the american nation chapter 3 exploration and colonization, 1492– 1675 copyright © 2003 by...

The American NationThe American Nation

Chapter 3Exploration and

Colonization, 1492–1675

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

The American NationThe American Nation

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1: An Era of Exploration

Section 2: Spain Builds an Empire

Section 3: Colonizing North America

Section 4: Building the Jamestown Colony

Chapter 3: Exploration and Colonization, 1492–1675

Section 5: Seeking Religious Freedom

Chapter 3, Section 1

An Era of ExplorationAn Era of Exploration

OBJECTIVES• Why did the voyage of Christopher

Columbus have a more lasting impact than earlier voyages?

• How did Spanish explorers find a route across the Pacific Ocean?

• How did exploration set off a global exchange of goods and ideas?

After the Crusades introduced Europe to the

spices and riches of Africa and Asia, several countries sought a more

direct route.

The Ottoman empire controlled the land trade

routes and prices.

Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the

Netherlands began searching for new routes

via the ocean.

Searching for a shortcut

In the Middle Ages European countries expanded beyond their borders

Spanish exploration

Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, convinced

the King and Queen of Spain to fund an expedition to find a western route to

the riches of Asia.

The Portuguese had sailed the route around Africa and

therefore dominated the eastern route.

At the time maps of the world did not include the

Americas.

Columbus and his crew arrived in the “New World”, probably in the Bahamas. It was called the “New World” because at the time

no modern European nation was aware of the continent’s existence. Vikings had explored parts of North America in the

1000s but they did not stay.

Reasons for

European expansion

Wealth

Religion

FameNational Pride

Curiosity

Faster, Cheaper Trade Routes

Foreign Goods

Reasons for Exploration


The Lasting Impact of Columbus’s VoyageThe Lasting Impact of Columbus’s Voyage

• Columbus found signs of gold on the islands and eagerly returned to Spain to share his success.

• Columbus founded the first Spanish colony in the Americas.

• Columbus’s voyages began a lasting contact among the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

• He died thinking he had found Asia when he actually found the coast of North and South America.

The Lasting Impact of Columbus’s VoyageThe Lasting Impact of Columbus’s Voyage

• His voyages marked a turning point in world history.

• Colony—A group of people who settle in a distant land but are still ruled by their native land

• Turning Point—A moment in history that marks a decisive change


Spanish Explorers Found a Route Across the Pacific Ocean

Spanish Explorers Found a Route Across the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition sailed westward from Spain. His ships circumnavigated, or sailed completely around, the world.


A Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas

A Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas

• Europeans brought new ideas, plants, animals, and diseases to the Americas.

• Native Americans introduced new ideas, plants, and animals to the Europeans.

• Because this exchange began with Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.


A Global Exchange of Goods and IdeasA Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas


Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review

Columbus’s voyages to the Americas had a more lasting impact than earlier ones because Columbus’s voyages

a) brought smallpox to the Native Americans.b) were the beginning of lasting contact among peoples of many

continents.c) became the subject of many songs and stories.d) let people know how wide the Pacific Ocean is.

The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of a) people around the world.b) just the Native Americans.c) Europeans only.d) Europeans and Native Americans.

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Effects of Columbus’s DiscoveryEffects of Columbus’s Discovery

• Spain establishes colonies• Europeans learn about a

“New World”• Contact began between

Europe and the Americas


• Indian population declined because of diseases brought from Europe and harsh treatment

• Europeans viewed Americas a place to settle, trade and get rich


• Explorers were encouraged to search for a western route to Asia.

• A global exchange of goods and ideas was sparked.


Spain Builds an EmpireSpain Builds an Empire

• How did conquistadors defeat two Indian empires?

• What areas did the Spanish explore?• How did Spain settle and organize its

colonies?• What was life like for Native Americans

under Spanish rule?

Spanish ConquistadoresSpanish Conquistadores

• Spanish King gave them permission to establish settlements in America.

• In return, they gave the King 1/5 of the gold they captured.

