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Page 1: THE CHILDREN'S CLINIC THE NATIONAL EXAMINATION AND GUIDANCE CLINIC FOR DEAF AND HARD-OF-HEARING CHILDREN

In the other line of research 120 rttndon~ly selected school children were tested with HOHHSCHACH test twice with an interval of 18 months. and on both occasions visits were paid to the hoines of the children, and exhaustive conyersations were held with the parents about the develop- ment of their child and its problems. This material is not yet ready for publication. This work concentrates on the possibility of finding suit- able ways of recording the answers to the Rohrschach test and of co- difying the material from the case sheets with a view to an improvement of Our possibilities for a coniparison of inforniation collected at various stages of the child’s development, also the stages before and after they have received psychotherapy.

At the clinic an experinient was made with a group treatment of mothers of children who were to be sent to the clinic, but who could not expect to be treated till after a delay of about 18 months because of the long waiting lists. The purpose was partly to find out whether the pro- blems with the children could be solved without taking them under in - dividual treatment, and partly to prepare and facilitate a possible psy- chotherapy at a later date.

A ROHRSCHACH test of children from the special classes and schools was inade in the spring of 1959. The children (a total of 100) were put at the disposal of the clinic by two of the schools for special and re- tarded children. The purpose is to try to throw some light on the pro- blems arising i n connection with the diagnosing of intellectually retarded children, partly by means of an account and analysis of the existing results of the tests, partly by means of a comparison between this mate- rial and a group of normally intelligent children who have been examined at the clinic because of disturbances i n behaviour, and a group of normal school children.

Rigshospitalet (The State University Hospital) children who had been sent to the clinic with symptoms of tics, were called in for a renewed investigation.

Finally the clinic is now doing work ,on a series of cases in which the treatment WIS interrupted prem:iturely, nntl in connection with this i t is working on an analysis of the reilsons which make the parents seek help for their children at a child guidiince clinic.

I In connection with an investigation made at the Pediatric Ward of

THE CHILDREN‘S CLINIC THE NATIONAL EXAMINATION AND GUIDANCE CLINIC

by Sigfrid ~ H X , Mtrg. Art., Direclor FOR DEAF AND HARDeOF-HEARING CHILDREN

~HGAAh’lZATION.

The clinic is part of the nation-wide care for the deaf and hard- of-henring, the head of which is the Directorate for Exceptional Persons. The Directorate is part of the Ministry of Social Affairs. All major decisions pass a Board for the Deaf (-and Hard-of-Hearing), called ‘‘Dovenzvn”, a consultative board the members of which are civil servants

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consultatif dont les membres sont des fonctionnaires faisant partie du Directoire ti-dessus mentionne, tles maitres d’ecole et des professeurs qui exercent dans les Ccoles pour sourds et durs d’oreille, et des repre- sentnnts de parents et de sourds. Le Directeur est President de ce Bureau.

BUT. La clinique est un service pbdagogique-psychologique et audiomC-

trique dtabli en 1952 dans le but d e mesurer les defauts d’audition d’en- fants de moins de 7 ans, d’examiner l’enfant psychologiquement et d’ai- der les parents d’enfants soiirds ou diirs d’oreille. Tous les services de la clinique sont gratuits.

La clinique doit se consacrer i I’ensemble d u Danemark. Actuellement le domaine de travail de la clinique comprend : 1” des

enfants de moins de 7 ans, 2” des enfants d’iige scolaire et 3” des adul- tes. La clinique fonctionne en tant que psychologue scolaire pour les Cco- les de sourds et durs d’oreille d e ce pays, et, de plus, certains des psy- chologues d e la clinique sont consultants pour les adultes sourds ou durs d’oreille qui prksentent tles problemes psychologiques divers (psy- chotiques, nevrotiques et problemes du mCme genre).

LA CONSTATATION DES DdFAUTS D’AUDITION. Les enfants presentant des defauts d’audition, ou ceux qu’on soup-

qonne d’en presenter, sont enroyis k un bureau central dirigC par le Bureau des sourds et durs d’oreille. Cela perniet d’etablir une liste de tous les enfants dc ce pays presentant des defauts d’audition.

