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1 ESM 1 Sampling site information for material used in this study. Stratigraphic information for tephras: Oruanui fall units from Wilson (2001), Taupo units based on (Wilson 1993). In parentheses abbreviations used for graphs listed in same order as units. *additional samples not included in all analyses. Locality a Sample ID b Distan ce (km) c NZTM d Easting NZTM Northing Oruanui tephra 2751 unit 3 (a11) 11 1830291 5523694 235 unit 3 (a26) 26 1865602 5726716 2787 unit 3 (a39) 39 1881527 5759321 1624 units 3, 6, 7 base, 7 top, 8 81 1923932 5743294 (a81, d81, e81, f81, g81 & ef81 mean 7 base & top of unit7) 2272 units 3, 5 base, 5 top, 6, 8 base, 8 top 102 1920321 5627278 (a102, b102, c102, g102, h102) bc102 & gh102 means of base & top of units 5 & 7. 2026 unit 8 (g111) 111 1957639 5667841 2029 units 3, 8 (a124 & g124) 124 1970657 5664044 2024 unit 8 (g137) 137 1985074 5668159 2041 Sample No. 2552 (C52) 850 C.I. 339.0 C.I. 676.0 2048 Sample No. 2570 (C70) 850 C.I. 364.3 C.I. 676.0 2051 Sample No. 2590 (C90) 850 C.I. 357.2 C.I. 649.5 Paleolake huka sediment clasts in proximal Oruanui ignimbrite (eruptive units 5,9 & 10) 730 Sample No. R843 (H3) 22 1864139 5685888 1574 Sample No. R845 (H5) 21 1861438 5685785 1575 Sample No. R844 (H4) 15 1856231 5689683 Sedimentary layers enclosing the Oruanui tephra 2048 Peat above volcanic ash (Cpt) 850 C.I. 364.3 C.I. 676.0 2272 *Paleosol below volcanic ash (Psol) 102 1920321 5627278 In situ Huka Falls formation HFFcpk *Paleolake sediment, near Huka Falls, NZ (0) 1868705 5717426 Primary Taupo volcanic ash deposit e 2398 Hatepe (Y3) original sample (Tp0) level unknown 22 1868024 5706405 2398 *Hatepe HA1 (Tp1) 0-7 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 5706405 2398 *Hatepe HA2 (Tp2) 13-15 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 5706405

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Page 1: TF_Template_Word_Windows_2010 - Springer10.1007...  · Web viewESM 1 Sampling site information for material used in this study. Stratigraphic information for tephras: Oruanui fall

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ESM 1 Sampling site information for material used in this study. Stratigraphic information for tephras: Oruanui fall units from Wilson (2001), Taupo units based on (Wilson 1993). In parentheses abbreviations used for graphs listed in same order as units. *additional samples not included in all analyses.

Localitya Sample IDb Distance (km)c

NZTMd Easting

NZTM Northing

Oruanui tephra2751 unit 3 (a11) 11 1830291 5523694235 unit 3 (a26) 26 1865602 57267162787 unit 3 (a39) 39 1881527 57593211624 units 3, 6, 7 base, 7 top, 8 81 1923932 5743294

“ (a81, d81, e81, f81, g81 & ef81 mean 7 base & top of unit7) “ “ “

2272 units 3, 5 base, 5 top, 6, 8 base, 8 top 102 1920321 5627278

“ (a102, b102, c102, g102, h102) bc102 & gh102 means of base & top of units 5 & 7. “ “ “

2026 unit 8 (g111) 111 1957639 56678412029 units 3, 8 (a124 & g124) 124 1970657 56640442024 unit 8 (g137) 137 1985074 56681592041 Sample No. 2552 (C52) 850 C.I. 339.0 C.I. 676.02048 Sample No. 2570 (C70) 850 C.I. 364.3 C.I. 676.02051 Sample No. 2590 (C90) 850 C.I. 357.2 C.I. 649.5Paleolake huka sediment clasts in proximal Oruanui ignimbrite (eruptive units 5,9 & 10)730 Sample No. R843 (H3) 22 1864139 56858881574 Sample No. R845 (H5) 21 1861438 56857851575 Sample No. R844 (H4) 15 1856231 5689683Sedimentary layers enclosing the Oruanui tephra2048 Peat above volcanic ash (Cpt) 850 C.I. 364.3 C.I. 676.02272 *Paleosol below volcanic ash (Psol) 102 1920321 5627278In situ Huka Falls formationHFFcpk *Paleolake sediment, near Huka Falls, NZ (0) 1868705 5717426Primary Taupo volcanic ash deposite