• Hernando Cortez went to Mexico w/only 600 men & 16 horses.

Spanish ConquistadoresSpanish Conquistadores

• Cortez defeated the Aztec empire and killed their leader, Moctezuma.

• Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incan empire w/ only 200 men.


Spanish Conquistadors Defeated the Aztecs and Incas

Spanish Conquistadors Defeated the Aztecs and Incas

• The Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, had better military equipment.

• Native Americans had never seen horses before. Soldiers on horseback alarmed them.

Spanish Conquistadors Defeated the Aztecs and Incas (contd.)

Spanish Conquistadors Defeated the Aztecs and Incas (contd.)

• Native American fighters held back. Aztecs thought Spaniards might be gods. Incas were just getting over a war.

• Many Indians died from chicken pox, measles and influenza.

The Spanish Explored Vast Areas of North and South America.The Spanish Explored Vast Areas of North and South America.


*The Spanish Border lands were located from present day Florida to present day California.

Other Spanish Conquistadors (Contd)

Other Spanish Conquistadors (Contd)

• Hernando DeSoto- explored Florida and Southeast-discovered Miss. River.

• Coronado- explored Arizona & New Mexico- looked for “7 cities of gold”

How Spain Organized Its ColoniesHow Spain Organized Its Colonies

Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up three kinds of settlements:• Pueblos—towns, centers of

farming and trade• Presidios—forts where

soldiers lived• Missions—religious

settlements run by priests and friars


Four Social ClassesFour Social Classes

Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up four social classes:• Peninsulares—people born in

Spain• Creoles—people born in the

Americas to Spanish parents


Four Social Classes (Contd.)Four Social Classes (Contd.)

• Mestizos—people of mixed Spanish and Indian background

• Indians—treated as conquered people

Indians Led a Harsh LifeIndians Led a Harsh Life

• Spanish settlers with encomiendas, a kind of land grant, could demand labor or taxes from Indians.

• The Spanish forced many Indians to work in gold and silver mines.


Indians Led a Harsh LifeIndians Led a Harsh Life

• Many Indian laborers died working on plantations, or large estates that were farmed by many workers.

• The Spanish replaced Indian laborers with enslaved Africans.


What was one problem Native Americans did not have under Spain’s rule?a) povertyb) diseasec) shortage of workd) harsh treatment

What three kinds of settlements did the Laws of the Indies call for?a) peninsulares, creoles, and mestizosb) pueblos, presidios, and missionsc) encomiendas, estates, and plantationsd) viceroyalty of New Spain, viceroyalty of Peru, viceroyalty of the West Indies

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Colonizing North AmericaColonizing North America

• Why did England, France, and the Netherlands seek a northwest passage to Asia?

• How did the Protestant Reformation affect rivalries among European nations?

• How did rivalry develop between New France and New Netherland?

What is the Northwest Passage?What is the Northwest Passage?

• Northwest Passage- a waterway through or around North America leading to Asia.


Why Look for a Nortwest Passage?Why Look for a Nortwest Passage?

• They wanted to trade with Asia.• They thought Magellan’s route to

Asia was too long.• So, they searched for a

northwest passage, a waterway through or around North America.

Who looked for the Northwest Passage?


• John Cabot-explored for England-found Newfoundland.

• Verazzano-France-explored up & down North American Coast.

• Jacques Cartier- France-explored St. Lawrence River.



• Henry Hudson -Dutch/English-found New York Harbor-crew rebelled in Hudson Bay-never seen again.

Results of looking for NW Passage:Results of looking for NW Passage:

• No one found it, but much of North America was explored and mapped.

• European nations begin thinking about how to profit from the region’s resources.


The Protestant Reformation Affected European Rivalries

The Protestant Reformation Affected European Rivalries

• Martin Luther and his followers, called Protestants, split off from the Catholic Church.

• This movement is called the Protestant Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation Affected European RivalriesThe Protestant Reformation Affected European Rivalries

• Some European nations stayed Catholic. Some became Protestant.