LES YOINS DE 7 ms. L’imd6al serait que les enfants de moins d e 7 ans presentant des dC-

fauts d’audition soient tous envoyes k la clinique aussitbt que possible. De plus, un grand nombre d’enfants n’ayant pas de defaut d’audition vi- sitent la clinique ; ce qui fait que la clientele qui se pr6sente pour de- mander notre diagnostic appartient it cinq categories au moins : 1” les sourds et les durs d’oreille, 2” ceux qui pr6sentent des defauts d’elocu- tion (et les aphasiques), 3” des enfants perturb& Cmotionnellement, 4” des enfants mentalement retard&, 5” des enfants malades mentaux. Les quatre derniers groupes peuvent avoir ou ne pas avoir des defauts d’audition et le premier groupe peut aussi presenter les desordres men- tionnks dans les quatre groupes suirants. Ce fait, et d’autres complica- tions d’ordre somatique ou psychique, oblige la clinique a faire face h des problemes li6s k l’existence d’enfants presentant plusieurs handi- caps.

CAGE ou L’ON CONSULTE LA CLINIQCE.

Comme la possibilitk d’examiner de petits enfants n’a pas ete con- nue pendant les annCes precbdentes, les parents, les hbpitaux et d’au- tres types d’institutions n’ont pas dtC renseignes sur les problemes d’au- dition rkduite chez les enfants ; l‘ige des enfants qui viennent pour faire Cvaluer leurs defauts d’audition a baissd continuellement ; 1’Lge moyen etant maintenant : 1” pour les sourds, environ 1 ou 2 ans ; 2’ pour les durs d’oreille. environ 3 ans.

Actuellement, la clinique commence souvent avec des enfants de huit mois ou m6me plus jeunes, qui peuvent aussi Ctre present& au moyen

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from the above mentioned Directorate, headmasters antl teachers from the schools for the deaf antl hard-of-hearing, and representatives for the parents and for the deaf. The director is chairnian of the board.

PcnPosE.

The clinic is a pedagogical-psychological-audiometric unit established i n 1952 with the object to assess hearing-impairment in children under seven years of age, to examine the child psychologically and to guide the parents of those who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. All the clinic’s services are free of chnrgc.

The area of the clinic was intended to be all Denmark. Actually the field of work comprises 1) children under seven, 3)

school age children and 3) adults. The clinic functions as school psy- chologist to the schools for the deaf and hard-of-hearing in this country, and in addition some of the clinic’s psychologists are consultants to the deaf and hard-of-hearing adults who present psychological problems of various kind (psychotics, neurotics and the like).

ASCERTAISMEST OF HEARING DEFECTS.

Children with hearing defects or children who are under suspicion thereof are referred to the Central Register managed by the Board for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing. By that nieans a record is kept of all children i n the country with hearing defects.

THE UNDER SEVENS.

Ideally but not actually all children under seven years of age with hearing impairment are referred to the clinic as soon as possible. In addition a great many children without hearing loss visit the clinic, so that the clientele according to our diagnosis falls into five or more categories :- 1) deaf and hard-of-hearing, 2) speech defectives (antl aphasics), 3) emotionally disturbed, 4 ) mentally retarded, 5) mentally ill. The last four groups rnay or rnay not have a hearing loss and the first group may present the disorders mentioned in the four following groups. By that fact and owing to other soniatic or psychic complica- tions the clinic is faced with the problem of the so called multi-hand- icapped children.

AGE OF REPORT TO THE CLISIC.

A s work with small children in this field has got growing publicity through the years, parents, hospitals, and all kinds of institutions have been informed about the problems of reduced hearing in children so that the age of the children when coming for ascertainment of hearing loss has been continuously lowered, the average age now being :- 1) for the deaf about 1-2 years of age and 2) for the hard of hearing about 3 years of age.

Actually the clinic often starts with children at the age of eight months or even younger, which may also be ascribed to the form of application,-or lack of form,-as anybody may ask the clinic to examine a child by just’phoning or writing.

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tl’une fiche d’inscription - ou rnOme sans fiche - parce qu’on peut demander 1 la clinique d’examiner un enfant siiiipleinent en tdlepho- nant ou en Ccrirant.

LE PERSONNEL.

Des psychologues, des audiomttriciens et des jardinibres d’enfants representent la partie principale du personnel ; certains d’entre eux ont CtC professeurs de sourds pendant plusieurs annkes. Le Directeur du Centre d’audition de Copenhague est associe k la clinique en tant qu’oto- logiste ; u n psychiatre d’enfants, un pkdiatre et un inghieur servent de consultants h la clinique. Un des psychologues est chef de la clinique.

ADAPTATION POUR L’ESAJIEN ET L’ORIEXTATIOS.

