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Modern European History Imperialism Document-Based Question (DBQ) Essay Imperialism DBQ Packet 1 The dramatic changes of the 19 th century led European nations to scramble for control of the rest of the world. Africa, due to both its location and vast natural resources, was high on the list for European domination. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Using the documents in this packet (and optionally any other materials from class), write an essay that answers the following inquiry questions. Outside sources/research is NOT allowed. INQUIRY QUESTIONS Imperialism was a policy that many Europeans justified by focusing on the benefits to both Europe and the colonies. However, the policy had lasting costs for everyone involved. A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism? B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people? C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans? [You DO need to address all of these questions in your paper, although you DO NOT have to spend equal time/energy on each question] REQUIREMENTS Ø 5-6 paragraphs (introduction, conclusion and 3-4 body ¶s) Ø at least one direct quote* in each body paragraph Ø at least 7 total quotes/references* (at least 4 must be direct quotes). You may have more than one quote or reference from the same source. Ø Use a total of at least 4 different sources from this packet o You may use additional evidence from our class presentations/notes, as needed, but do not use outside materials o You do NOT need a works cited page (all documents are from this packet or class materials). However, you must use internal citations. *QUOTES are taken word-for-word from a source (in quotation marks) *REFERENCES are when you refer to the document and what it means. Use this format for internal (parenthetical) citations: There was “a clear and unmistakable drive for European domination” in the way they approached Atlantis (Smith).

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ModernEuropeanHistory ImperialismDocument-BasedQuestion(DBQ)Essay

ImperialismDBQPacket

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The dramatic changes of the 19th century led European nations to scramble for control of the rest of the world. Africa, due to both its location and vast natural resources, was high on the list for European domination. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Using the documents in this packet (and optionally any other materials from class), write an essay that answers the following inquiry questions. Outside sources/research is NOT allowed.

INQUIRYQUESTIONS ImperialismwasapolicythatmanyEuropeansjustifiedbyfocusingonthebenefitstobothEuropeandthecolonies.However,thepolicyhadlastingcostsforeveryoneinvolved.

A. WhatweretheEuropeans’motivesandexcusesforimperialism?B. Whatwasthereality?Whatwerethevarious(physical,mentaland

emotional)coststothecolonizedpeople?C. Whatwerethecosts(moral,competitive,orothercosts)totheEuropeans?

[YouDOneedtoaddressallofthesequestionsinyourpaper,althoughyouDONOThavetospendequaltime/energyoneachquestion]

REQUIREMENTS

Ø 5-6 paragraphs (introduction, conclusion and 3-4 body ¶s)

Ø at least one direct quote* in each body paragraph

Ø at least 7 total quotes/references* (at least 4 must be direct quotes). You may have more than one quote or reference from the same source.

Ø Use a total of at least 4 different sources from this packet

o You may use additional evidence from our class presentations/notes, as needed, but do not use outside materials

o You do NOT need a works cited page (all documents are from this packet or class materials). However, you must use internal citations.

*QUOTESaretakenword-for-wordfromasource(inquotationmarks)*REFERENCESarewhenyourefertothedocumentandwhatitmeans.Usethisformatforinternal(parenthetical)citations:Therewas“aclearandunmistakabledriveforEuropeandomination”inthewaytheyapproachedAtlantis(Smith).

ModernEuropeanHistory ImperialismDocument-BasedQuestion(DBQ)Essay

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DIRECTIONSPartI:GettingStarted1.Brainstorm:Carefullyreadthequestionsandthinkaboutwhatyoualreadyknow.Writedownanynotesorideasthatcouldbeuseful.2.Analyze:Examineeachdocumentinthispacket.Usethebottomhalfofeachpagetohelpyoutranslate,analyze,andapplyeachdocumenttotheinquiryquestions.3.Thesis:Whatisyourmainargument(s)goingtobe?Don’tgetstucktryingtowritetheperfectthesis—makesureyougettheideadownandthenyoushouldcheckbacklater.YoudoNOTneedtospecificallyaddressall3Inquiryquestion(s)inyourthesis(althoughyoucan).Youwilladdressall3questionsinyouressay,butyourthesisdoesnotnecessarilyneedtohitthemall.4.Outline:

• Whatisyourplanforsupportingyourthesis?• Whatarethemainpointsofyouranalysis?• Whatdocumentswillyouusetosupportyourthesis?• Whatwilleachparagraphsay?

PartII:Writingtheessay1. Thesis.Whatareyougoingtoargue?Yourthesisstatementisthe(arguableand

provable)statementthataddressestheInquiryquestion(s).Iwillarguethatthesis.YoudoNOTneedtospecificallyaddressall3Inquiryquestion(s)inyourthesis.Youwilladdresstheminyouressay,butyourthesisdoesnotneedtoanswerthemall.

2. Introduction(thinkbackground/context,background/context,andsomemorebackground/context).Andofcourseahook,yourthesisandsub-topics.

