the byzantine empire - 6th grade social...

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B yzantine E mpire The A.D . 527 Emperor Justinian begins rule A.D . 565 Justinian dies A.D . 537 Hagia Sophia completed Constantinople Rome SPAIN ITALY BALKAN PENINSULA ASIA MINOR EGYPT A.D . 525 A.D . 550 A.D . 575 A.D . 525 A.D . 550 A.D . 575 Looking Back, Looking Ahead In the last section, you learned that even though the Roman Empire in the West fell, the Eastern Roman Empire survived and prospered. It became known as the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines developed a new civilization based on Greek, Roman, and Christian ideas. Focusing on the The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell. (page 485) The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong. (page 486) The Byzantines developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas. (page 489) Locating Places Black Sea Aegean Sea (ih JEE uhn) Meeting People Justinian (juh STIH nee uhn) Theodora (THEE uh DOHR uh) Belisarius (BEH luh SAR ee uhs) Tribonian (truh BOH nee uhn) Content Vocabulary mosaic (moh ZAY ihk) saint (SAYNT) regent (REE juhnt) Academic Vocabulary income (IHN KUHM) rely (rih LY) enormous (ih NAWR muhs) Reading Strategy Cause and Effect Complete a chart to show the causes and effects of Justinian’s new law code. Causes New Code of Laws Effects History Social Science Standards WH7.1 Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire. 484 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

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Page 1: The Byzantine Empire - 6th Grade Social Studiesnsms6thgradesocialstudies.weebly.com/.../the_byzantine_empire.pdfworks of art, including numerous Byzantine mosaics. 488 Empress Theodora

Byzantine EmpireThe

A.D. 527Emperor Justinian begins rule

A.D. 565Justiniandies

A.D. 537Hagia Sophiacompleted

ConstantinopleRome

SPAIN ITALY

BALKANPENINSULA

ASIA MINOR

EGYPT

A.D. 525 A.D. 550 A.D. 575A.D. 525 A.D. 550 A.D. 575

Looking Back, Looking AheadIn the last section, you learned

that even though the Roman Empire inthe West fell, the Eastern RomanEmpire survived and prospered. Itbecame known as the ByzantineEmpire.The Byzantines developed anew civilization based on Greek,Roman, and Christian ideas.

Focusing on the• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich

and powerful as the Western RomanEmpire fell. (page 485)

• The policies and reforms of EmperorJustinian and Empress Theodorahelped make the Byzantine Empirestrong. (page 486)

• The Byzantines developed a richculture based on Roman, Greek, andChristian ideas. (page 489)

Locating PlacesBlack Sea

Aegean Sea (ih• JEE•uhn)

Meeting People Justinian (juh•STIH•nee•uhn)Theodora (THEE•uh•DOHR•uh)Belisarius (BEH• luh•SAR•ee•uhs)Tribonian (truh•BOH•nee•uhn)

Content Vocabularymosaic (moh•ZAY• ihk)saint (SAYNT)regent (REE• juhnt)

Academic Vocabularyincome (IHN•KUHM)rely (rih•LY)enormous (ih•NAWR•muhs)

Reading StrategyCause and Effect Complete a chartto show the causes and effects ofJustinian’s new law code.

Causes

New Code of Laws

Effects

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH7.1 Studentsanalyze the causes andeffects of the vastexpansion and ultimatedisintegration of theRoman Empire.

484 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

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WH7.1.3 Describe the establishment by Constantine of the new capital in Constantinople and the development of the ByzantineEmpire, with an emphasis on the consequences of the development of two distinct European civilizations, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and their two distinct views on church-state relations.

CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 485

The Rise of the ByzantinesThe Eastern Roman Empire grew rich

and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.

Reading Connection Think of your own community.

How have groups of people from different backgrounds

contributed to its character? What would your town or

city be like without these contributions from all the dif-

ferent groups? Read to learn about the different groups

that made up the Byzantine Empire.

The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine,Empire reached a high point in the A.D. 500s.At this time, the empire stretched west toItaly, south to Egypt, and east to the borderwith Arabia. Greeks made up the empire’slargest group, but many other peoples werefound within the empire. They includedEgyptians, Syrians, Arabs, Armenians,Jews, Persians, Slavs, and Turks.

Why Is Constantinople Important? In thelast section, you learned that EmperorConstantine moved the capital of the RomanEmpire from Rome to a new city calledConstantinople. Constantine’s city becamethe capital of the Byzantine Empire. By theA.D. 500s, Constantinople had become one ofthe world’s great cities.