La pdriode moyenne d’examen est d’une semaine. L’examen peut 6tre prolong6 ou ecourte ou rkpetC selon le besoin reel. Le probleme d’adaptation est pris en charge par une nursery d’observation qui est considerbe comnie un des centres des activitks de la clinique. C’est la que l’enfant se m&le aux autres, sans contrainte, dans un milieu et des occupations (jeux) qui lui sont naturels.

Le personnel observe les enfants pendant le jeu et joue avec eux de facon a les mettre h leur aise et P leur faire faire la connaissance des adultes. DBs qu’un enfant fait confiance h un des adultes, on l’encourage a venir passer l’examen. C’est l’enfant qui decide avec qui il veut aller et quel genre d’examen sera fait, c’est-hdire que si apres une visite a l’audiometricien l’enfant accepte de passer les tests d’audition ou s’il prefere travailler avec le psychologue, il a la possibilitd de choisir. L’attitude envers l’enfant est < permissive > et il arrive aussi que la partie formelle de l’examen debute dans la nursery.

Cette organisation est prevue de fagon 1 rellcher le lien existant entre l’enfant et sa inere ou la personne qui l’a amen6 a la clinique et h dtablir des liens avec un des mernbres du personnel. La mere est la bienvenue dans la nursery, mais on lui apprend a aider h crker de nou- veaux liens de faqon k rendre possible l’examen. L’enfant sait que sa 11ibre va dans la salle d’attente et qii’il est libre d’aller la voir et vice- versa.

Bref, le preiiiier pas est l’adaptation d’un enfant (et de sa iiibre), l’observation pendant le jeu ilu coiiiportenient de l’enfant en general (com- portenlent social, alimentation et autre type de comportement) et, plus specialement, son coinporteiiient aii siijet cle l’usage d e l’audition ou de ce qu’il possede d‘audition.

Le nombre moyen d’enfunts acceptes est de sept, mais en plus de cela, deux ou trois sont places coinme invites dans la nursery pendant qu’ils visitent la cliniqiie pour des buts d’examen.

P l l O C b k U’EXhSI ES.

L’audition est testte par des iiioyens autlioiiietriques formels et non forniels, mais on garde present h l’esprit le fait que l’audition doit &re evalude de faqon realiste seulement par sa fonction dans des situations courantes de la vie en observant comment et de quelle maniere une per- sonne utifise son audition.

Pendant la periode d’observation l’enfant est examine otologique- ment, un moulage de ses oreilles est pris et il regoit un appareil d’aide

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PERSONNEL. Psychologists, audiometrists and nursery teachers constitute the

main body of the staff, some of whom have been teachers of the deaf for several years. The chief of the Hearing Center in Copenhagen is associated with the clinic in the capacity of otologist ; a child psy- chiatrist, a pediatrician and an engineer are consultants to the clinic. One of the psychologists is chief of the clinic.

ADJUSTMENT FOR EXAMINATION AND GUIDANCE.

The average examination period is one week. The examination may be prolonged or shortened or repeated according to the actual need. The problem of adjustment is taken care of by the observation nursery which is considered as and located as the center of the clinic’s activities. Here the child meets its peers in surroundings and occupations (play) that are natural to i t and without constraints.

The personnel observe the children during play and play with thein so as to make them feel at home and to get acquainted with the adults. As soon as a child is feeling trustful towards one of the adults (is ready), it is encouraged to come along for examination. It depends on the child whom it wants to join and what kind of examination is to be made. That is, it is left to the child, if it after a visit to the audiometrist’s room accepts to have the hearing tested or i f it may prefer to go to work with the psychologist. As the attitude towards the child is “permissive” it also happens that the formal part of the examination is initiated in the nursery.

Part of the adjustment is releasing the bond between the child and its mother or the person(s) who brought it to the clinic and establish- ing ties with one of the personnel. The mother is welcomed in the nursery but is taught to help the new bond to be created so as to make examination possible. The child knows that mother goes to the waiting room and is free to go to see her and vice versa.

In short, the first step is adjustment of the child (and mother), observation during play of the child’s behaviour in general (social, eat- ing and the like) and, more specific, its behaviour with regard to use of hearing or hearing remnant.

The average number of children accepted is seven, but in addition to that some two or three are placed as guests in the nursery while visit- ing the clinic for examination purposes.

P R O C E n l l R E OF EMMINATION.

The hearing is tested by means of informal and formal audiometry, but it is kept in mind that hearing is evaluated realistically only by its function in daily life situations, by observing how and to what extent a person uses his hearing.

