the baroque era
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THE BAROQUE ERA. 1600-1750. Journal Entry #8 Given what you know about the Renaissance, what new innovations and styles you do THINK are coming up in the Baroque era? How will music progress from here?. Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian Bach Nick Caban – Louis Armstrong - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE BAROQUE ERATHE BAROQUE ERA1600-17501600-1750
Journal Entry #8
Given what you know about the Renaissance, what new innovations and styles you do THINK are coming up in the Baroque era? How will music progress from here?
Composer Research Paper Composer Research Paper AssignmentsAssignments
Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian BachBach
Nick Caban – Louis ArmstrongNick Caban – Louis ArmstrongBilal Aziz – Ludwig van BeethovenBilal Aziz – Ludwig van BeethovenClaire Chandler – Frederic ChopinClaire Chandler – Frederic ChopinAndrew Drake – Scott JoplinAndrew Drake – Scott JoplinBlake Noud – Andrew Lloyd WebberBlake Noud – Andrew Lloyd WebberJacob Burns – Claude DebussyJacob Burns – Claude DebussyKalyn Moore – Wolfgang Amadeus Kalyn Moore – Wolfgang Amadeus
MozartMozartDominique Flyte – Felix MendelssohnDominique Flyte – Felix MendelssohnJulian Harvey – Carl OrffJulian Harvey – Carl Orff
Emma Brown – Sergei Emma Brown – Sergei RachmaninoffRachmaninoff
Kieryn Beyerl – Pyotr Ilyich Kieryn Beyerl – Pyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyTchaikovsky
Phil Kosydor – Franz SchubertPhil Kosydor – Franz SchubertAaron Brunnworth – Antonio VivaldiAaron Brunnworth – Antonio VivaldiTaimoor Aziz – Henry PurcellTaimoor Aziz – Henry PurcellAlec Camp – Richard WagnerAlec Camp – Richard WagnerSami Greytak – Leonard BernsteinSami Greytak – Leonard BernsteinNate Novak – John WilliamsNate Novak – John WilliamsRyan Kaminsky – Aaron CoplandRyan Kaminsky – Aaron CoplandAnna Stamer – Igor StravinskyAnna Stamer – Igor Stravinsky
THE BAROQUE WORLDTHE BAROQUE WORLD
HistoryHistory 1607 – Jamestown founded1607 – Jamestown founded 1643-1715 – Louis XIV reigns in France1643-1715 – Louis XIV reigns in France 1692 – Salem Witch Trials, Salem, MA1692 – Salem Witch Trials, Salem, MA 1715-1774 – Louis XV reigns in France1715-1774 – Louis XV reigns in France
LiteratureLiterature 1600 – 1600 – Hamlet Hamlet (Shakespeare)(Shakespeare) 1605 – 1605 – Don Quixote Don Quixote (Cervantes)(Cervantes) 1611 – King James Bible1611 – King James Bible 1667 – 1667 – Paradise Lost Paradise Lost (Milton)(Milton) 1719 – 1719 – Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)(Defoe) 1726 – 1726 – Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels (Swift)(Swift)
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
ScienceScience1610 – Galileo confirms that Earth 1610 – Galileo confirms that Earth
revolves around the sunrevolves around the sun1687 – Newton’s 1687 – Newton’s Principia MathematicaPrincipia MathematicaNew approach to science based on New approach to science based on
mathematics + experimentmathematics + experimentDiscovered Discovered mathematical lawsmathematical laws
governing bodies in motiongoverning bodies in motionNew inventions, improvements of New inventions, improvements of
medicine, mining, navigation, industrymedicine, mining, navigation, industry
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
ArtArtEffort to completely fill spaceEffort to completely fill spaceEmphasis on Emphasis on motionmotion and and dramadramaPotential of Potential of color, depth, contrasts of color, depth, contrasts of
light and darklight and darkArtists wanted to create Artists wanted to create totally totally
structured worldsstructured worlds
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
Judith Slaying Judith Slaying
Holofernes Holofernes (1612)(1612)Artemisia GentileshiArtemisia Gentileshi
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
1623 – Bernini: 1623 – Bernini:
David Slaying David Slaying
GoliathGoliath
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
1653 – Rembrandt: 1653 – Rembrandt:
