the baroque - art history 101 basics
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AtermnowgenerallyusedtodescribeartinEuropebetweenca.1600andca.1750.Itisbroadlyacceptedtodaythat'Baroque'impliesdynamismandmovement(particularlyinarchitectureandsculpture),andatheatricalitydependentonamasteryofspaceandgeometry.TheillusionismofBaroquepaintingis,nevertheless,foundedontheabilitytodepictreality.AllBaroqueart,howeveroutwardlydissimilaritmayappear,isindebtedto
thetechnicalachievementsoftheRenaissance.Thetermitselforiginatedinthemid18thcenturywhenusedbyJohannJoachimWinckelmann(171768)inaderogatorysense,todescribetheallegedlyexcessiveartoftheprecedingera.Theword'Baroque'wasclaimedtoderivefromthePortuguesebarrocomeaninga'pearlortoothofunequalsize.'Itthereforeimpliedimbalanceandugliness,asopposedtotheidealbeautyandperfectionsoughtbyWinckelmannthroughtheimitationofancient,moreparticularlyGreek,art.Itwasnotuntilthelater19thcenturythat'Baroque,'throughthewritingsofaseriesofdistinguishedGermanarthistorians,lostitspejorativeconnotationsandwasconsideredasanartthatwasvitalanddistinctfromthatofthehallowedRenaissance.TheBaroquewasoriginallyassociatedwithpostCounterReformationItalyandwiththeconceptoftheunityofthearts,bestexemplifiedintheworkofGianlorenzoBernini(15981680),architect,sculptor,theatresetdesigner,andpainterandthepresidingartisticgeniusof17thcenturyRome.EssentiallyaCatholicart,theBaroquespreadfromItalytoSpain,theSpanishNetherlands,andlatertosouthernGermany,numberingamongitsmanymasterssuchdiversefiguresasBorromini,PietrodaCortona,andRubens.
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