One reason for Constantinople’s successwas its location. It lay on the waterwaysbetween the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea(ih • JEE • uhn). Its harbors offered a safe shel-ter for fishing boats, trading ships, and war-ships. Constantinople also sat at thecrossroads of trade routes between Europeand Asia. The trade that passed throughmade the city extremely wealthy.

Constantinople had a secure land loca-tion. Residing on a peninsula, Constantinoplewas easily defended. Seas protected it onthree sides, and on the fourth side, a hugewall guarded the city. Invaders could not eas-ily take Constantinople.

Influence of Greek Culture The Byzantinesat first followed Roman ways. Constan-tinople was known as the “New Rome.” Itspublic buildings and palaces were built in theRoman style. The city even had an oval arenacalled the Hippodrome, where chariot racesand other events were held.

Byzantine political and social life alsowere based on that of Rome. Emperorsspoke Latin and enforced Roman laws. Theempire’s poor people received free breadand shows. Wealthy people lived in town oron large farming estates. In fact, many ofthem had once lived in Rome.

The ancient walled city of Constantinople

Web Activity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 10—Student Web Activity tolearn more about Roman civilization.

Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library

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WH7.1.3 Describe the establishment by Constantine of the new capital in Constantinople and the development of the ByzantineEmpire, with an emphasis on the consequences of the development of two distinct European civilizations, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and their two distinct views on church-state relations.

486 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

N

S

W E

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection500 km0

500 mi.0

40°N

20°N

0° 20°E 40°E

ATLANTICOCEAN

Danube R.

Tigris R.

Mediterranean Sea

Euphrates R.

Black Sea

Red Sea

Nile R.

CaspianSeaITALYSPAIN

SYRIA

EGYPT

OSTROGOTHS

ARABIA

PERSIANEMPIRE

BALKANPENINSULA

ASIA MINOR

Crete

Sicily

Sardinia

Corsica

Cyprus

ConstantinopleRome

JerusalemAlexandria

Carthage

As time passed, the Byzantine Empirebecame less Roman and more Greek. MostByzantines spoke Greek and honored theirGreek past. Byzantine emperors and offi-cials began to speak Greek too. The ideas ofnon-Greek peoples, like the Egyptians andthe Slavs, also shaped Byzantine life. Stillother customs came from Persia to the east.All of these cultures blended together toform the Byzantine civilization. BetweenA.D. 500 and A.D. 1200, the Byzantines hadone of the world’s richest and most-advanced empires.

Explain Why did theByzantine Empire have such a blending of cultures?

Emperor JustinianThe policies and reforms of Emperor

Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make theByzantine Empire strong.

Reading Connection Do you sometimes rewrite reports

to make them easier to understand? Read to learn how

Justinian rewrote and reorganized the Byzantine law code.

Justinian ( juh • STIH • nee • uhn) becameemperor of the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 527and ruled until A.D. 565. Justinian was astrong leader. He controlled the military,made laws, and was supreme judge. Hisorder could not be challenged.

The Byzantine Empire A.D. 527–565

1. Regions Describe the area of theByzantine Empire before Justinian’sconquests.

2. Location How far west did theempire extend after Justinian’sconquests?

KEY

Byzantine Empire before Justinian, A.D. 527Area added to ByzantineEmpire during Justinian's conquests, A.D. 565

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CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 487

Justinian’s wife, the empress Theodora(THEE • uh • DOHR • uh), helped him run theempire. Theodora, a former actress, wasintelligent and strong-willed, and shehelped Justinian choose government offi-cials. Theodora also convinced him to givewomen more rights. For the first time, aByzantine wife could own land. If shebecame a widow, she now had the incometo take care of her children.

In A.D. 532 Theodora helped saveJustinian’s throne. Angry taxpayers threat-ened to overthrow Justinian and stormedthe palace. Justinian’s advisers urged him to leave Constantinople. Theodora, however, told him to stay and fight.Justinian took Theodora’s advice. He stayedin the city and crushed the uprising. Bydoing this, Justinian not only restored orderbut also strengthened his power to rule.

Justinian’s Conquests Justinian wanted toreunite the Roman Empire and bring backRome’s glory. To do this, he had to conquerWestern Europe and northern Africa. Heordered a general named Belisarius (BEH •luh •SAR •ee •uhs) to strengthen and lead theByzantine army.