Aristotle with aAristotle with a
Bust of HomerBust of Homer
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
““Age of Absolutism”Age of Absolutism”Aristocracy very rich, powerful, lived Aristocracy very rich, powerful, lived
in luxuryin luxury
(Rest of population barely survived)(Rest of population barely survived)Splendid palaces, magnificent balls, Splendid palaces, magnificent balls,
eventseventsAbsolute power – Duke of Weimar Absolute power – Duke of Weimar
and Bachand Bach
THE BAROQUE WORLD, THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont…cont…
Religious institutions also shaped styleReligious institutions also shaped styleChurches used the emotional and Churches used the emotional and
theatrical style of the day to make worship theatrical style of the day to make worship more attractive/appealingmore attractive/appealing
Competing views: Europe divided into Competing views: Europe divided into Catholic and ProtestantCatholic and Protestant
Catholic:Catholic: France, Spain, Italy, Austrian France, Spain, Italy, Austrian EmpireEmpire
Protestant:Protestant: England, Netherlands, England, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, GermanyDenmark, Sweden, Germany
BAROQUE STYLEBAROQUE STYLE
Baroque = “barroco” = irregularly Baroque = “barroco” = irregularly shaped pearl, term of criticismshaped pearl, term of criticismHighly decorated, elaborately Highly decorated, elaborately
ornamentedornamentedEmphasis on Emphasis on motionmotion and and dramadrama
MAJOR COMPOSERSMAJOR COMPOSERS
Two giants: George Frederic Handel Two giants: George Frederic Handel and Johann Sebastian Bachand Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach’s death: 1750Bach’s death: 1750Other important composers: Other important composers:
Monteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, VivaldiMonteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, Vivaldi
GENERAL BAROQUE MUSICGENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC
Divided into 3 phasesDivided into 3 phases1.1. Early: 1600-1640Early: 1600-1640
2.2. Middle: 1640-1680Middle: 1640-1680
3.3. Late: 1680-1750Late: 1680-1750
GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…cont…
Music composed for texts conveying Music composed for texts conveying extreme emotion, text ruled musicextreme emotion, text ruled music
Stress on drama and text led to Stress on drama and text led to operaopera – drama sung to orchestra – drama sung to orchestra accompanimentaccompanimentMelodies imitated the Melodies imitated the
rhythms/inflections of speechrhythms/inflections of speech
GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…cont…
GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…cont…
Early Baroque: Homophonic over Early Baroque: Homophonic over polyphonic texturepolyphonic textureWords were clearer with one melody Words were clearer with one melody
over over chordal accompanimentchordal accompanimentDissonanceDissonance and and contrasts of contrasts of
soundssounds were used to depict extreme were used to depict extreme emotionsemotionsContrasts of sound examples: Contrasts of sound examples:
one solo singer against an entire chorusone solo singer against an entire chorusSingers against instrumentsSingers against instruments
GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…cont…
Middle Baroque:Middle Baroque:New style spread from Italy all overNew style spread from Italy all overChurch modes officially gave way to Church modes officially gave way to
major and minor scalesmajor and minor scalesInstrumental music importantInstrumental music importantViolin family most popularViolin family most popular
GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…cont…
Late Baroque:Late Baroque:Most music heard today is from late Most music heard today is from late
BaroqueBaroqueDominant Dominant to to tonic tonic chordschordsInstrumental as important as vocalInstrumental as important as vocalPolyphonic texture returnsPolyphonic texture returns
BAROQUE MUSIC (SHMRFT)BAROQUE MUSIC (SHMRFT)
SoundSoundUnity of MoodUnity of Mood
