page 12: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Treaty of Paris

As a result of the peace treaty (Treaty of Paris), the British extended their control over N. America and French power on the continent virtually ended

Britain acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida

France ceded to Spain its huge western territory (Louisiana) and claims west of the Mississippi R.

Page 13: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763
Page 14: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Immediate Effects of the War

Britain had unchallenged supremacy in N. America

British navy was the dominant naval power in the world

American colonies no longer had to feel the threat of French or Spanish attacks, especially on the frontier

Page 15: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Immediate Effects of the War

From the American point of view, no consequence of the war was more momentous than the change in relationship between the colonies and British government

Foremost was the change in how the British viewed the colonies and how the colonists viewed the mother country

Page 16: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The British View

The British came away with a generally low opinion of the colonial military effort

They saw the American militia as a poorly trained, disorderly rabble

Failure by some of the colonies to commit money and troops further enhanced the British view that the colonists were unable/unwilling to defend the frontiers

Page 17: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

The Colonial View

The colonists took an opposite view of their military performance

They felt proud of their record in the British wars

They had developed confidence that they could successfully defend themselves

They were not impressed by the British military leadership, which did not seem suited for America’s terrain

Page 18: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Reorganization of the British Empire

Britain changed certain policies in regards to its colonies

Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and had generally allowed its navigation laws regulating colonial trade to go unenforced

This earlier policy of salutary neglect was now abandoned by the British

Page 19: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Reorganization of the British Empire

The wars (especially the French and Indian) between the European rivals were very costly

Britain felt the need to maintain a large British force in N. America to guard the frontiers

British landowners were paying high taxes for the wars

Page 20: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Reorganization of the British Empire

King George III and Parliament pursued a colonial policy aimed at solving the financial woes of Britain

They wished to make the colonies bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire

Page 21: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion

In 1763, Chief Pontiac led a major assault against colonial frontier settlements

The Native Americans were angered by the growing westward movement of the colonists

Pontiac and his allies destroyed forts and settlements from NY to VA

Rather than rely on local militia, the British sent regular troops

Page 22: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Proclamation of 1763

As a further measure to help stabilize the western frontier, the British government issued a proclamation that prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mts.

It was hoped that this would prevent any further hostilities between the native Americans and the colonists

Page 23: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Proclamation of 1763

The colonists reacted with anger and defiance

After the French and Indian War the colonists hoped to reap the benefits of access to more land

For the British to deny this was infuriating

Thousands of colonists defied the proclamation and pushed westward

Page 24: The Duel for North America: 1608-1763

Differing Points of View

BritainEach act was justified as a

proper method for protecting its colonial empire and making the colonies pay their share of costs for the protection

ColoniesEach act by Britain was an

alarming threat to the colonial sense of liberty and long established practice of self-government