2398 Hatepe (Y3) original sample (Tp0) level unknown 22 1868024 5706405

2398 *Hatepe HA1 (Tp1) 0-7 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 57064052398 *Hatepe HA2 (Tp2) 13-15 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 57064052398 *Hatepe HA3 (Tp3) 42-46 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 57064052398 *Hatepe HA4 (Tp4) 54-59 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 57064052398 *Hatepe HA5 (Tp5) 74-76 cm above unit Y4 22 1868024 57064052398 *Rotongaio (Y4) 0-7 cm above Hatepe 22 1868024 5706405Pre-Oruanui & Oruanui Taupo sourced tephraPEP-97-1 Okaia, PEP core, 19 m depth (OkB) 125 1916900 5589325PEP-97-1 Oruanui, PEP core, 18 m depth (B125) 125 1916900 5589325Post-glacial lake sediments from Taupo Volcanic ZoneL1133 L. Taupo, pre-European, (L.T1) (0) 1856900 5704700L1133 L. Taupo, mixed Holocene, (L.T14) (0) 1856900 5704700E1 *L. Okataina, post CE 1886, (L.O.) (0) 1898875 5776180RC 15 *L. Rotoiti, post CE 1314, (L.R.). (0) 1902600 5784240Pre-Oruanui c. 100 ky B.P lake sediments from Taupo Volcanic ZoneP35619 Diatomite, Pryces farm, (DPy) (0) 1877755 5748915P64976 *Diatomite, nr Parsons Rd, (DMa) (0) 1873076 5753642a Locality numbers for Oruanui tephra are equivalent to those used in Wilson (2001).b Individual eruptive units were analyzed separately where possible. For example, Oruanui, units 5, 7 and 8 the basal upper portions were sub-sampled. Oruanui tephra from Chatham Island was sampled in bulk, but inferred to principally include units 9 and 10 (Wilson 2001).c Distance given in approximate kilometers from diatom source. For tephra samples, this is the virtual source of eruption, in the centre of Taupo volcano (as defined by Wilson 2001).d NZTM denotes New Zealand Transverse Mercator 2000 projection. Grid references with a C.I. prefix use the Chatham Islands Transverse Mercator 1979 projection.e Samples were taken from several levels of the section of Taupo-Hatepe (Y3) tephra between the underlying Hatepe plinian (Y2) unit and the overlying Taupo-Rotongaio (Y4) tephra (Wilson 1993).

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ESM 2 Methods

The weights of processed samples ranged from 0.5-1 gm for the cores of Holocene lake

sediments (Rotoiti, Okataina and Taupo) to 1-2 gm for most Oruanui tephra samples, through

~10 gm for tephras from Lake Poukawa to ~50 gm for the 1.8 ka Taupo tephra. Tephra

samples were sieved through 63 μm mesh to remove coarse material before further

processing. All the samples treated with hydrogen peroxide to disaggregate them and to

remove organic matter. After the initial reaction had calmed down they were heated to 80 °C

for a few hours, to complete the reaction. Hydrochloric acid was added to lake sediment

samples to remove any calcareous matter. Samples were thoroughly washed with distilled

water. Some of Taupo tephra (Hatepe, Tp1 to Tp5) samples proved to have sparse diatoms

and be very rich in fine silt and clay. To further concentrate diatoms they were sieved

through 6μm mesh cloth, retaining the coarser fraction. It was then possible to measure 100

specimens of Aulacoseira for morphometrics. Analysis of species content was based on the

mount made earlier of Taupo tephra material (Tp0, Y3 see Table ESM 1) from the same

section.

Siliceous biogenic remains in tephra and paleolake Huka sediment samples were

further concentrated by density separation using sodium polytungstate (at a density of 2.20 g

cm-3). All processed samples were mounted onto glass coverslips with Naphrax mountant

(refractive index 1.65). Species composition was determined by counting diatoms under a

Leitz Diaplan differential interference contrast microscope at x400 or x1000 magnifications.