When Belisarius took command, he reor-ganized the Byzantine army. Instead of footsoldiers, the Byzantine army came to relyon cavalry—soldiers mounted on horses.Byzantine cavalry wore armor and carriedbows and lances, which were long spears.

During Justinian’s reign, the Byzantinemilitary conquered most of Italy andnorthern Africa and defeated the Persiansin the east. However, Justinian conqueredtoo much too quickly. After he died, theempire did not have the money to main-tain an army large enough to hold all ofthe territory in the west. About three yearsafter he died, much of northern Italy waslost to an invading tribe of Germans.

Justinian’s Law Code Justinian decidedthat the empire’s laws were disorganizedand too difficult to understand. Heordered a group of legal scholars headedby Tribonian (truh •BOH •nee •uhn) to inter-pret and reform the law code.

The group’s new simplified codebecame known as the Justinian Code.Officials, businesspeople, and individualscould now more easily understand theempire’s laws. Over the years, the JustinianCode has had a great influence on the lawsof almost every country in Europe.

Explain What did Justinianaccomplish during his reign?

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EMPRESS THEODORAc A.D. 500–548Theodora began life in the lower class of

Byzantine society but rose to the rank ofempress. The historian Procopius recorded theevents of her early life. According toProcopius, Theodora’s father worked as a bearkeeper at the Hippodrome. After his death,Theodora followed her mother’s advice andbecame an actress. A career in acting was notas glamorous then as it is now. It was a job of the lower class, like wool spinning, which was Theodora’s other job.

Even though Theodora was of the lowerclass, she began dating Justinian. Justinian was attracted to Theodora’s beauty andintelligence. Because Justinian wanted tomarry Theodora, his uncle, the emperor,changed the law that prevented upper-classnobles from marrying actresses. The two were married in A.D. 525.

Justinian considered Theodora hisintellectual equal. In his writings, Justinian said he asked for Theodora’s advice on laws and policies. At Theodora’s urging, he granted more rights to women. Some historians believe Theodora had great power within the royal court,perhaps more than Justinian. For example, nearly all the laws passed during Theodora’s reign as empress mention her name. Theodora and Justinian had no children together. When Theodora died from cancer in A.D. 548,Justinian was overcome with grief. He had her portrait incorporated into many works of art, including numerous Byzantine mosaics.

488

Empress Theodora advises Emperor Justinian.

“She was extremely clever and had a biting wit.”—Procopius, The Secret History

Name a modern-day female political leaderthat you think has great influence in makingand changing laws. Explain your choice.

WH7.1.3 Describe the establishment byConstantine of the new capital inConstantinople and the development of theByzantine Empire, with an emphasis on theconsequences of the development of twodistinct European civilizations, EasternOrthodox and Roman Catholic, and theirtwo distinct views on church-state relations.

Andre Durenceau/National Geographic Society Image Collection

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WH7.1.3 Describe the establishment by Constantine of the new capital in Constantinople and the development of the ByzantineEmpire, with an emphasis on the consequences of the development of two distinct European civilizations, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and their two distinct views on church-state relations.

CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 489

Byzantine CivilizationThe Byzantines developed a rich cul-

ture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

Reading Connection Do you think a multicultural

population adds to a country’s interest and success?

Read to learn how the diverse groups of the Byzantine

Empire contributed to its culture.

From the A.D. 500s to the A.D. 1100s, theByzantine Empire was the center of tradebetween Europe and Asia. Trade goodsfrom present-day Russia in the north,Mediterranean lands in the south, LatinEurope in the west, and Persia and China inthe east passed through the empire. FromAsia, ships and caravans brought luxury

goods—spices, gems, metals, and cloth—toConstantinople. For these items, Byzantinemerchants traded farm goods as well asfurs, honey, and enslaved people fromnorthern Europe.

This enormous trade made theByzantine Empire very rich. However, mostByzantines were not merchants. Insteadthey were farmers, herders, laborers, andartisans. One of the major Byzantine indus-tries was weaving silk. It developed aroundA.D. 550. At that time, Byzantine travelerssmuggled silkworm eggs out of China.Brought to Constantinople, the silkwormsfed on mulberry leaves and produced silkthreads. Weavers then used the threads tomake the silk cloth that brought wealth tothe empire.

The style of the Hagia Sophia, shown here, and otherByzantine churches influenced the architecture ofchurches throughout Russia and Eastern Europe.What does the name Hagia Sophia mean?

