The Causes of WWIThe Causes of WWI

MMilitarismilitarismAAllianceslliancesIImperialismmperialismNNationalismationalism

WWI: The Great WarWWI: The Great WarCausesCauses

1.1. ImperialismImperialism: : France, Great France, Great Britain, Russia, Britain, Russia, GermanyGermany

• Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II• IndustrializationIndustrialization

Germany can Germany can compete compete through “blood through “blood and iron”and iron”

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army and Built up German army and

navynavy Aggressive foreign policyAggressive foreign policy Determined to make Determined to make

Germany a top nation.Germany a top nation. Distrusted by other powersDistrusted by other powers

“Germany must have its place in the sun”“The world belongs to the strong.”

2.2. MilitarismMilitarism• Define: build up of armed forcesDefine: build up of armed forces

1890: Germany has strongest military1890: Germany has strongest military

MilitarismMilitarism Germany was competing Germany was competing

with the UK to build with the UK to build battleships.battleships.

The British feared an The British feared an attack on their Empireattack on their Empire

Germany was competing Germany was competing with Russia and France to with Russia and France to expand their armiesexpand their armies

3.3. Alliance SystemAlliance System•Triple Entente:Triple Entente: France, Great France, Great

Britain, and RussiaBritain, and Russia•Triple Alliance:Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria- Germany, Austria-

Hungary, Ottoman EmpireHungary, Ottoman Empire

•Global securityGlobal securityBalance of powerBalance of power Imperialism caused many Imperialism caused many countries to form alliancescountries to form alliances

Alliance StructureAlliance Structure

Alliances tested Alliances tested Archduke Franz FerdinandArchduke Franz Ferdinand June 28 1914- assassinatedJune 28 1914- assassinated Black Hand-Serbian Nationalists Black Hand-Serbian Nationalists Gavrillo Princip is the assassinGavrillo Princip is the assassin

July 28, 1914:July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia war on Serbia • Russia is allied with Serbia Russia is allied with Serbia • Germany is allied with Austria-HungaryGermany is allied with Austria-Hungary

August 1:August 1: Germany declares war on Germany declares war on RussiaRussia• Russia is allies with FranceRussia is allies with France

August 3:August 3: Germany declares war on Germany declares war on FranceFrance• Great Britain is allies with FranceGreat Britain is allies with France• Great Britain immediately declares war Great Britain immediately declares war

on Germany……..WWI has BEGUN!!!!on Germany……..WWI has BEGUN!!!!

Nationalism + Imperialism=Nationalism + Imperialism= Extreme hatred for other Extreme hatred for other

nationsnations Causes build-up of armsCauses build-up of arms Battles of WWI begins Battles of WWI begins

August 4, 1914August 4, 1914•Germany invades BelgiumGermany invades Belgium

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan Hold off Russia, Hold off Russia, ATTACKATTACK FranceFrance

• Start in Belgium, drive to ParisStart in Belgium, drive to Paris Once France falls, German Once France falls, German

forces focus on Russiaforces focus on Russia Trench WarfareTrench Warfare: fortified : fortified

ditches ditches ““No Mans Land”No Mans Land” Early fighting=stalemate Early fighting=stalemate

Britain’s ReactionBritain’s Reaction 1838- UK had signed a 1838- UK had signed a

TreatyTreaty to protect Belgium.to protect Belgium. Britain also scared of Britain also scared of

Germany controlling Germany controlling Channel portsChannel ports..

Did not want Did not want GermanyGermany to to defeat France and defeat France and dominate Europedominate Europe. Britain . Britain next?next?

UK issued UK issued ultimatumultimatum to to Germany to withdraw Germany to withdraw troops from Belgium. War troops from Belgium. War declared August 4 1914declared August 4 1914

World War I AssignmentWorld War I Assignment1.1. On a sheet of poster paper, create a poster On a sheet of poster paper, create a poster

of the causes of WWI.of the causes of WWI. Include key facts about each cause.Include key facts about each cause. Include key countries, individuals, and Include key countries, individuals, and

vocabularyvocabulary Use textbook and notes as a resourceUse textbook and notes as a resource Use Coloring Pencils or MarkersUse Coloring Pencils or Markers

2.2. On a sheet of poster paper, create a On a sheet of poster paper, create a timeline of the events preceding WWI.timeline of the events preceding WWI.

Include key countries, individuals, Include key countries, individuals, vocabularyvocabulary

Include declarations of war and reasons Include declarations of war and reasons for those declarations.for those declarations.