During the observation period the child is otologically examined, has its ear mould made and is provided with a portable hearing aid, so as to allow time for adaption to the hearing aid before leaving the clinic. The psychological evaluation comprises the child’s personality and functions as a person and as an individual in communication with its environment. Tests are used, such as Intelligence Tests, Personality Tests, RIotor Activity Tests, etc., and further observations of socio-psy-

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auditif portatif, de fagon h lui pennettre de s’adapter i cer appareil avant de quitter la clinique. L’evaluation psychologique envisage la person- nalite de l’enfant et son adaptation en tant que personne et en tant qu’in- diridu en communication avec son environnement. Des tests sont utilises tels que des tests d’intelligence, des tests cle personnalitk, des tests d’ac- tivite motrice, etc., et d’autres observations de nature psychologique. Cela permet de detecter les enfants presentant des complications soma- tiques ou (et) psychiatriques, et de les faire examiner par les consul- tants mentionnes ci-dessus. Les enfants examines peuvent ktre envoy& i d’autres specialistes et P des institutions specialisees. LES M ~ T H O D E S D’ORIENTATIOW.

Ce service est une clinique d’orientation pour Copenhague et yes environs, et prend en charge l’orientation de tout le Daneinark en coope- ration avec les ecoles. On apprend aux parents Q entrer en communica- tion affectivement avec l’enfant par la parole et la lecture sur les levres. On montre comment faire des images. dessiner, utiliser des objets pour etablir la communication, comment smeliorer l’audition avec ou sans appareil. Pendant la periode d’observation et avant que l’enfant ait 7 ans, les parents sont aides inclividuellement et au moyen de c o w s qui sont donnes h intervalles reguliers. Des cows speciaux sont consacres aux meres et aux ptres. Chaque annee lu clinique organise un cours de vacances d’ete pour les meres dans une ecole pour leu sourds ; ce cours dure huit jours. Une fois par inois des reunions de parents sont organi- sees. Une tbCrapie destinee aux parents fait partie d e la routine. L’en- fant est place dans un jardin d’enfants pour des enfants normaux et ces jardins d’enfants sont aides par la clinique et par les visiteurs a domi- cile. Les visiteurs Q domicile se rendent dans les foyers pour aider pas h pas les parents et leu suivre pendant des annkes. Un materiel pour l’entrainement de l’enfant est prepare par le personnel conformkment au dCveloppement de l’enfant, et est donne gratuitement aux parents.

LES ENFANTS D’AGE SCOLAIRE.

Comme la clinique est une des institutions placees SOUY le Directoire des Personnes Exceptionnelles, un lien etroit existe entre la clinique et les Ccoles. Plusieurs annees avant la creation d e la clinique le present auteur a coninience h travailler comme psychologue scolaire dans les ecoles de sourds de ce pays. Cette activite a continue et a 6te elargie par l’inclusion dans ce travail de tous les psychologues de la clinique.

Lorsqu’il a 7 ans le sourd ou le dur d’oreille est accepte dans une kcole ; ceux qui n’ont pas encore BtB examines par la clinique sont exa- nlines sup le plan psychologique de telle fayon que pour chaque nouvel ecolier un bilan soit Ctabli su r son intelligence, son caractere, ses condi- tions affectires, etc. On ne lui fournit pas cependant un Quotient Intel- lectuel en chiffres. Avant que les eleves quittent l’ecole, ils sont de nou- yeau en contact avec le psychologue pour pennettre une evaluation fi- nale. Ces resultats sont alors pris en considbration dans l’orientation professionnelle. Les eleves qui pendant l’annee scolaire ont present6 des troubles pedagogiques, psychologiques ou autres, sont aussi vus par le personnel de la clinique. I1 peut arriver qu’un enfant ait ete enVOye dans une institution mentale ou dans un h6pital mental, ca r l’e aide aux sour& ne poss&le ni d’institution, ni d e maison spkcialisee pour le traitement des perturbations affectives.

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chological nature. AS an outcome of these activities children with somatic or/and psychiatric complications may be found and examined by the consultants mentioned. The children examined may be sent to other specialists and special institutions.

PROCEDURE OF GUIDANCE.