Sculpture showing chariotracing at the Hippodrome

Byzantine jewelry

(l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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Byzantine Art and Architecture TheByzantine Empire lasted approximately1,000 years. For much of that chapter inhistory, Constantinople was the largestand richest city in Europe. TheByzantines were highly educated andcreative. They preserved and passed onGreek culture and Roman law to otherpeoples. They gave the world new tech-niques in the arts.

Justinian and many of his successorssupported artists and architects. Theyordered the building of churches, forts,and public buildings throughout theempire. Constantinople was known forits hundreds of churches and palaces.One of Justinian’s greatest achievementswas building the huge church calledHagia Sophia (HAH• jee•uh soh•FEE•uh),or “Holy Wisdom.” It was completed inA.D. 537 and became the religious centerof the Byzantine Empire. It still standstoday in Istanbul.

Inside Hagia Sophia, worshiperscould see walls of beautiful marble andmosaics. Mosaics (moh •ZAY • ihks) are pic-tures made from many bits of coloredglass or stone. They were an importanttype of art in the Byzantine Empire.Mosaics mainly showed figures of saints(SAYNTS), or Christian holy people.

Byzantine Women The family was thefoundation of social life for mostByzantines. Religion and the governmentstressed the importance of marriage andfamily life. Divorces were rare and diffi-cult to get.

Byzantine women were not encour-aged to lead independent lives. They wereexpected to stay home and take care oftheir families. Despite this tradition,women did gain some important rights,thanks to Empress Theodora. Some

Byzantine Mosaics Imagine taking bitsof glass and turning them into beautifulmasterpieces. Byzantine artists did justthat starting around A.D. 330. Romanmosaics were made of natural-coloredmarble pieces and decorated villas andbuildings. Byzantine mosaics weredifferent. They were made of richlycolored, irregular pieces of glass anddecorated the ceilings, domes, andfloors of Byzantine churches.

Byzantine mosaics were created tohonor religious or political leaders. Thecenters of domes—because they werethe highest points of the churches—were commonly reserved for images of Jesus.

Mosaics wereexpensive. They wereordered and paid forby emperors, stateofficials, or churchleaders. Many mosaicsare still intact andcan be seen todayinside churches,monasteries, andmuseums.

Connecting to the Past1. Why do you think the name of the

person who paid for the mosaic—rather than the name of the personwho made the mosaic—was oftenrecorded in the inscription?

2. What types of art do present-dayartists make with glass?

Mosaic from theByzantine Empire

The

Art

Arc

hive

/Hag

hia

Sop

hia

Ista

nbul

/Dag

li O

rti

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CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 491

Reading SummaryReview the • With its capital at

Constantinople and strong Greekinfluences, the Byzantine Empiregrew powerful and wealthy.

• The Byzantine emperor, Justinian,reconquered much of the landthat had been held by the oldRoman Empire in the Mediter-ranean. It also issued a new lawcode known as the JustinianCode.

• As the Byzantine Empire grewwealthy from trade, art, architec-ture, and education flourished.

1. What is a mosaic, and wherewere mosaics found in theByzantine Empire?

2. How did silk weaving developin the Byzantine Empire?

Critical Thinking 3. Organizing Information

Draw a diagram like the onebelow. Fill in details aboutConstantinople’s location.

4. Describe What were the con-sequences of Justinian’s wars inItaly, North Africa, and Persia?

5. How did geogra-phy influence Byzantine trade?

6. Analyze What importantservice did Byzantine writersprovide to the rest of theworld? Explain its significance.

7. GeographyStudy the map on page 486.Explain why geography made ithard for the Byzantine Empireto expand north or west.

CA CS3.

CA HI2.

CA CS3.

CA 6RC2.4

Location ofConstantinople

CA 6RC2.4

Byzantine women became well educated andinvolved in politics. Several royal womenserved as regents. A regent (REE• juhnt) is aperson who stands in for a ruler who is tooyoung or too ill to govern. A few ruled theempire in their own right.

Byzantine Education The Byzantines val-ued education. In Byzantine schools, boysstudied religion, medicine, law, arithmetic,grammar, and other subjects. WealthyByzantines sometimes hired tutors to teachtheir children. Girls usually did not attendschools and were taught at home.

Most Byzantine authors wrote aboutreligion. They stressed the need to obeyGod and save one’s soul. To strengthenfaith, they wrote about the lives of saints.Byzantine writers gave an important gift tothe world. They copied and passed on the

writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans.Without Byzantine copies, many importantworks from the ancient world would havedisappeared forever.

Identify What church isone of Justinian’s greatest achievements?

