the animal kingdom: the deuterostomes chapter 31

102
The Animal Kingdom: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes The Deuterostomes Chapter 31 Chapter 31

Upload: laurence-garrison

Post on 17-Dec-2015

228 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

The Animal Kingdom:The Animal Kingdom:The DeuterostomesThe Deuterostomes

Chapter 31Chapter 31

Page 2: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1

• What are the shared derived characters of What are the shared derived characters of deuterostomesdeuterostomes??

Page 3: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

DeuterostomesDeuterostomes 11

• Include echinoderms, hemichordates, Include echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates chordates

• HemichordatesHemichordates (acorn worms) (acorn worms)• marine deuterostomesmarine deuterostomes• three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk)three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk)

Page 4: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

DeuterostomesDeuterostomes 22

• Shared derived charactersShared derived characters• radial, indeterminate cleavageradial, indeterminate cleavage• blastopore becomes anusblastopore becomes anus• larva have a loop-shaped ciliated band used larva have a loop-shaped ciliated band used

for locomotionfor locomotion

Page 5: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS

• The echinoderms and the chordates are The echinoderms and the chordates are the two most successful deuterostome the two most successful deuterostome lineages in terms of diversity, number of lineages in terms of diversity, number of species, and number of individualsspecies, and number of individuals

Page 6: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2

• What are three shared derived characters What are three shared derived characters of of echinodermsechinoderms??

• Describe the main classes of echinodermsDescribe the main classes of echinoderms

Page 7: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

PhylumPhylum EchinodermataEchinodermata

• Marine animals withMarine animals with• spiny “skin” spiny “skin” • water vascular systemwater vascular system• tube feettube feet• endoskeletonendoskeleton

• Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetryLarvae exhibit bilateral symmetry• Most adults exhibit Most adults exhibit pentaradial symmetrypentaradial symmetry

Page 8: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Sea Star Body PlanSea Star Body Plan

Page 9: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-2a, p. 670

Stomach

Digestive gland

AnusTube feet

Ampulla

GonadSpine

Dermal gill

Pedicellariae

Page 10: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass CrinoideaCrinoidea

• Sea lilies, feather starsSea lilies, feather stars• oral surfaceoral surface turned upward turned upward• some crinoids are sessilesome crinoids are sessile

Page 11: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass AsteroideaAsteroidea

• Sea starsSea stars• central disc with five or more armscentral disc with five or more arms• use tube feet for locomotionuse tube feet for locomotion

Page 12: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass OphiuroideaOphiuroidea

• Brittle starsBrittle stars• arms longer, more slender than sea starsarms longer, more slender than sea stars• arms more distinct from central discarms more distinct from central disc• use arms for locomotionuse arms for locomotion• tube feet lack suckerstube feet lack suckers

Page 13: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass EchinoideaEchinoidea

• Sea urchins, sand dollars Sea urchins, sand dollars • lack armslack arms• have a solid shellhave a solid shell• are covered with spinesare covered with spines

Page 14: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass HolothuroideaHolothuroidea

• Sea cucumbers Sea cucumbers • elongated flexible bodieselongated flexible bodies• circle of modified tube feet surrounds mouth circle of modified tube feet surrounds mouth

Page 15: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-1, p. 669

Page 16: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS

• Echinoderms are characterized by radial Echinoderms are characterized by radial symmetry in adults, a water vascular symmetry in adults, a water vascular system, tube feet, and spiny skinsystem, tube feet, and spiny skin

Page 17: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3

• What are five shared derived characters of What are five shared derived characters of chordateschordates??

