The Birth of Modern Industrial Society in Europe

1815-1850

IntroductionIntroduction Industrial Revolution: the social and economic changes

happening during a country’s transition from an agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society using factories and relying on complex machinery rather than hand tools.

EffectsEffects

Changed the face of nations, giving rise to urban Changed the face of nations, giving rise to urban centers and presenting new needs for the people.centers and presenting new needs for the people.

Urban worker more Urban worker more dependent on the willdependent on the will of the employer than of the employer than the rural worker hadthe rural worker had been. been.

LESSON FOCUS:LESSON FOCUS:

ENGLANDENGLAND

WHY?WHY?THEY WERE FIRST!THEY WERE FIRST!

Had lots of Had lots of

CoalCoal 煤炭煤炭Iron Iron 铁矿铁矿

WaterwaysWaterways 渠渠

The above pictures shows an inventor and in the background are inventions that were created during the Industrial Revolution. What are some of the inventions?

What were some of What were some of the inventions??the inventions??

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Economic ChangesEconomic Changes

production moved from its traditional locations in production moved from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories. the home and the small workshop to factories.

The overall amount of goods and services produced The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically.expanded dramatically.

New groups of investors, businesspeople, and New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers risked their money and many were managers risked their money and many were rewarded rewarded

Consumer DemandConsumer Demand

More consumers had sufficient income to afford More consumers had sufficient income to afford exotic goods, such as cotton cloth and chinaexotic goods, such as cotton cloth and china

These were the rising “middle class”These were the rising “middle class”

Production of goods in greater quantity at a Production of goods in greater quantity at a cheaper price = more consumers and higher cheaper price = more consumers and higher profit profit …CAPITALISM!!…CAPITALISM!!

Multiplier EffectMultiplier Effect The cycle of consumer demand - investment and The cycle of consumer demand - investment and

innovations that drove the Industrial Revolutioninnovations that drove the Industrial Revolution

Process: increased consumer demand prompts Process: increased consumer demand prompts entrepreneurs to invest in machines to speed up entrepreneurs to invest in machines to speed up production, and thereby increase sales and profit.production, and thereby increase sales and profit.

Faster production in one Faster production in one area of manufacturing area of manufacturing prompts investment in prompts investment in another area. another area.

Example: Faster methods of spinning cotton Example: Faster methods of spinning cotton requires faster methods of weaving clothrequires faster methods of weaving cloth

Profit from increased production used to Profit from increased production used to invest in further innovations and inventionsinvest in further innovations and inventions

Multiplier effect caused Industrial Revolution Multiplier effect caused Industrial Revolution to continuously generate new technologyto continuously generate new technology

Social Changes Increase in population and urbanization, as well as new

social classes. Poor living conditions in urban centres

The factory owners' often thought of labourers as commodities and not as a group of human beings.

Machines did the work people used to. Therefore, work changed from specialized skill to repetitive operation.

=CHEAP LABOUR

Created a new working class – The Industrial WorkerCreated a new working class – The Industrial Worker

Low wagesLow wages Long hoursLong hours (As much as 16 (As much as 16 hours a day!)hours a day!) Working conditionsWorking conditions unpleasant and dangerous unpleasant and dangerous

Women and children had the most exploitative Women and children had the most exploitative working conditions and the lowest rates of pay.working conditions and the lowest rates of pay.

“ “two children working in the mines. They were small two children working in the mines. They were small enough to fit into narrow spaces.”enough to fit into narrow spaces.”

Conditions of City LifeConditions of City Life People flooded into cities from the countryside in People flooded into cities from the countryside in

hopes of finding jobs. Cities were not prepared.hopes of finding jobs. Cities were not prepared. Exclusive neighborhoods were built for wealthy Exclusive neighborhoods were built for wealthy

bourgeoisie, while the working poor were forced to live bourgeoisie, while the working poor were forced to live in dirty, crowded slums. in dirty, crowded slums.

Political ChangesPolitical ChangesLiberalismLiberalism

Emphasized importance of Emphasized importance of individual happiness individual happiness (individualism) (individualism)

Role of government is to Role of government is to protect the freedom and rights protect the freedom and rights of the individual of the individual

Generally reflected views of Generally reflected views of middle class middle class

ConservatismConservatism

Believed in value of Believed in value of traditional life traditional life

Government necessary to Government necessary to control society and preserve control society and preserve general order general order

Reflected views of landed Reflected views of landed upper class upper class

Laissez Faire: No Government Intervention

Government should not interfere with businesses (taxation, labour laws etc.)

Argued that Laissez faire would improve economic growth of individuals

Utilitarianism: Government Intervention and Regulation

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

-believed that it was best to free individuals to pursue their own self-interest

But…if real conflicts arose, the government would intervene and create an artificial measure of social utility (laws).

Some examples are….. Some examples are…..

Social LegislationSocial Legislation

New Poor Law drafted in 1834 – New Poor Law drafted in 1834 – In order to receive poor relief, an individual had to In order to receive poor relief, an individual had to

enter a enter a workhouseworkhouse

Protesters saw workhouse as prisons and named Protesters saw workhouse as prisons and named them “Bastilles”them “Bastilles”

About 5 percent of the population was dependent About 5 percent of the population was dependent on the New Poor Lawon the New Poor Law

The Factory Act of 1833 – prohibited the employment of children under age 9 and placed limits on working hours of those between the ages of 9 and 18 Factory Act of 1847 – limited children to 10 hour day. This limit became the standard working day for adults in textile mills.The Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited the employment of women and of children under 10 years of age in underground mines.Why?

The social legislation redefine the government’s role in social policy.

It established new ways of investigating social problems

How has the social How has the social legislation influenced the legislation influenced the

present?present?