Key Ideas of WWIKey Ideas of WWI MobilizationMobilization- The gathering and - The gathering and

movement of troops for warmovement of troops for war IsolationismIsolationism- A policy of non-- A policy of non-

intervention into intercontinental violenceintervention into intercontinental violence PacifistsPacifists- Opposed war and violence as a - Opposed war and violence as a

mean of diplomacymean of diplomacy Monroe Doctrine-Monroe Doctrine- Europeans were no Europeans were no

longer to interfere with American affairslonger to interfere with American affairs ProtectionismProtectionism- The theory of protecting - The theory of protecting

domestic markets by placing tariffs and domestic markets by placing tariffs and quotas on imports quotas on imports

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality 1914- why fight?1914- why fight? Opposition to the warOpposition to the war

• Sympathy for GermanySympathy for Germany• Sympathy for AlliesSympathy for Allies

Germany=Imperial BullyGermany=Imperial Bully EconomicsEconomics

U.S. enters the warU.S. enters the war• British Blockade: prevent British Blockade: prevent

contrabandcontraband

Reasons we couldn't remain neutralReasons we couldn't remain neutral::

1.1. Friendship with France and G.B.Friendship with France and G.B.

2.2. British British propagandapropaganda had large influence had large influence

3.3. Economic ties to European nationsEconomic ties to European nations• Allies depended on U.S. suppliesAllies depended on U.S. supplies• Economic boom in the U.S.Economic boom in the U.S.

1916, he ordered a major defense buildup1916, he ordered a major defense buildup National Defense ActNational Defense Act: : called for a larger called for a larger

army and a navy second to nonearmy and a navy second to none most people still favored peace thoughmost people still favored peace though Wilson campaign: “man who had kept the Wilson campaign: “man who had kept the

nation out of war”nation out of war”

German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats•Counter to blockadeCounter to blockade•Any ship is fair gameAny ship is fair game

No warning neededNo warning needed•LusitaniaLusitania: : British linerBritish liner

Sank by U-boatSank by U-boat128 Americans killed128 Americans killedAmericans are furiousAmericans are furious

America still neutral: Wilson America still neutral: Wilson wants peacewants peace

1916: Germany breaks promise1916: Germany breaks promise•SussexSussex: unarmed French : unarmed French passenger boatpassenger boatAttacked by German U-boatAttacked by German U-boat

•80 people killed80 people killed U.S. issues another warningU.S. issues another warning

Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note: British : British intercepts messageintercepts message•Germany asks Mexico to Germany asks Mexico to declare war on U.S.declare war on U.S.

•Mexico would gain Texas, New Mexico would gain Texas, New Mexico, and ArizonaMexico, and Arizona

•U.S. enters war: make world U.S. enters war: make world “safe for democracy”“safe for democracy”

..\World Civilization\Zimmerman Telegram.doc

American war effortAmerican war effort April 1917April 1917: U.S. officially in war: U.S. officially in war 200,000 men in army----Draft or Recruit?200,000 men in army----Draft or Recruit? Selective Service ActSelective Service Act: men required to : men required to

register for militaryregister for military• Set minimum draft age of 18Set minimum draft age of 18• Resulted in 3 million drafteesResulted in 3 million draftees

U-boat resistanceU-boat resistance•Convoy SystemConvoy System: merchant ships : merchant ships

provided defenseprovided defense American troops freshAmerican troops fresh

Gearing up for WarGearing up for War U.S. was short on suppliesU.S. was short on supplies Pres. Wilson created Pres. Wilson created War Industries War Industries

BoardBoard to organize the country for warto organize the country for war• Increased production & controlled limited Increased production & controlled limited

resourcesresources Railroad AdministrationRailroad Administration— organized — organized

all RR lines into one network that all RR lines into one network that serviced the entire nationserviced the entire nation

Shipping BoardShipping Board— oversaw the building — oversaw the building of a merchant marineof a merchant marine

Gained govt. support thru increased Gained govt. support thru increased taxes & war bondstaxes & war bonds

Feeding the AlliesFeeding the Allies Food Administration BoardFood Administration Board— headed — headed

by Herbert Hooverby Herbert Hoover• Controlled food production & distributionControlled food production & distribution• Top needs were wheat, pork, & sugarTop needs were wheat, pork, & sugar• Americans were encouraged to cut back to Americans were encouraged to cut back to

save costsave cost• Volunteered to participate in saving Volunteered to participate in saving

techniquestechniques• (Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, (Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays,

Porkless, Thursdays & Saturdays)Porkless, Thursdays & Saturdays) Children grew vegetables on playgroundsChildren grew vegetables on playgrounds People planted "People planted "victory gardensvictory gardens" in " in

their backyardstheir backyards

Wartime PropagandaWartime Propaganda Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information- Wilson- Wilson

