the applications of blockchain and crypto currencies
TRANSCRIPT
the applications of
blockchainand crypto currencies
Grzegorz GawronArini Labs
marketics at arini.biz
Agenda- RIP bitcoin, long live the blockchain?- crypto protocols
- escrow, offline payments-green addresses, micropayments- timestamping, but no clairvoyance- smart property - using OpenAssets- cryptographic randomness beacon- multi party lotteries- prediction markets- financial uses
- smart coins- bonds
- Stellar
RIP bitcoin long live the underlying
tech: blockchain?
“...It’s time to admit that the current Bitcoin needs to be scrapped and to take advantage of the innovations behind the technology that underlies Bitcoin, the blockchain...”
* [6]
bitcoin ‘experiment’
* [7], [5]
● (Mike Hearn) would you use a payment system which: ○ Couldn’t move your existing money○ Had wildly unpredictable fees that were high and rising fast
○ Allowed buyers to take back payments they’d made after walking out of shops, by simply pressing a button (...) RBF/scorched earth
○ Is suffering large backlogs and flaky payments○ … which is controlled by China
○ … and in which the companies and people building it were in open civil war?
● main cause = community failure?○ miner concentration○ limited throughput
blockchainand
“crypto protocols”
bitcoin scripts’ applications● escrow● green addresses● efficient micro-payments
* [3]
TRANSACTION
10 BTC
from Alice
to MULTISIG(2 out of 3)
Escrow
Arbitrator
Alice
2x sign
Bob
sign
2x sign
1 2a
2c 2b
Bob
TRANSACTION
10 BTC
from Bank
to Bob
Green Addresses
Alice
‘Bank’
1
sign2
3
4
Bob
TRANSACTION B<lock time>
1 BTC
from TRANS A
to Alice
Micropayments
Alice
2asign
TRANSACTION k
0.0001 BTC
from TRANS A
to Bob
TRANSACTION 2
0.0002 BTC
from TRANS A
to Bob
TRANSACTION 3
0.0003 BTC
from TRANS A
to Bob
TRANSACTION A
1 BTC
from Alice
to MULTISIG (2 out of 2)
1sign
sign
2b
3signsignsign
4 5
6
Timestamping- proof of something without revealing it
- Alice and Bob both sign a hash of a patent
- not proof of clairvoyance- corrupt FIFA case
Timestamp bitcoin implementation- ‘burn’ coins by sending to the time-hash
- but you burn coins and the output needs to be tracked forever, not good
- encode the time-hash in the private key- send back money 2x with the same randomness key- this allows reconstructing the private key- but a bit complex
- ‘burn’ using OP_RETURN with the time-hash- it costs (<1GBp), but you can batch the commitments in a merkle tree
for instance
side note: illicit content: eg illegal links embedded
Smart property- ownership of any real-world property
- tickets, cars, stocks, domain names
- OpenAssets protocol- based on OP_RETURN with instructions
- pass the coin through a special publicised P2SH address
splitting/combining the coins in a tx with a burned bitcoin encoding the split config
- downsides- burn
- need to validate the full history of a coin to make sure it’s really ‘coloured’
Cryptographic beacon- the need: envelopes
- bent edges- cold envelope- video rigged
- bitcoin beacon- treat the hash found as a random bit- miner can withhold (<4000$)
Multiparty lotteries
Secure, multi-party lotteries
● untrusting counterparties● sensitive inputs● and yet - auto transfer money according to rules
The lottery rounds- round 1
- everyone picks a random value- everyone shares hash of their random value
- round 2- everyone shares the random value- all the values are combined into one (eg sum mod n)
How to make a fair lotterywhat if alice got all the real numbers in round 2 and knows she lost? a collateral should help here
● alice creates tx in round 1:○ to alice/bob OR to alice (with hash)
● alice/bob sign time-locked collateral transaction● alice reclaims collateral by providing the data
Prediction Markets
Prediction markets● let people earn from their ‘dispersed’ knowledge● get a prediction at the same time● proposed operation
○ create/buy/sell○ arbitration○ data feeds
Prediction markets in bitcoin● simple wager
○ with Reality Keys ○ tx to: < bob&YES OR alice&NO >
■ YES/NO - a private key for the yes/no-scenario
● market API○ OpenMarket/Close_○ BuyCompleteSet/Sell_○ BuySingle/Sell_
Deal structures● go long:
○ enter: buySingle (buyComplete/sellSingle*)○ exit: sellSingle (buySingle*/sellComplete)
● go short: ○ enter: buyCompleteSet/sellSingle○ exit: buySingle/sellComplete
● arbitrage○ if (sum sellSingle* < complete price)○ buy all / sellComplete○ ... and vice versa
External exchange - need a broker
* 20/1/2016 http://www.jbonneau.com/doc/CBEKMN14-WEIS-decentralizing_prediction_markets.pdf
Bitshares
Bitshares - a bit more finance● smart coins
○ long: spend BTx, get BTgold○ short: put collateral margin, produce BTgold
● smart bonds○ put BTx as collateral○ produce a BTbond, get BTS○ pay BTS interest○ if not: your collateral gets paid to BTbond buyer
Stellar
Stellar - blockchain platform● comparison to bitcoin
○ no POW, Federated Byzantine Agreement instead■ 2 seconds between ‘blocks’
○ ledger of accounts, not transactions
● life cycle○ client: create tx, sign, submit○ core: preliminary checks, propagate, scp
Multi-signatures● security thresholds
○ low - allow trust○ medium○ high - modify signers, options
● eg - any 3 employees can sign anything○ thresholds: low/medium/high: 3/3/3○ master key weight: 0○ Employee x key weight: 1
Stellar consensus protocol
* 20/1/2016 https://www.stellar.org/
Consensus based on ‘federated’ trust
* 20/1/2016 https://www.stellar.org/
References[1] http://www.jbonneau.com/doc/CBEKMN14-WEIS-decentralizing_prediction_markets.pdf
[2] https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf
[3] Princeton University: ‘Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies’ https://www.coursera.org/course/bitcointech
[4] https://bitshares.org/
[5] https://medium.com/@octskyward/replace-by-fee-43edd9a1dd6d
[6] https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/01/19/r-i-p-bitcoin-its-time-to-move-on/
[7] https://medium.com/@octskyward/the-resolution-of-the-bitcoin-experiment-dabb30201f7
THANK YOU