Page 18: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

PhylumPhylum Chordata 1Chordata 1

• Subphylum Subphylum Urochordata Urochordata

• Subphylum Subphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata

• Subphylum Subphylum VertebrataVertebrata

Page 19: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Chordate EvolutionChordate Evolution

Page 20: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

PhylumPhylum Chordata 2Chordata 2

• At some time during life cycle haveAt some time during life cycle have• flexible, supporting flexible, supporting notochordnotochord• dorsal, tubular nerve cord dorsal, tubular nerve cord • pharyngeal (gill) slitspharyngeal (gill) slits• muscular muscular postanal tailpostanal tail• endostyleendostyle (or thyroid gland) (or thyroid gland)

Page 21: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Chordate Body PlanChordate Body Plan

Page 22: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-4, p. 671

BrainDorsal, tubular nerve cord Notochord Postanal

tailMouth

Pharynx Anus

Pharyngeal (gill) slits

Intestine Muscular segments

Heart

Page 23: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS

• At some time in its life, a chordate has a At some time in its life, a chordate has a notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; and a muscular postanal pharyngeal slits; and a muscular postanal tailtail

Page 24: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4

• What are the What are the invertebrateinvertebrate chordate chordate subphyla?subphyla?

Page 25: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

SubphylumSubphylum UrochordataUrochordata

• TunicatesTunicates • marine animals with marine animals with tunicstunics • suspension-feederssuspension-feeders

• Larvae are free swimmingLarvae are free swimming• Most adults are sessileMost adults are sessile

Page 26: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Tunicate Body PlanTunicate Body Plan

Page 27: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-5a, p. 672

Chordata

Ech

ino

de

rmat

a (s

ea

star

s, s

ea u

rch

ins)

Hem

ich

ord

ata

(a

corn

wo

rms)

Uro

cho

rdat

a (t

un

icat

es)

Cep

hal

oc

ho

rdat

a (l

ance

lets

)

Deuterostome ancestor

Ver

teb

rata

Page 28: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-5b, p. 672

Incurrent siphon

Ganglion

Oral tentaclesExcurrent siphon

Pharynx with slits Atrium

Endostyle

Tunic

Intestine Esophagus

Digestive gland

Testis

Ovary

HeartStomach

Page 29: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-5c, p. 672

0.5 mm

Page 30: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-5d, p. 672

Pharynx with slits

Incurrent opening Atrium

Excurrent opening

Nerve cord

Adhesive papilla Notochord

StomachHeart

Page 31: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

SubphylumSubphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata

• LanceletsLancelets • small, segmented, fishlike animalssmall, segmented, fishlike animals

Page 32: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-6 (1), p. 673

Chordata

Ech

ino

der

mat

a (s

ea s

tars

, se

a u

rch

ins)

Hem

ich

ord

ata

(aco

rn

wo

rms)

Uro

cho

rdat

a (t

un

icat

es)

Cep

hal

och

ord

ata

(lan

cele

ts)

Deuterostome ancestor

Ver

teb

rata

Page 33: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-6 (a-b), p. 673

Tentacles

Nerve cord

Notochord Pharyngeal slits

Caudal finIntestine

TentaclesEndostyle Atrium Gonads Atriopore Anus

Page 34: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learn more about the body plans Learn more about the body plans of the deuterostomes by clicking of the deuterostomes by clicking on the figures in ThomsonNOW.on the figures in ThomsonNOW.

Page 35: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5

• Discuss the evolution of Discuss the evolution of chordateschordates

Page 36: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Evolution ofEvolution of ChordatesChordates

• UrochordatesUrochordates (tunicates) (tunicates)• probably first chordates to evolveprobably first chordates to evolve

• Subphyla Subphyla CephalochordataCephalochordata and and VertebrataVertebrata• sister taxa sister taxa ((recent common ancestor)recent common ancestor)

Page 37: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Vertebrate EvolutionVertebrate Evolution

Page 38: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Explore the evolutionary Explore the evolutionary relationships of vertebrates by relationships of vertebrates by

clicking on the figure in clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.ThomsonNOW.

Page 39: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6

• What are four What are four shared derived charactersshared derived characters of of vertebratesvertebrates??

Page 40: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Vertebrates 1Vertebrates 1

• Vertebral columnVertebral column • chief skeletal axis of body chief skeletal axis of body

• Cranium Cranium • braincasebraincase

• Neural crest cellsNeural crest cells • determine development of many structuresdetermine development of many structures

Page 41: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Vertebrates 2Vertebrates 2

• Pronounced Pronounced cephalizationcephalization

• Complex Complex brainbrain

• Muscles attached to Muscles attached to endoskeletonendoskeleton for for movementmovement

Page 42: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS

• Shared derived characters of vertebrates Shared derived characters of vertebrates include a vertebral column, cranium, include a vertebral column, cranium, neural crest cells, and an endoskeleton of neural crest cells, and an endoskeleton of cartilage or bonecartilage or bone

Page 43: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7

• What is the difference between the major What is the difference between the major groups of groups of jawless fishesjawless fishes??