• 75,000 men spoke around the country75,000 men spoke around the country• were called "Four Minute Men"were called "Four Minute Men"• War was fought for War was fought for democracy & freedomdemocracy & freedom• Those criticizing the war were treated poorly, Those criticizing the war were treated poorly,

sometimes beatensometimes beaten Espionage ActEspionage Act (1917)—fines & jail sentences (1917)—fines & jail sentences

for aiding the enemy or blocking recruitmentfor aiding the enemy or blocking recruitment Sedition ActSedition Act (1918)--punished those using (1918)--punished those using

disloyal or abusive language about the disloyal or abusive language about the American govt., flag, or military uniformsAmerican govt., flag, or military uniforms

1,500 citizens lost their 1,500 citizens lost their civil libertiescivil liberties People were arrested for everything from People were arrested for everything from

criticizing the draft & the Red Cross to criticizing the draft & the Red Cross to complaining about taxescomplaining about taxes

Replacement soldiersReplacement soldiers•General Pershing: “old glory”General Pershing: “old glory”

Separate armySeparate army Russia drops out of warRussia drops out of war April 1918: U.S. independent April 1918: U.S. independent

armyarmy New weaponsNew weapons: tanks, poison : tanks, poison

gas, airplanesgas, airplanes•War is mechanizedWar is mechanized

Germany collapsesGermany collapses•Mutiny amongst the soldiersMutiny amongst the soldiers•Rebellion in BerlinRebellion in Berlin•November 11, 1918 at 11:00: November 11, 1918 at 11:00: Germany surrendersGermany surrenders

26 million total deaths26 million total deaths•Russia- 9 millionRussia- 9 million•Germany- 7 millionGermany- 7 million•U.S.- 325,000U.S.- 325,000

Post-warPost-war Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

•II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas

•XIV. A general association of nations must be formed

League of Nations: provide national security without war

““Big Four”:Big Four”: •Woodrow Wilson-Woodrow Wilson- United States United States•Georges Clemenceau-Georges Clemenceau- France France•David Lloyd George-David Lloyd George- Gr. Britain Gr. Britain•Vittorio Orlando-Vittorio Orlando- Italy Italy

““Make Germany pay”Make Germany pay” Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

•Germany must pay for war: $28 Germany must pay for war: $28 billion in totalbillion in total

German militaryGerman military::•100,000 soldiers 100,000 soldiers •no airplanes no airplanes •no submarinesno submarines

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause: Germany : Germany must take responsibility for must take responsibility for starting the warstarting the war

Humiliation---Adolf Hitler uses Humiliation---Adolf Hitler uses Treaty of Versailles as a rallying Treaty of Versailles as a rallying cry for Germany prior to WWIIcry for Germany prior to WWII

End of the WarEnd of the War Treaty of Versailles-Treaty of Versailles- Made Germans Made Germans

accept accept reparationsreparations (compensation to (compensation to cover war damages) worth 132 billion cover war damages) worth 132 billion gold marks = $28 Billion Dollars) Initial gold marks = $28 Billion Dollars) Initial sum of 50 billion gold marks was 330% of sum of 50 billion gold marks was 330% of national income from previous yearnational income from previous year

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Main cause for World War IIMain cause for World War II

Opposition to treatyOpposition to treaty•Too much imperialismToo much imperialism•Too harsh on GermanyToo harsh on Germany U.S. never ratifies Treaty of U.S. never ratifies Treaty of Versailles or joins League of Versailles or joins League of NationsNations

Opposition in Congress: Henry Opposition in Congress: Henry Cabot LodgeCabot Lodge

November 11, 1918 @ 11 amNovember 11, 1918 @ 11 am•The date to end the war.The date to end the war.

Changes in AmericaChanges in America Industry jobs increaseIndustry jobs increase

•Wages increaseWages increase Food conservation: Food conservation:

•““Victory Gardens”Victory Gardens” Women in workforceWomen in workforce Civil libertiesCivil liberties

•Espionage andEspionage and

Sedition ActsSedition Acts

U.S. Economics of WWIU.S. Economics of WWI United States economy was in a United States economy was in a

recession prior to 1914recession prior to 1914 RecessionRecession- Period of reduced - Period of reduced

economic activityeconomic activity United States economy improved United States economy improved

following start of war and the sale of following start of war and the sale of goods to Europe- Agriculture and goods to Europe- Agriculture and Industrial equipmentIndustrial equipment

Following World War I, the United Following World War I, the United States was member in the international States was member in the international marketmarket

MilitaryMilitary:: 1917: 200,0001917: 200,000

1918: 4.5 million1918: 4.5 million Total laborTotal labor: 1916: 40 million : 1916: 40 million

1918: 44 million1918: 44 million Financing the warFinancing the war

•Raise taxesRaise taxes•Borrow from public (war bonds)Borrow from public (war bonds)•Print money (Uh-Oh!)Print money (Uh-Oh!)

Economic boom in 1920’sEconomic boom in 1920’s