3. BodyParagraphs.Topicsentence;evidence(quotes/references);analysis(how/why

thosequotes/referencessupportyourthesis);transitionsentence.4. Conclusion.Bynow,youshouldhaveprovenyourthesis;restateithere.Addyour

finalinsight(notbrandnewevidence,butsomeconcludingorthought-provokingstatement).

5. Gobackandreadyourthesis/introductionnow.Doesitmakesense?Ifnot,fixit.

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Source1:ExcerptfromtheMemoirofNdansiKumalo(Kumalo)Kumalo was a member of the Ndebele people of Nigeria; many members of his tribe died under British expansion in the 1870-1880s.

Would I like to have the old days back? Well, the white men have brought some good things. For a start, they brought us European implements — plows; we can buy European clothes, which are an advance. The Government has arranged for education and through that, when our children grow up, they may rise in status. We want them to be educated and civilized and make better citizens. Even in our own time there were troubles, there was much fighting and many innocent people were killed. It is infinitely better to have peace instead of war, and our treatment generally by the officials is better than it was at first. But, under the white people, we still have our troubles. Economic conditions are telling on us very severely. We are on land where the rainfall is scanty, and things will not grow well. In our own time we could pick our own country, but now all the best land has been taken by the white people. We get hardly any price for our cattle; we find it hard to meet our money obligations. If we have crops to spare we get very little for them; we find it difficult to make ends meet

Translat ion o f Source 1 1. Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source2:JosiahStrongonAnglo-SaxonPredominance,1891(Strong)Note:Anglo-Saxon=English/British

Again, another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries. […] Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history-the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled. […] Then this race of unequaled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it-the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization-having developed peculiarly aggressive traits calculated to impress its institutions upon mankind, will spread itself over the earth. "Any people," says Dr. Bushnell, "that is physiologically advanced in culture, though it be only in a degree beyond another which is mingled with it on strictly equal terms, is sure to live down and finally live out its inferior. Nothing can save the inferior race but a ready and pliant assimilation. Whether the feebler and more abject races are going to be regenerated and raised up, is already, very much of a question. What if it should be God's plan to people the world with better and finer material?"

Translat ion o f Source 2 1. Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source3:TheDevilfishinEgyptianWaters(Devilfishcartoon)ThispoliticalcartoonappearedinaBritishnewspaperinthe1880s.

Translat ion o f Source 3 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source4:Fromaninterviewwitharefugeefromtherubber-producingregions.(refugeeinterview)

PrimarysourceinterviewwithaCongoleseworker

Wehadtogofurtherandfurtherintotheforesttofindtherubbervines,togowithoutfood,andourwomenhadtogiveupcultivatingthefieldsandgardens.Thenwestarved.Wildbeasts—leopards—killedsomeofuswhenwewereworkingawayintheforest,andothersgotlostordiedfromexposureandstarvation,andwebeggedthewhitemantoleaveusalone,sayingthatwecouldgetnomorerubber,butthewhitemenandsoldierssaid:“Go!Youareonlybeastsyourselves.”

Translat ion o f Source 4 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s). A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source5:TheWhiteMan’sBurden–excerpted(Kipling)RudyardKiplingwrotethispoemtoAmericanswhowerejustbeginningtheirventureintoimperialism.ThepoemappearedinMcClure’sMagazine12Feb.1899.

TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden--Sendforththebestyebreed--GobindyoursonstoexileToserveyourcaptives'need;Towaitinheavyharness,Onflutteredfolkandwild--Yournew-caught,sullenpeoples,Half-devilandhalf-child.TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden--Inpatiencetoabide,ToveilthethreatofterrorAndchecktheshowofpride;Byopenspeechandsimple,AnhundredtimesmadeplainToseekanother'sprofit,Andworkanother'sgain.TakeuptheWhiteMan'sburden--Thesavagewarsofpeace--FillfullthemouthofFamineAndbidthesicknesscease;AndwhenyourgoalisnearestTheendforotherssought,WatchslothandheathenFollyBringallyourhopestonought.

Translat ion o f Source 5 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words. [save this document for later – we will discuss in class]

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source6:TheBlackMan’sBurden(Morel)EdwardMorel,aBritishjournalistintheBelgianCongo,drewattentiontotheabusesofimperialismin1903.TheCongowasperhapsthemostfamouslyexploitativeoftheEuropeancolonies.

Itis[theAfricans]whocarrythe‘Blackman’sburden.’Theyhavenotwitheredawaybeforethewhiteman’soccupation.Indeed…AfricahasultimatelyabsorbedwithinitselfeveryCaucasian.In[making]forhimselfafixedabodeinAfrica,thewhitemanhasmassacredtheAfricaninheaps.[…]Hischancesofeffectiveresistancehavebeensteadilydwindlingwiththeincreasingperfectibilityinthekillingpowerofmodernarmament…Toreduceallthevariedandpicturesqueandstimulatingwaysofsavagelifetoadullroutineofendlesstoilforuncomprehendedends,to[break]socialtiesanddisruptinstitutions;tostiflenaturaldesiresandcrushmentaldevelopment[…]tokillthesoulinapeople—thisisacrimewhichtranscendsphysicalmurder.

