The American Civil The American Civil WarWar

Early Decisions Regarding Early Decisions Regarding SlaverySlavery

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – banned Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – banned slavery west of Pennsylvania, north of slavery west of Pennsylvania, north of Ohio River.Ohio River.

ConstitutionConstitution– Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Over in 1807Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Over in 1807– Fugitive Slave ClauseFugitive Slave Clause

Missouri Compromise (1820) – Missouri Missouri Compromise (1820) – Missouri admitted as slave state, Maine admitted admitted as slave state, Maine admitted as free state, slavery prohibited above 36 as free state, slavery prohibited above 36 degree latitude line.degree latitude line.

The Fugitive Slave ClauseThe Fugitive Slave Clause

Article Four, Section Two, Clause ThreeArticle Four, Section Two, Clause Three No Person held to Service or Labour in No Person held to Service or Labour in

one State, under the Laws thereof, one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.or Labour may be due.

Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories

The Wilmot ProvisoThe Wilmot Proviso Free Soil or Constitutional Protection?Free Soil or Constitutional Protection?

– Free Soil – prevent the extension of slavery.Free Soil – prevent the extension of slavery.– Constitutional Protection – Congress did not Constitutional Protection – Congress did not

have right to exclude slavery from territories, have right to exclude slavery from territories, in fact had a duty to protect it.in fact had a duty to protect it.

18501850

Four Issues Four Issues – Rush of 80,000 gold miners to CA qualified it Rush of 80,000 gold miners to CA qualified it

for statehood, but CA’s entry as free state for statehood, but CA’s entry as free state would upset slave/free state balance in Senate.would upset slave/free state balance in Senate.

– Unresolved status of the Mexican cession in Unresolved status of the Mexican cession in the Southwest. The Texas-New Mexico the Southwest. The Texas-New Mexico boundary was also disputed, with Texas boundary was also disputed, with Texas claiming everything east of Santa Fe. claiming everything east of Santa Fe.

– Existence of slavery and huge slave market in Existence of slavery and huge slave market in nation’s capital.nation’s capital.

– Southerners resented the lax federal Southerners resented the lax federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850– CA entered union as free stateCA entered union as free state– Territorial governments were organized in New Territorial governments were organized in New

Mexico and Utah letting local people to decide Mexico and Utah letting local people to decide whether to permit slavery. (Popular whether to permit slavery. (Popular Sovereignty)Sovereignty)

– Texas-New Mexico border settled.Texas-New Mexico border settled.– Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in

Washington, DC.Washington, DC.– Fugitive Slave Act.Fugitive Slave Act.

Polarization and the Road to Polarization and the Road to WarWar

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – popular Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – popular sovereignty would decide whether slavery sovereignty would decide whether slavery would be allowed in the two territories.would be allowed in the two territories.

““Bleeding Kansas” – mini Civil War – proslavery Bleeding Kansas” – mini Civil War – proslavery v. antislavery forces.v. antislavery forces.– Sack of Lawrence.Sack of Lawrence.– Massacre at Pottawatomie.Massacre at Pottawatomie.– Caning of Charles Sumner.Caning of Charles Sumner.

Dred Scott CaseDred Scott Case The Illinois DebatesThe Illinois Debates

– Lincoln v. DouglasLincoln v. Douglas John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry, VAJohn Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry, VA

The Dred Scott Case The Dred Scott Case The Case - Dred and Harriet Scott sued for their The Case - Dred and Harriet Scott sued for their

freedom because they had been taken out of freedom because they had been taken out of Missouri into territories where slavery was Missouri into territories where slavery was prohibited.prohibited.

The DecisionThe Decision– Dred and Harriet Scott were not citizens and had no Dred and Harriet Scott were not citizens and had no

right to sue.right to sue.– The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional – The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional –

congress did not have the power to ban slavery congress did not have the power to ban slavery anywhere in the nation.anywhere in the nation.

– Scotts being taken in and out of free territory did not Scotts being taken in and out of free territory did not affect status.affect status.

Implications – According to the Supreme Court, Implications – According to the Supreme Court, slavery was legal everywhere it had previously slavery was legal everywhere it had previously been prohibited by congress.been prohibited by congress.