This Byzantine religious text is beautifullyillustrated. What did Byzantine boysstudy at school?

What Did You Learn?

Study Central Need help understanding therise of the Byzantine Empire? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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492 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

“Bread and Circuses”

The city of Rome may have had over one mil-lion people at its height. Many people wereunemployed and could not buy food. Theywere also bored and restless. Unhappy hungrypeople might rebel. The following passage bythe Roman writer Fronto explains how emper-ors tried to solve these problems.

It was the height of political wisdom forthe emperor not to neglect even actors andthe other performers of the stage, the circus,and the arena, since he knew that theRoman people is held fast by two thingsabove all, the grain supply and the shows,that the success of the government depends

on amusements as much as on seriousthings. Neglect of serious matters entailsthe greater detriment, of amusements thegreater unpopularity. The money largessesare less eagerly desired than the shows; thelargesses appease only the grain-doledplebs singly and individually, while theshows keep the whole population happy.

—Fronto, “Bread and Circuses”

Problems in RomeYou have read about many of the problems of the Roman

Empire. These included poor leadership, a declining economy, andattacks by Germanic tribes. Other problems also faced Rome,including the unemployed poor in Rome who did not have enoughto eat and emperors who did not have a plan for choosing the next ruler of Rome. Roman rulers tried to address these problems, but they were not always successful.

Read the passages on pages 492 and 493, and answer the questions that follow.

entail: to be involved in somethingdetriment (DEH•truh•muhnt): damagelargess (lahr•JEHS): giftdole: a government gift

plebs (PLEHBS): the common peoplevied: competedsesterce (SEHS•TUHRS): a Roman coin

roughly equivalent to one U.S. dollar

Reader’s Dictionary

Roman coin

WH7.1 Students analyze thecauses and effects of the vastexpansion and ultimatedisintegration of the RomanEmpire.

Gladiators in battle

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CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 493

“Empire for Sale”

One of the main problems that faced Rome washow to choose a new emperor. The following pas-sage by Dio Cassius describes the imperial crisisof A.D. 193.

Didius Julianus . . . when he heard of thedeath of [Emperor] Pertinax, hastily made hisway to the [Praetorian] camp and, standing atthe gates of the enclosure, made bids to thesoldiers for the rule over the Romans. . . . For,just as if it had been in some market or auctionroom, both the city and its entire Empire wereauctioned off. The sellers were the ones whohad slain their emperor, and the would-bebuyers were Sulpicianus and Julianus, whovied to outbid each other. . . . They graduallyraised their bids up to 20,000 sesterces per sol-dier. Some of the soldiers would carry word toJulianus, “Sulpicianus offers so much; howmuch more do you bid?” And to Sulpicianusin turn, “Julianus promises so much; howmuch do you raise him?” Sulpicianus wouldhave won the day. . . . had not Julianus raisedhis bid no longer by a small amount but by5,000 at one time. . . . So the soldiers, capti-vated by this extravagant bid . . . receivedJulianus inside and declared him emperor.

—Dio Cassius, “Empire for Sale”

Justinian’s Laws

Slavery was common in both the Roman Empireand the Byzantine Empire. The use of enslavedworkers during a time of high unemploymenthelped weaken the Roman Empire. When theByzantine emperor Justinian created his lawcodes, he included regulations about slavery basedon the old Roman slave laws. The following lawscome from the Institutes, a collection of some ofJustinian’s laws.

Book I, Chapter III

4. Slaves either are born or become so. Theyare born so when their mother is a slave;they become so either by the law of nations,that is, by captivity, or by the civil law, aswhen a free person, above the age of twenty,suffers himself to be sold, that he may sharethe price given for him.

Book I, Chapter VIII

1. Slaves are in the power of masters, a powerderived from the law of nations: for amongall nations it may be remarked that mastershave the power of life and death over theirslaves, and that everything acquired by theslave is acquired for the master.

2. But at the present day none of our subjectsmay use unrestrained violence towardstheir slaves, except for a reason recognizedby law.

—The Institutes

“Bread and Circuses”

1. How did the grain doles help keep order?

2. Why was it important for emperors not toneglect actors? Why was this more importantthan the grain dole?

“Empire for Sale”

3. How did Julianus become emperor?

4. What does this process of choosing anemperor say about the loyalty and power ofthe soldiers?

Justinian’s Laws

5. Besides being born enslaved, what other wayscould a person become enslaved?

6. Based on the laws shown, how do you thinkenslaved people were treated? Explain.

Read to Write

7. Write a short essay using these primarysources to answer this question: Whatproblems do these sources reveal that mayhave helped cause the Roman Empire to fall?