Page 44: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Jawless Fishes 1Jawless Fishes 1

• OstracodermsOstracoderms (extinct) (extinct)• among earliest known vertebratesamong earliest known vertebrates

• AgnathansAgnathans (hagfishes) (hagfishes) • class class MyxiniMyxini

• LampreysLampreys• class class CephalaspidomorphiCephalaspidomorphi

Page 45: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

HagfishHagfish

Page 46: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

LampreysLampreys

Page 47: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

HagfishesHagfishes

• Have no trace of vertebraeHave no trace of vertebrae• Why are they classified as vertebrates? Why are they classified as vertebrates?

• Some systematists classify vertebrates Some systematists classify vertebrates plus hagfishes as plus hagfishes as craniatescraniates ( (CraniataCraniata))• But molecular data support classifying But molecular data support classifying

hagfishes as vertebrateshagfishes as vertebrates

Page 48: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Jawless Fishes 2Jawless Fishes 2

• Jaws and paired fins absentJaws and paired fins absent• in both hagfishes and lampreys in both hagfishes and lampreys

• HagfishesHagfishes• marine scavengersmarine scavengers• secrete slime as a defense mechanismsecrete slime as a defense mechanism

• Lampreys Lampreys • many are parasites on other fishesmany are parasites on other fishes

Page 49: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 8Learning Objective 8

• Trace the evolution of Trace the evolution of jawed fishesjawed fishes and and early early tetrapodstetrapods

• Identify major taxa of Identify major taxa of jawed fishesjawed fishes and and amphibiansamphibians

Page 50: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Class Chondrichthyes Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)(Cartilaginous Fishes)

• Includes sharks, rays, skates Includes sharks, rays, skates

• Cartilaginous fishesCartilaginous fishes have have • jawsjaws• two pairs of finstwo pairs of fins• placoid scalesplacoid scales

Page 51: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Cartilaginous Cartilaginous FishesFishes

Page 52: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Shark StructureShark Structure

Page 53: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-12a, p. 679

Spleen KidneyStomach Testis Gill slits

Clasper

Mouth

Pelvic fin

Cloaca Intestine Pancreas Heart Pericardial cavity

Pharynx

Liver

Internal structure of a shark.

Page 54: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-12a, p. 679

Stomach

Liver

Intestine Pancreas

Gill slits

Heart Pericardial cavity

Mouth

Pharynx

Internal structure of a shark.

Stepped Art

Clasper

CloacaPelvic fin

TestisKidneySpleen

Page 55: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-12b, p. 679

Enamel

DentinePulp cavity

Epidermis

Dermis

Structure of a placoid scale.

Page 56: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Shark ReproductionShark Reproduction

• OviparousOviparous• lay eggs lay eggs

• Ovoviparous Ovoviparous • young enclosed by eggsyoung enclosed by eggs• incubated in mother’s bodyincubated in mother’s body

• ViviparousViviparous • young develop in mother’s uterusyoung develop in mother’s uterus• nutrients transferred from mother’s bloodnutrients transferred from mother’s blood

Page 57: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Bony Fishes Bony Fishes

• Class Class ActinopterygiiActinopterygii • ray-finned fishes ray-finned fishes

• Class Class ActinistiaActinistia • coelacanths coelacanths

• Class Class DipnoiDipnoi • lungfishes lungfishes

Page 58: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Bony Fishes Bony Fishes

• During the Devonian, bony fishes gave During the Devonian, bony fishes gave rise to two evolutionary lines:rise to two evolutionary lines:• ActinopterygiiActinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)(ray-finned fishes)• Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

Page 59: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Early Jawed FishesEarly Jawed Fishes

Page 60: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Ray-Finned FishesRay-Finned Fishes

• Gave rise to modern bony fishes Gave rise to modern bony fishes

• Lungs modified as Lungs modified as swim bladderswim bladder • air sac for regulating buoyancyair sac for regulating buoyancy