Election of 1860Election of 1860

Election of 1860Election of 1860– Democratic Party - Stephen Douglas Democratic Party - Stephen Douglas

and John C. Breckinridge. and John C. Breckinridge. – Constitutional Union Party – John Bell. Constitutional Union Party – John Bell. – Republican Party – Abraham Lincoln.Republican Party – Abraham Lincoln.

The Divided House FallsThe Divided House Falls

After Lincoln’s election South Carolina, After Lincoln’s election South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas seceded from the Louisiana and Texas seceded from the Union.Union.

The Confederate States of AmericaThe Confederate States of America– President Jefferson DavisPresident Jefferson Davis

Three Options – (1) Compromise (2) Let Three Options – (1) Compromise (2) Let seven states “go in peace.” (3) seven states “go in peace.” (3) Secessionist states could be compelled to Secessionist states could be compelled to return.return.

Fort Sumter – The Civil War BeginsFort Sumter – The Civil War Begins

The Union SeveredThe Union Severed Response to Fort SumterResponse to Fort Sumter

– Lincoln/NorthLincoln/North– Lee/SouthLee/South

Balance of ResourcesBalance of Resources– North – population, railroads, industrialization, North – population, railroads, industrialization,

shipyards, merchant fleet.shipyards, merchant fleet.– South – military leadership, agricultural resources, South – military leadership, agricultural resources,

South fighting a defensive war.South fighting a defensive war. Border StatesBorder States

– Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas – Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas – seceded after Fort Sumter.seceded after Fort Sumter.

– Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri – stayed loyal to Union.Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri – stayed loyal to Union. Suspension of Habeas CorpusSuspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln and DavisLincoln and Davis

Clashing on the Battlefield Clashing on the Battlefield 1861-18621861-1862

Advances in weaponryAdvances in weaponry Union General Winfield Scott – The Anaconda PlanUnion General Winfield Scott – The Anaconda Plan War in the EastWar in the East

– Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) – Scott replaced by Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) – Scott replaced by McClellanMcClellan

– McClellan Attacked Richmond, Peninsula CampaignMcClellan Attacked Richmond, Peninsula Campaign– Antietam – Major Consequences: Emancipation Antietam – Major Consequences: Emancipation

Proclamation, European decision to not recognize Proclamation, European decision to not recognize Confederacy.Confederacy.

War in the WestWar in the West– Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant– Shiloh ChurchShiloh Church

Naval WarfareNaval Warfare– The Merrimac (the Virginia) v. The MonitorThe Merrimac (the Virginia) v. The Monitor

StalemateStalemate

Problems on the Home Problems on the Home FrontFront

Cotton Diplomacy – Confederacy believed they Cotton Diplomacy – Confederacy believed they would get European recognition because French would get European recognition because French and British would want their cotton. Not and British would want their cotton. Not successful.successful.

Common ProblemsCommon Problems– Monetary ProblemsMonetary Problems– Manpower ShortagesManpower Shortages– Draft RiotsDraft Riots

““During our forced marches and hard During our forced marches and hard fights, the soldiers have been fights, the soldiers have been compelled to throw away their compelled to throw away their knapsacks and there is scarcely a knapsacks and there is scarcely a private in the army who has a change private in the army who has a change of clothing of any kind. Hundreds of of clothing of any kind. Hundreds of men are perfectly barefooted and men are perfectly barefooted and there is no telling when they can be there is no telling when they can be supplied with shoes.” supplied with shoes.” – Confederate CaptainConfederate Captain

The Tide TurnsThe Tide Turns Emancipation Proclamation – declared all Emancipation Proclamation – declared all

slaves in states still in rebellion, free. slaves in states still in rebellion, free. Blacks allowed to join the Union army.Blacks allowed to join the Union army.

Changing Military StrategyChanging Military Strategy– Lee, “there is nothing to be gained by this army Lee, “there is nothing to be gained by this army

remaining quietly on the defensive.”remaining quietly on the defensive.”– GettysburgGettysburg– Meade replaced by GrantMeade replaced by Grant– Total WarTotal War– William Tecumseh ShermanWilliam Tecumseh Sherman

Surrender at Appomattox, April 9Surrender at Appomattox, April 9thth, 1865, 1865

““If I could save the Union without If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I alone, I would also do that. What I do about Slavery and the colored do about Slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helped race, I do because I believe it helped to save this Union.” Lincolnto save this Union.” Lincoln

"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.“President Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863