This unit is a guidance clinic for Copenhagen and suburbs and is responsible for the guidance in all Denmark in cooperation with the Schools. The parents are taught to communicate with the child emotionally, by talking and lip-reading. It is demonstrated how to make pictures, draw and use objects i n communicating, how to train the hearing with and without a hearing-aid. Both during the observation period and until the child is seven years old the parents are guided ind- ividually and by means of courses held at regular intervals. Special courses are held for mothers and for fathers. Each year the clinic arranges a mothers’summer vacation course at a school for the deaf for eight days. Monthly parent-meetings are arranged in the evening. Therapy for parents is part of the guidance routine. The child is put into a nursery for normal hearing children and the nurseries are helped by the clinic and by honie Yisitors. The home visitors go to the homes to instruct the parents step by step as they develop through the years. &laterial for training prepared by the staff according to development is given without charge to the parents.

THE SCHOOL CHILDREN.

As the clinic is one of the institutions falling under the Directorate for Exceptional Persons a close connection exists between the clinic and the schools. Several years before the start of the clinic, the w r i k r started work as school psychologist to the schools for the deaf in this country. This activity has continued and has been expanded by the inclusion in the work of all of the clinic’s psychologists.

When seven years old the deaf and hard-of-hearing children are accepted in the schools ; those who have not previously been tested by the clinic are psychologically evaluated, so that a statement on all school- beginners is given as to intelligence, character, emotional conditions and the like. Before the pupils leave school they again see the psychologist for final evaluation. The findings are taken into consideration in the vocational guidance. Those pupils who during school life are having troubles, pedagogically, psychologically, or otherwise, are also seen by the staff of the clinic. It may happen that a child has to be sent to a mental institution or mental hospital, as the “deaf welfare” has no institution or home for treatment of the emotion- ally disturbed.

An I. Q. is not stilted i n tigures.

THE .\L)L‘LTS.

Adjustment to work and to life in general is not less difficult to the person with hearing impairment than to those with normal hearing. Some of the difficulties are reflected in the visits to the clinic. Some are referred to it owing to obstacles met with in their jobs, some because of bizarre behariour and some because of mental illnesses of various kind.

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LES ADULTES.

L'adaptation au travail et h la vie en general n'est pas moins diffi- cile poiir la personne possednnt des tlifficultes d'audition que pour celle qui entend normalenient. Certaines tle ces difficultes sont refletees dans les Yisites faites P la clinique. Ces visites peuvent etre dues aux obsta- cles rencontres dans le travail. P un coniportement bizarre ou h des difficult& mentales de differents types.

On a constat6 que des nialadies mentales surriennent dix fois plus souvent chez le sourd que chez l'intlividu d'audition normale dans ce pays. Un travail est actuellement realisk dans le but de preciser les inoyens et les possibilites d'un traitement adequat.

LES ACTIVIT~S P~DAGOGIQCES.

1" Les enfants. Ceux qui presentent une difficulte d'audition legere et dont le diagnostic montre qu'ils sont destines h aller dans une ecole spkciale dans le cadre du systeme scolaire de Copenhague, reqoivent une formation a l'audition et h la parole deux fois par semaine. Un groupe existe pour les jeunes et un groupe pour les enfants a plus Pgds ,, cha- cun est form6 par un professeur special ; un de ces professeurs sera present a la future bcole.

20 Les adultes. En plus des cours mentionnks ci-dessus pour les pa- rents, la clinique s'occupe de la formation des professeurs pour les squrds et pour les thkrapeutes du langage et organise des cours pour les jardi- nieres d'enfants.

Le nombre moyen d'enfants examines et orientes (ou seulement orientes) par la clinique est de 250 P 300 par an.

LA PSYCHOLOGIE DANS LES HOPITAUX PSYCHIATRIQUES POUR LES ENFANTS AU DANEMARK

par Lise HASLCWD, Cund. Pzych., Senior Psychologist

Les hcipitaux psychiatriques pour enfants existant a11 Dnnemark soilt les suivants :

Rigshospitalets Bernepsykiatriske Afdeling. Copenhugue 0 (HBpital national, Service psychiatrique pour enfants, hcipital de formation) cou- want le pays entier :

19 patients hospitalises, 10 patients accueillis pour la journee et 140

Chef psychiatre : Kaj TOLSTRL'P, Docteur en Medecine. Personnel : 2 psychiatres senior, 2 residents, 2 ou 3 psychologues,

1 assistante sociale, 10 infirmikres et 4 jardinieres d'enfants. Bispebjerg Hospitals Bernspsykiatriske -Afdeling (HBpital Bispebjerg,

Service psychiatrique pour enfants, h6pital municipal) couvrant la mu- nicipalite de Copenhague :

patients externes par an.

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