A state of political hostility and military tension between two countries or power blocs, involving

propaganda, subversion, threats, economic sanctions, and other measures short of open

warfare

Feb 1945 Big Three

FDR Churchill Stalin

Agreement to govern Germany jointly Allied Control Council

•To divide Germany and Austria into three (or four) zones of occupation, with all the powers of occupation represented in Berlin and Vienna. (Plans for breaking up Germany were rejected). •That areas of to be transferred to the USSR and Poland, •That the leading suspected war criminals were to be tried at Nuremberg. •Reparations (mainly to the USSR) were fixed. •the terms of surrender for Japan, to be managed by a council of foreign ministers in charge of peace settlements. That they would be called on to proclaim unconditional surrender,

Truman (US), Stalin (USSR) and Attlee (Britain)

1946 Fulton Missouri Statement clearly

describing existing situation

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent."

George F. Kennan, Senior State Department official, posted to USSR during war.

July 1947, article in Foreign Affairs journal, under author “X” War originally a Long Telegram sent back to

State Department, then published in Foreign Affairs

“...we are going to continue for a long time to find the Russians difficult to deal with. It does not mean that they should be considered as embarked upon a do-or-die program to overthrow our society...

March 12, 1947 Greece and Turkey in

danger of falling to communist insurgents

Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries.

Successful effort

U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposes a massive aid

program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II.

Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952. The Soviet Union and

communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

Soviet response to Marshall plan

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Est’d 1949

Feb. 1948 Key members of Czech gov’t die

mysteriously Pro-western President forced to resign,

new constitution ratified Complete takeover by Czech communists

Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48

From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin.

After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade.

All of the necessities for the city's 2.5 million residents -- an estimated 4,500 tons of food, coal and other materials each day -- had to enter the city by air.

On its biggest day, the "Easter parade" of April 16, 1949, the airlift sent 1,398 flights into Berlin -- one every minute.

Before it was all over, more than 278,000 flights would carry 2.3 million tons of relief supplies.

The airlift marked a rise in tensions between the West and the Soviets, but it also helped heal divisions left by World War II.

Almost immediately, The United States, Great Britain, and France shifted from Germany's conquerors to its protectors.

"The airlift was the starting point for Germany's inclusion in the West and for the reconciliation with the Western powers," Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen says.

Allied cooperation paved way for formation of new military alliance, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO

Soviets formed their own alliance called Warsaw Pact in 1955

In June, Jiang Jieshi defeated by Mao Flee to island of Taiwan

Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow, negotiates the Sino-Soviet

Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

On June 25, North Korean communist forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea. On June 27, Truman orders U.S. forces to assist the South Koreans The U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion and est’d a 15-nation fighting force. Chinese troops enter the conflict by year's end. Cease fire eventually brings war to close by 1953

After a siege, Vietnamese communists under Ho Chi Minh defeat French colonial forces at Dien Bien Phu

The country is divided at the 17th parallel, creating a North and South Vietnam.

The United States assumes the chief responsibility of providing anti-communist aid to South Vietnam.

General Vo Nguyen Giap.

On January 12, 1955 U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation.

It threatens full-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression anywhere in the world.

John Foster Dulles & and MacArthur in Korea, 1950

In a speech, February 14, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounces the policies of Stalin.

He rejects the Leninist idea of the inevitability of war and calls for a doctrine of "peaceful coexistence" between capitalist and communist systems.

On October 4, the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.

In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear.

January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista

Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union.

The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.

On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union.

After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, the United States recants earlier assertions that the plane was on a weather research mission.

Powers was sentenced to ten years in prison, including seven years of hard labor, following an infamous show-trial. He served less than two years, however, and was released in 1962 in exchange for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.

U.S.-organized invasion force of 1,400 Cuban exiles is defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs.

Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting.

Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster. Captured Cubans

On August 15, communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/mp3clips/politicalspeeches/jfkberlinaddress14444444iiiiii4444444444444.mp3

After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba.

After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles.

On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, defusing one of the most dangerous confrontations of the Cold War.

Copyright 2007 unimaps.com, used with permission

North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on the USS Mattox in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2.

On August 7, the U.S. Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Johnson authority to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

1954 Oct 22, As a result of the Geneva accords granting Communist control over North Vietnam, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized a crash program to train the South Vietnamese Army.  

1959 The US sent advisors to Vietnam. 1962-1972 In Vietnam giant US tanker planes sprayed

millions of gallons of Agent Orange on the once lush DMZ in order to eradicate the enemy's jungle cover.  

1964 Jul 14, The United States sent 600 more troops to Vietnam.

1964 Jul 27, President Lyndon Johnson sent an additional 5,000 advisers to South Vietnam.

 

Viet Cong guerrillas and North Vietnamese Army troops launched attacks across South Vietnam on January 30, the start of the lunar new year Tet.

In Saigon, guerrillas battle Marines at the U.S. Embassy.

In March, Johnson orders a halt to the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam and offers peace talks.

On January 5, reformer Alexander Dubcek came to power as general secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging reforms and democratization

The Prague Spring movement swept across the country.

Soviet and Warsaw Pact leaders sent 650,000 troops in August.

Dubcek arrested and hard-liners restored to power.

1968, Richard Nixon elected President, defeating Hubert Humphrey

On June 8, 1969 U.S. President Nixon announced his "Vietnamization" plan, designed to withdraw U.S ground forces from Vietnam and turn control of the war over to South Vietnamese forces.

On November 17, the 1st phase of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, Finland.

The finished agreement, signed in Moscow on May 26, 1972, placed limits on both submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear missiles.

Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to visit China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on February 21.

The two countries issue a communique recognizing their "essential differences" while making it clear that "normalization of relations" was in all nations' best interests.

The rapprochement changes the balance of power with the Soviets.

January 27, 1973, the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong sign the Paris Peace Treaty, establishing a cease-fire.

The United States is allowed to continue providing aid to South Vietnam.

Saigon falls in April 1975.

Communist Khmer Rouge take power in Cambodia, April 16 1975.

Cambodia's educated and urban population forced into the countryside as part of a state experiment in agrarian communism.

Under the regime of Pol Pot, as many as 3 million Cambodians died from 1975 to 1979.

“The Killing Fields”

December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government.

U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.

Afghanistan—the ”Soviet Vietnam

On August 14, Lech Walesa led massive strikes at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk, Poland.

The strikes soon spread to other cities and formed the nucleus of the Solidarity movement.

The communist government conceded to worker demands on August 31, and recognized their right to form unions and strike.

March 23, Reagan outlinrd his Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield that would use lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles far above the Earth's surface.

Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty.

Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the program causing near economic collapse.

On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform. perestroika

Economic reform- restructuring glasnost means openness, allowed greater free expression

and criticism of Soviet policies

On December 8, 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

It mandated the removal of more than 2,600 medium-range nuclear missiles from Europe, & eliminated the entire class of Soviet SS-20 and U.S. Cruise and Pershing II missiles.

Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its interests in Eastern Europe.

On September 10, Hungary opened its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West.

After massive public demonstrations in East Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell on November 9.

At a September 12 meeting in Moscow, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and the two Germanys agreed to end Allied occupation rights in Germany.

On October 3, East and West Germany united as the Federal Republic of Germany.