Usually expresses one basic mood Usually expresses one basic mood throughout (but not in vocal music)throughout (but not in vocal music)
Emotional states represented – joy, Emotional states represented – joy, grief, agitation, called grief, agitation, called affectionsaffections
Specific rhythm/melodic patterns Specific rhythm/melodic patterns became associated with specific moodsbecame associated with specific moods
(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…
HarmonyHarmony Chords Chords increasingly importantincreasingly important Chords gave prominence to the Chords gave prominence to the bassbass, ,
which is the foundation of a chordwhich is the foundation of a chord Basso continuoBasso continuo – accompaniment made – accompaniment made
up of a bass part usually played by two up of a bass part usually played by two instrumentsinstruments a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument like a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument like
cello or bassooncello or bassoon
Harmony, cont…Harmony, cont…Basso continuo played in left hand, Basso continuo played in left hand,
while right hand creates chords while right hand creates chords based on numbers written in the based on numbers written in the music, called music, called figured bassfigured bass
Example: pg. 129Example: pg. 129
(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…
Filling in chords according to figured Filling in chords according to figured bass is called bass is called realizationrealization
Figured bass only specifies basic Figured bass only specifies basic chordschords
Performer has great freedomPerformer has great freedomAlso saved time for busy Baroque Also saved time for busy Baroque
composerscomposersAlso saved paper, which was very Also saved paper, which was very
expensiveexpensive
(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…
Figured bass is the shorthand system Figured bass is the shorthand system that leads to song lead sheets and that leads to song lead sheets and jazz improvisation of todayjazz improvisation of today
(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…
RhythmRhythmPatterns repeat throughout piecePatterns repeat throughout piece
Created Created forward momentumforward momentumForward motion rarely interruptedForward motion rarely interrupted
BeatBeat emphasized more than emphasized more than RenaissanceRenaissance
(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…
MelodyMelodyRepeated throughout pieceRepeated throughout piece, melodies , melodies
heard again and again throughoutheard again and again throughoutCharacter of the melody remains Character of the melody remains
constantconstantContinuous expanding, unfolding, and Continuous expanding, unfolding, and
unwinding of melodyunwinding of melodySequencesSequences used usedOrnamentationOrnamentation
Hard to sing and rememberHard to sing and remember
LISTENING FOR ORNMENTATIONLISTENING FOR ORNMENTATION
Sonata da chiesa, Op. 5, No. 1Sonata da chiesa, Op. 5, No. 1Arcangelo CorelliArcangelo CorelliAlso listen for harpsichordAlso listen for harpsichord
(SHMRFT) cont… (SHMRFT) cont…
DynamicsDynamics Volume level stays constant for long timeVolume level stays constant for long time Terraced dynamicsTerraced dynamics – sudden shifts in – sudden shifts in
dynamicsdynamics Organ, harpsichord, clavichord: narrow Organ, harpsichord, clavichord: narrow
dynamic changesdynamic changes Organ and harpsichord – incapable of gradual Organ and harpsichord – incapable of gradual
dynamic changesdynamic changes Clavichord – very small piano-like instrumentClavichord – very small piano-like instrument
Capable of gradual dynamic changes, but only Capable of gradual dynamic changes, but only within small range (within small range (ppp-mpppp-mp))
LISTENING FOR TERRACED LISTENING FOR TERRACED DYNAMICSDYNAMICS
Hallelujah ChorusHallelujah Chorus from from MessiahMessiahGeorge Frederic HandelGeorge Frederic HandelListen for trumpet and timpaniListen for trumpet and timpani
(SHMRFT) cont…(SHMRFT) cont…