Page 61: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Modern Bony FishesModern Bony Fishes

Page 62: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Bony Fish StructureBony Fish Structure

Page 63: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-13, p. 680

Kidney Ureter Caudal finDorsal fins

Swim bladder Nerve cord

Brain

Nostril

PharynxUrinary bladder

Stomach Pelvic fin Intestine CloacaLiver

GonadAnal fin

GillsHeart

Page 64: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS

• Jaws and fins were key adaptations that Jaws and fins were key adaptations that contributed to the success of jawed fishescontributed to the success of jawed fishes

Page 65: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

SarcopterygiiSarcopterygii

• Gave rise toGave rise to• lungfisheslungfishes (class (class DipnoiDipnoi))

• coelacanthscoelacanths (class (class ActinistiaActinistia) )

Page 66: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

SarcopterygiiSarcopterygii

• Lungfishes gave rise to Lungfishes gave rise to tetrapodstetrapods• land vertebratesland vertebrates

• TiktaalikTiktaalik • transitional between fishes and tetrapodstransitional between fishes and tetrapods

Page 67: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Early TetrapodsEarly Tetrapods

• Early Early amphibiansamphibians• mainly aquaticmainly aquatic• moved onto land to find food, escape moved onto land to find food, escape

predators predators • had limbs strong enough to support body had limbs strong enough to support body

weight on landweight on land

Page 68: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass Amphibia 1Amphibia 1

• Salamanders, frogs and toads, caeciliansSalamanders, frogs and toads, caecilians

• Most return to water to reproduceMost return to water to reproduce

• FrogsFrogs• embryos develop into embryos develop into tadpolestadpoles, which , which

undergo undergo metamorphosismetamorphosis to become adults to become adults

Page 69: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Insert “Salamander Insert “Salamander locomotion”locomotion”

salamander_walk.swfsalamander_walk.swf

Page 70: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Modern Modern AmphibiansAmphibians

Page 71: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

ClassClass Amphibia 2Amphibia 2

• Use moist skin as well as lungs for gas Use moist skin as well as lungs for gas exchangeexchange

• Have a three-chambered heartHave a three-chambered heart• systemicsystemic and and pulmonary circulationspulmonary circulations

Page 72: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learn more about jawless, early Learn more about jawless, early jawed, cartilaginous, and bony jawed, cartilaginous, and bony

fishes by clicking on the figures fishes by clicking on the figures in ThomsonNOW.in ThomsonNOW.

Page 73: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 9Learning Objective 9

• What are three vertebrate adaptations to What are three vertebrate adaptations to terrestrialterrestrial life? life?

Page 74: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Terrestrial Vertebrates Terrestrial Vertebrates

• AmniotesAmniotes • include include reptilesreptiles, , birdsbirds, , mammalsmammals

• Amniotic eggAmniotic egg (with shell and (with shell and amnionamnion)) • important adaptation for life on land important adaptation for life on land

• Amnion Amnion ((membrane)membrane)• forms fluid-filled sac around embryoforms fluid-filled sac around embryo

Page 75: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Amniotic EggAmniotic Egg

Page 76: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-19, p. 683

Amnion (protects embryo)Embryo

Chorion (encloses entire embryo)

Allantois (stores wastes in reptiles and birds)

Yolk sac (encloses yolk, provides nutrients)

Shell Albumen (provides nutrients)

Page 77: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

AmniotesAmniotes

• Have body covering that retards water loss Have body covering that retards water loss

• Have physiological mechanisms that Have physiological mechanisms that conserve waterconserve water

Page 78: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learn more about the amniotic Learn more about the amniotic egg by clicking on the figure in egg by clicking on the figure in

ThomsonNOW.ThomsonNOW.