Translat ion o f Source 6 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source7:BalanceSheetsofImperialism(Clark)AnadaptationfromGroverClark’spieceonthecostsofImperialism(specificallyforItaly)

Thestruggleforcoloniesdoesnotresultonlyincashlosses.Therewerealsoliveslost,warsfought,andhatredsarousedthatthreatenednewwars...Italy’stradewithhercoloniesin1894-1932wasworth5,561millionlire[about$1,100million].Thiswaslessthanonepercentofhertotalforeigntradeinthesameperiod.Infact,herexpendituresoncoloniesforthattimewas6,856millionlire.Obviously,coloniescostmorethantheyareworthintrade.

Translat ion o f Source 7 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source8:PermanentColoniesComicStrip(Cooke)Askinclassforthecartoonshowingtheeffectsofcolonizationontheagriculturalproductionofthecolonizedcountries.

Cartoon available in class or on class website Translat ion o f Source 8 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source9:CecilRhodes’useofnationalismtojustifyimperialism(Killingray)Asquotedin“APlagueofEuropeans:WesternersinAfricaSincetheFifteenthCentury”byDavidKillingray.CecilRhodeswasaBritishstatesmanwhohelpedsecureBritishdominanceofsouthernAfrica.Hecontrolledtheregion’sdiamondproductionby1890.

Icontendthatwearethefirstraceintheworldandthatthemoreoftheworldweinhabitthebetteritisforthehumanrace…IcontendthateveryacreaddedtoourterritoryprovidesforthebirthofmoreoftheEnglishrace,whootherwisewouldnotbebroughtintoexistence…Ibelieveittobemydutytogod,myQueenandmycountrytopaintthewholemapofAfricared…Thatismycreed,mydreamandmymission.

Translat ion o f Source 9 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source10:AmountofAfricanLandControlledbyEuropeans(AfricanLandChart)

Translat ion o f Source 10 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source11:NnamdiAzikiwe,firstpresidentofindependentNigeria(Azikiwe)PrimarySourcespeechfrompost-warAfrica

"Thereexistsincoloniallandsarulewhichhasastrangleholdonthecountry'seconomy.Iregardtheideaofimperialismasacrimeagainsthumanity,becauseitenablesanypartofthehumanracewhichisarmedwithmodernscientificknowledgetoruleoverlessfortunatesectionsofmankind,simplybecausethelatterareunabletoresisttheforcewhichsupportssuchrule.Wedemandtherighttotakeoverresponsibilityforthegovernmentofourcountry.Wedemandtherighttobefreetomakemistakesandlearnfromourexperience."

Translat ion o f Source 11 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source12:EditorialCartoon(Germancartoon)CartoonshowingtheGermanviewofBritishImperialism

Translat ion o f Source 12

Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words. Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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Source13:QuotesfromAfricanleaderstoEuropeanleaders(Menelik)or(Machemba)

FromMenelikIIofEthiopiatoQueenVictoria:“Ihavenointentionatallofbeinganindifferentspectator,ifthedistantPowersholdtheideaofdividingupAfrica,Ethiopiahavingbeenforthepastfourteencenturies,anislandofChristianityinaseaofpagans...”FromMachemba,kingoftheYao(modern-dayTanzania),totheGermancommander,HermannvonWissmann:IhavelistenedtoyourwordsbutcanfindnoreasonwhyIshouldobeyyou--Iwouldratherdiefirst.Ifitshouldbefriendshipthatyoudesire,thenIamreadyforit,todayandalways;buttobeyoursubject,thatIcannotbe.Ifitshouldbewaryoudesire,thenIamready,butnevertobeyoursubject.Idonotfallatyourfeet,foryouareGod'screaturejustasIam.IamSultanhereinmyland.YouareSultanthereinyours.

Translat ion o f Source 13 Read & analyze the document, then put in your own words.

Which question(s) below can be supported by evidence from this source? Circle and explain your choice(s).

A. What were the Europeans’ motives and excuses for imperialism?

B. What was the reality? What were the various (physical, mental and emotional) costs to the colonized people?

C. What were the costs (moral, competitive, or other costs) to the Europeans?

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YOUDONOTNEEDTOUSETHISPAGE,BUTYOUNEEDSOMESYSTEMFORTAKINGNOTESUseinternalcitationswhenyouorganizeyourthoughtshere.Forexample:(Strong)

A.Motives&Excuses/JustificationsB.RealitiesofImperialism/CoststotheAfricansC.Costs(moral/competitive/other)toEuropeans