• Religious differences made their rivalries stronger.

Protestant vs. CatholicProtestant vs. Catholic

• England: Protestant• France: Catholic• Netherlands (Dutch): mostly

Protestant

New France and New Netherland Competed for Furs


New France• Settlements along the St. Lawrence

River• Coureur de bois trapped, and traded

for furs w/ northeastern woodland Indians.

• Missionaries converted Indians to Christianity.

• Alliance, with the Hurons. • Sold furs in Europe



New Netherland• Settlements along the

Hudson River • Merchants traded for furs

with northeastern woodlands Indians.

• Alliance with the Iroquois• Sold furs in Europe


New France and New Netherland Competed for FursNew France and New Netherland Competed for Furs

New France• Settlements along the St. Lawrence River• Coureur de bois trapped, hunted, and traded for furs with

Indians of the northeastern woodlands.• Missionaries traveled the woods to convert Indians to

Christianity. • Alliance, or agreement to help and protect each other, with

the Hurons. • Sold furs in Europe

New Netherland• Settlements along the Hudson River • Merchants traded for furs with Indians of the northeastern

woodlands.• Alliance with the Iroquois• Sold furs in Europe


Effects of European Exploration in AmericaEffects of European Exploration in AmericaC

ause

s

• Europeans want more goods from Asia

• Muslims gain control of trade between Europe and Asia

• Rulers of European nations seek ways to increase their wealth

• European nations look for a sea route to Asia

• Columbus reaches the Americas E

xplo

rati

on

of

the

Am

eric

as

Eff

ects

• Spain builds an empire in the Americas

• English, French, and Dutch set up colonies in North America

• Millions of Native Americans die from “European” diseases

• Slave traders bring enslaved Africans to the Americas

• Foods from the Americas are introduced into Europe

Eff

ects

To

day

• The United States is a multicultural society

• American foods, such as corn and potatoes, are important to people’s diets around the world



Which European country did not establish a colony in North America?a) Germanyb) Francec) The Netherlandsd) Sweden

European nations in North America competed fora) the right to convert Indians.b) control of land and furs.c) colonists from many nations.d) gold and silver ore.




• What 2 countries did we discuss that started colonies in NORTH America?

• Where did they settle in North America?• What activity became a way to make a profit

for both countries?• What heightened the rivalries among

European nations exploring the New World?


Building the Jamestown ColonyBuilding the Jamestown Colony

• What challenges did the first English colonies in North America face?

• How did Virginia begin a tradition of representative government?

• What groups of people made up the new arrivals in Virginia after 1619?

Roanoke: The “Lost Colony”Roanoke: The “Lost Colony”

• Sir Walter Raleigh raised money to start a colony in North Carolina

• Supplies ran low, they sent for supplies from England.

• Planned to return in a few months.• Returned 3 years later.• Colony was deserted. Colonists

were never found

JamestownJamestown

• Virginia Company receives a Charter to start a colony in Virginia.

• 1607 – Jamestown Colony established

• Named after King James, who gave them the charter.


Challenges at JamestownChallenges at Jamestown

The settlers at Jamestown faced several challenges:• Swamps—bad water,

mosquitoes, and malaria• Ruling council couldn’t get

along & failed to make plans

Challenges at Jamestown (contd)Challenges at Jamestown (contd)

• Starvation-didn’t plant enough crops.

• Colonists wouldn’t work, only concerned with digging for gold.

• Poor relations with Indians.

Survival and SuccessSurvival and Success

• John Smith set up strict rules. Forced colonists to work to get to eat.

• Indians supplied corn, but peace didn’t last.

• Peace restored when a colonist married Pocahontas.

• Tobacco made the colony succeed.


Beginnings of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government

Beginnings of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government

The king gave the Virginia Company a charter—a legal document that gave the company certain rights.

From English tradition:• Magna Carta—The Great Charter of 1215 that

said the king could not raise taxes without consulting a Great Council of leaders.