TextureTextureEarly Baroque: homophonicEarly Baroque: homophonicLate Baroque: usually polyphonicLate Baroque: usually polyphonicSoprano and BassSoprano and Bass: most important: most importantImitationImitationSome vocal pieces may switch Some vocal pieces may switch
texture for change of moodtexture for change of mood
SHMRFT, cont…SHMRFT, cont…
Texture, cont…Texture, cont… Music depicts specific meanings (word Music depicts specific meanings (word
painting) painting) ““heaven” – high, “hell” – low, “grief” – heaven” – high, “hell” – low, “grief” –
descending chromatic scaledescending chromatic scale Words emphasized by writing many rapid Words emphasized by writing many rapid
notes for a single syllable of text - notes for a single syllable of text - mellismasmellismas Technique also demonstrated singer’s Technique also demonstrated singer’s
virtuosityvirtuosity
LISTENING TO MELLISMASLISTENING TO MELLISMAS
Ev’ry Valley Shall Be ExaltedEv’ry Valley Shall Be Exalted from from MessiahMessiahGeorge Frederic HandelGeorge Frederic Handel
THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRATHE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA
10-40 players10-40 playersBased on instruments of violin familyBased on instruments of violin familyMain partsMain parts
Basso continuo – harpsichord & cello or Basso continuo – harpsichord & cello or bass & bassoonbass & bassoon
Upper strings – 1Upper strings – 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd violins & violins & violasviolas
Use of woodwind, brass, percussion Use of woodwind, brass, percussion variedvaried
Other instruments could be added – Other instruments could be added – recorder, flute, oboe, trumpet, horns, recorder, flute, oboe, trumpet, horns, trombone, timpanitrombone, timpani
Trumpet & timpani joined in for Trumpet & timpani joined in for festive musicfestive music
LISTENING FOR FESTIVE LISTENING FOR FESTIVE TRUMPETTRUMPET
Gloria Gloria from Gloria in D Majorfrom Gloria in D MajorAntonio VivaldiAntonio Vivaldi
Different than modern orchestra:Different than modern orchestra:4 groups of instruments4 groups of instruments
Trumpet was different, no valvesTrumpet was different, no valvesDifficult to play, associated with royaltyDifficult to play, associated with royaltyTrumpeters were the top of the Trumpeters were the top of the
orchestra ladderorchestra ladderTreated like military officersTreated like military officers
BAROQUE FORMSBAROQUE FORMS
movementmovement – a piece that sounds – a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger compositionis part of a larger compositioneach movement:each movement:
has its own themeshas its own themescomes to a definite endcomes to a definite endis separated from the next movement by a is separated from the next movement by a
brief pausebrief pause
3-Part: ABA3-Part: ABA2-Part: AB2-Part: ABThrough-composedThrough-composedAlways contrast between bodies Always contrast between bodies
of soundof soundExamples: Examples:
alteration between small and large alteration between small and large groups of instrumentsgroups of instruments
Voices and instrumentsVoices and instruments
VOCABULARYVOCABULARY GalileoGalileo NewtonNewton BaroqueBaroque OrnamentationOrnamentation OperaOpera AffectionsAffections Basso continuoBasso continuo Figured BassFigured Bass RealizationRealization Terraced dynamicsTerraced dynamics SequencesSequences ClavichordClavichord OrchestraOrchestra
GROUP PRESENTATIONSGROUP PRESENTATIONS
Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Baroque DanceBaroque Dance Famous Baroque OperasFamous Baroque OperasAlec CampAlec Camp Dominique FlyteDominique Flyte Chris PearsonChris PearsonAaron BrunnworthAaron Brunnworth Claire ChandlerClaire Chandler Nate NovakNate NovakTaimoor AzizTaimoor Aziz Emma BrownEmma Brown Ryan KaminskyRyan KaminskyNick CabanNick Caban Julian HarveyJulian Harvey Blake NoudBlake Noud
GalileoGalileo Baroque Royal CourtsBaroque Royal CourtsBilal AzizBilal Aziz Phil KosydorPhil KosydorJacob BurnsJacob Burns Kalyn MooreKalyn MooreKieryn BeyerlKieryn Beyerl Andrew DrakeAndrew DrakeAnna StamerAnna Stamer Sami GreytakSami Greytak