Page 79: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 10Learning Objective 10

• Describe Describe reptilesreptiles and and birdsbirds

• Give an argument for including birds in the Give an argument for including birds in the reptile cladereptile clade

Page 80: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

• A paraphyletic groupA paraphyletic group• dinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, alligatorsdinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators

• Biologists classify amniotes in two main Biologists classify amniotes in two main groups: groups: diapsids diapsids andand synapsids synapsids

Page 81: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

AmniotesAmniotes

• DiapsidsDiapsids • turtles, ichthyosaurs, tuataras, squamates turtles, ichthyosaurs, tuataras, squamates

(snakes and lizards), crocodiles, pterosaurs, (snakes and lizards), crocodiles, pterosaurs, saurischian dinosaurs, birds saurischian dinosaurs, birds

• SynapsidsSynapsids • gave rise to gave rise to therapsidstherapsids, which gave rise to , which gave rise to

mammalsmammals

Page 82: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

DiapsidsDiapsids

• Many biologists consider birds Many biologists consider birds as feathered dinosaursas feathered dinosaurs• classify birds and most classify birds and most

reptiles as reptiles as diapsidsdiapsids

Page 83: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Fig. 31-22b, p. 688

Pelvis

Leg

Feathers

Page 84: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

TherapsidTherapsid

Page 85: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Amniote EvolutionAmniote Evolution

Page 86: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles

1.1. Turtles, terrapins, tortoises Turtles, terrapins, tortoises

Page 87: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles

2.2. Lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians Lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians

Page 88: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles

3.3. Tuataras Tuataras

Page 89: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles

4.4. Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials

Page 90: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Reptile Characteristics 1Reptile Characteristics 1

• ReproductionReproduction • internal fertilizationinternal fertilization• leathery protective shell around egg leathery protective shell around egg • embryo develops protective membranes embryo develops protective membranes

(including amnion) (including amnion)

Page 91: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Reptile Characteristics 2Reptile Characteristics 2

• Dry skin with horny scales Dry skin with horny scales

• Lungs with many chambers Lungs with many chambers

• Three-chambered heartThree-chambered heart• some separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-some separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-

poor bloodpoor blood

Page 92: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Birds 1Birds 1

• Adaptations for powered flightAdaptations for powered flight• feathers feathers • wings wings • light, hollow bones containing air spaces light, hollow bones containing air spaces

• Four-chambered heartFour-chambered heart

• Very efficient lungsVery efficient lungs

Page 93: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Birds 2Birds 2

• Excrete solid metabolic wastes (uric acid) Excrete solid metabolic wastes (uric acid)

• EndothermsEndotherms• maintain constant body temperature maintain constant body temperature

• Well-developed nervous systemWell-developed nervous system

• Excellent vision and hearingExcellent vision and hearing

Page 94: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Modern BirdsModern Birds

Page 95: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS

• Limbs, a body covering that retards water Limbs, a body covering that retards water loss, and the amniotic egg, with its shell loss, and the amniotic egg, with its shell and amnion, were key adaptations that and amnion, were key adaptations that contributed to the success of terrestrial contributed to the success of terrestrial vertebratesvertebrates

Page 96: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Learning Objective 11Learning Objective 11

• Contrast Contrast monotremesmonotremes, , marsupialsmarsupials, and , and placental mammalsplacental mammals

• Give examples of animals that belong to Give examples of animals that belong to each groupeach group

Page 97: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

MammalsMammals

• Characterized byCharacterized by• hairhair• mammary glandsmammary glands• differentiated teeth differentiated teeth • three middle-ear bones three middle-ear bones

• Have highly developed nervous system Have highly developed nervous system and muscular and muscular diaphragm diaphragm

• Are endotherms Are endotherms

Page 98: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Monotremes (Subclass Holotheria)Monotremes (Subclass Holotheria)

• Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteaters Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteaters • Monotremes lay eggsMonotremes lay eggs

Page 99: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

MarsupialsMarsupials (Subclass Metatheria)(Subclass Metatheria)

• Include pouched mammalsInclude pouched mammals• kangaroos, opossumskangaroos, opossums

• Young are born in embryonic stageYoung are born in embryonic stage

• Complete development in mother’s Complete development in mother’s marsupiummarsupium• nourished with milk from mammary glandsnourished with milk from mammary glands

Page 100: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

MarsupialsMarsupials

Page 101: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Placental MammalsPlacental Mammals (Subclass Eutheria)(Subclass Eutheria)

• Characterized by Characterized by placentaplacenta • for exchange between embryo and motherfor exchange between embryo and mother

Page 102: The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

Mammal EvolutionMammal Evolution