CA HR4.

Giraudon/Art Resource, NY

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N

S

W E

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection500 km0

500 mi.0

40°N

30°N

20°N

0° 10°E 20°EATLANTIC

OCEAN

Danube R.

Mediterranean Sea

ITALYSPAIN

Crete

Sicily

Sardinia

Corsica

ConstantinopleRome

Carthage

Critical Thinking16. Cause and Effect Why did Alaric’s cap-

ture of Rome shock the Roman people?

17. Predict How do you think history wouldhave been different if Theodosius had notdivided the Roman Empire?

Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions.18. Place Which areas were conquered by

Justinian’s military? 19. Human/Environment Interaction Why

do you think Justinian decided to conquerlands to the west of his empire?

20. Movement What made it difficult for theByzantine Empire to hold on to Justinian’sconquests? CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA HI2.

CA HR5.

Review Content VocabularyMatch the definitions in the second column tothe terms in the first column.___ 1. anatomy a. pictures made of

many bits of coloredglass or stone

___ 2. inflation b. rapidly increasingprices

___ 3. gladiator c. father of a family___ 4. regent d. emotional poem

about life’s ups and downs

___ 5. mosaic e. study of the body’sstructure

___ 6. paterfamilias f. a person who standsin for a ruler whocannot govern

___ 7. ode g. a warrior who foughtanimals and people in public arenas

Review the Section 1 • Life in Ancient Rome

8. What did the Romans borrow from theGreeks? What did they develop on theirown?

9. What were the lives of the rich and poorlike in Rome?

Section 2 • The Fall of Rome10. What weakened the Roman Empire? 11. What caused the fall of Rome?12. In what areas of today’s society can we see

Roman influence?Section 3 • The Byzantine Empire13. Which half of the former Roman Empire

was most successful?14. What policies and reforms helped make

the Byzantine Empire strong?15. What different groups of people

contributed to the Byzantine culture?

Byzantine Empire

494 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

KEYByzantine Empire before Justinian, A.D. 527Byzantine Empire after Justinian's conquests, A.D. 565

Standards WH6.7 & WH7.1

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Read to Write21. Writing Reports You have

learned that Byzantine culture was greatlyinfluenced by the Romans, Greeks,Egyptians, Slavs, and Persians. Thinkabout the culture of the United States.Work with a classmate to prepare a reportidentifying parts of U.S. culture that wereoriginally part of other cultures.

22. Using Your Use the informationin your foldable to create a study guide.For each section, your study guide shouldinclude five questions that focus on themain ideas.

Using Academic Vocabulary23. Use five of the following vocabulary words

to write a short essay about the fall ofRome. Make sure that the words are usedcorrectly.

constant incomeauthority enormousexpand rely

Building Citizenship24. Analyze Traditional Roman ideas of duty,

courage, and honesty lost their importancebefore Rome fell. Why do you think duty,courage, and honesty are important inkeeping a society strong?

Linking Past and Present25. Language Connections Use your local

library to research some of the words fromthe Roman language, Latin, that we stilluse today. Create a list of these words aswell as the Latin words from which theycome. Be sure to include a definition witheach entry.

Economics Connection26. Explain What role did taxation play in the

fall of Rome? What would be somepossible solutions to solving the taxproblems? Write an essay explaining yoursolution to the problem.

Reviewing Skills

27. Predicting Write an essay inwhich you predict the fall of the RomanEmpire. What are some of the things thatyou notice as signs of the fall?

28. Making Choices How didRome’s leaders try to strengthen theempire? How well did these methodswork? Write a short story describing howyou would make Rome strong.

CA 6WA2.1

CA HI1.

CA 6WA2.2

CA HI6.

CA 6RC2.3

CA 6RC2.3

CA 6RC2.0

CA HI2.

CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 495

Select the best answer for each ofthe following questions.

Which of the following con-tributed to the instability ofthe Roman Empire and itseventual fall?

A dishonest government officialsB attacks by the GreeksC the death of Julius CaesarD the rise of the Byzantines

The Eastern Roman Empirewas able to avoid manyGermanic invasions because

A it was protected by theSpartans.

B the Western Roman Empire hadmore wealth.

C the Mediterranean and BlackSeas offered protection frominvaders.

D Constantine moved the capitalto Constantinople.

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29

Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare forthe Chapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com

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