• Parliament—Great Council grew into an assembly of representatives that make laws


Beginning of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government


Reforms of 1619:• New governor would consult settlers

on important matters.• Male settlers would elect

representatives called burgesses.• Burgesses met in an assembly

called the House of Burgesses to make laws.



• Reforms of 1619 began the idea that settlers should have a say in colony affairs.

• Became known as their own “Great Charter”.


New Arrivals in Virginia after 1619New Arrivals in Virginia after 1619

• The Virginia Company sent about 100 women by 1608.

• A Dutch ship arrived with about 20 Africans in 1619.- some were slaves, others became planters.

• Some Africans were slaves, others became free planters.



Jamestown colony survived hard times when colonistsa) found a way to clear the swamp.b) discovered gold.c) began to grow corn.d) found a profitable crop—tobacco.

The main characteristic of Virginia’s representative government was thata) every male settler voted on the laws.b) the council consulted the colonists.c) every male settler voted for burgesses.d) the governor appointed burgesses.




• What was the 1st English colony in North America?

• What nickname is it known as and why?• What was the 1st successful English colony?• Why was it settled?• Who set up strict rules to help the colony

survive?• What Indian saved Jamestown’s leader’s life?• What type of government did Jamestown

have?• What crop finally made the colony successful?

Setting the Scene: “Seeking Religious Freedom”

Setting the Scene: “Seeking Religious Freedom”

Reading Comprehension:• How long were they at sea?• What season/time of year did they

arrive?• Why was this a problem?• For what purpose was the colony

founded (started)?


Seeking Religious FreedomSeeking Religious Freedom

• How did European states control or regulate religion?

• Why did the colonists at Plymouth feel they needed the Mayflower Compact?

• How were the Pilgrims able to survive early hardships?

Colonists seeking Religious Freedom

Colonists seeking Religious Freedom

• Plymouth colony- established so colonists could practice their religion freely.

• Founders known as Pilgrims• The division between Protestants

and Catholics in Europe led to fierce religious wars.


European States Controlled ReligionEuropean States Controlled Religion

• Established church- the religion supported by the state

• Persecution- mistreatment or punishment of people for their beliefs

Separatists Seek Religious FreedomSeparatists Seek Religious Freedom

• Protestant group called the Separatists wanted to separate from the Church of England.

• Given a charter to start a colony in North America

• Sailed on the Mayflower


Plymouth Colonists & the Mayflower Compact

Plymouth Colonists & the Mayflower Compact

• Plymouth colonists are known as “Pilgrims” because they made a long journey for religious reasons.

• They settled outside the boundaries of their charter, so its terms would not apply to them.

Plymouth Colonists and the Mayflower Compact

Plymouth Colonists and the Mayflower Compact

• Therefore, they wrote a framework for governing their colony—the Mayflower Compact.

Early Hardships for Plymouth Colonists

Early Hardships for Plymouth Colonists

• Plymouth, Massachusetts, November, 1620.

• Didn’t bring enough food to get through winter

• Not enough time to build proper homes.

• Almost half died from disease and starvation


Reasons Pilgrims Survived Early Hardships

Reasons Pilgrims Survived Early Hardships

• They chose a good governor.• Their religious faith was

strong.• They planted crops.• Indians gave them seeds and

showed them how to plant.• Squanto-helped the most.


Pilgrims Establish American Traditions

Pilgrims Establish American Traditions

• Pilgrims set important precedents, or examples for others to follow.

• The idea of religious freedom.• A day of thanks for a good

harvest, or Thanksgiving.



Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony because they wanted toa) worship as they pleased.b) give up being English.c) keep out “strangers” with different religious beliefs.d) stay away from Virginia.

The Mayflower Compact established a tradition of government wherea) the king was no longer honored.b) religious leaders made the rules.c) people obeyed the laws they liked best.d) people governed themselves through elected representatives.



the american nation chapter 3 exploration and colonization, 1492– 1675 copyright © 2003 by...

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