At least 250 (usually 300) whole and significant fragments of diatom valves were identified

to species level in each sample – these included identifiable fragments such as ends or centres

of valves. For Aulacoseira ambigua, whole valves were substantially intact, with at most,

minor chips out of their collums (Fig. ESM 1). In contrast, the significant fragments had

fragmentary mantles, but with either sulcus or disc present. For Cyclostephanos

novaezealandiae, whole valves could have lost connecting bands and part of their mantle

edge, but retained a complete set of forked ribs, whereas significant fragments included most

of the centre of the valve. For Discostella stelligera, whole valves appeared intact, whereas

significant fragments included the whole centre of a valve.

Populations of Aulacoseira valves were analysed by measuring valve heights (total

height including collum) and diameters of 100 whole Aulacoseira valves in each sample

(only 70 in the peat sample). Measurements were taken from valves lying in girdle view (See

ESM 3).

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ESM 3. Aulacoseira, Cyclostephanos and Discostella valves

ESM 3 Diagram and micrographs showing features of Aulacoseira, Cyclostephanos novaezealandiae, and Discostella stelligera, including features used to distinguish ‘whole’, ‘significant’, and uncounted ‘insignificant’ fragments. (a) Diagram of Aulacoseira filament in girdle view illustrating features mentioned in text, (grey parts not in focus, i.e., not in transapical plane). (b-k) Light microscope photographs: (b) example of a whole A. ambigua separation valve, showing sulcus and vertical grooves; (c) significant fragment of A . ambigua, valve; (d) fragment considered significant for composition but not morphometry; (e) insignificant fragment, which is part of an Aulacoseira collum. (f-h) Examples of C. novaezeelandiae: (f) two whole valves – the upper example is intact, the lower one still retains all of its original ‘forks’; (g) significant fragment, which includes a recognizable portion of the centre; (h) insignificant fragment, due to absence of centre. (i-k) Examples of D. stelligera: (i) whole intact valve; (j) significant fragment, with centre present; (k) insignificant fragment, preserving too little of the centre.

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ESM 4 Species abbreviations, moisture index (1 always, 2 mainly in water bodies; 3 regularly, 4 mainly in moist places also pH from Van Dam et al. 1994, exceptions in parentheses), taxa, cluster from statistical analysis, occurrence in 27 Oruanui tephra samples..

Abb

rev.

pH Taxon

5 cl

uste

rs

Oru

anui

Aam 1 >7 Aulacoseira ambigua (Grunow) Simonsen D 27Ach - - Achnanthes sensu lato C 3Acr 1 c.7 Aulacoseira italica (Ehrenberg) Simonsen [syn. A.crenulata] E 27Acs - (>7) Aulacoseira crassipunctata Krammer E 8Ads - <7 Aulacoseira distans (Ehr.) Simonsen D 4AgA 1 >7 Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (O. Müller) Simonsen C 24AgN (1) >7 Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen C 3AmL  1 >7 Amphora libyca Ehrenberg D 3AmV 3 >7 Amphora veneta Kützing D 0AnS 3 >7 Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Ehr.) Pfitzer F 0Ava - (<7) Aulacoseira valida (Grunow) Krammer F 0CaB 2 >7 Caloneis cf. bacillum (Grunow) Cleve E 4Cas - >7 Cymbella aspera (Ehrenberg) H. Peragallo F 7CmN - >7 Cymbella novaezealandiana Krammer D 14Cnz - >7 Cyclostephanos novaezeelandiae (Cleve) Round D 27CoN - >7 Cocconeis neodiminuta Krammer C 1CoP 2 >7 Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg & varieties E 22CpS 1 >7 Cymatopleura solea (Brébisson) W. Smith A 2CvP 3 >7 Cavinula pseudoscutiformis (Hustedt) Mann & Stickle E 2CyM (2) >7 Cyclotella meneghiania Kützing D 2CyS 2 >7 Cyclotella striata (Kützing) Grunow D 12Dco 4 >7 Diadesmis contenta (Grunow ex V. Heurck) Mann F 8DpS - (>7) Diploneis cf. subovalis Cleve E 23Dst 1 >7 Discostella stelligera (Cleve et Grunow) Houk & Klee D 27Ead 3 >7 Epithemia adnata (Kützing) Brébisson E 27Emi 3 c.7 Encyonema minutum (Hilse) D.G. Mann D 0Eng 3 <7 Encyonema neogracile Krammer E 13Eso 2 >7 Epithemia sorex Kützing E 22EuB 4 <7 Eunotia bigibba Kützing E 1EuF 2 <7 Eunotia formica Ehrenberg E 2EuL 3 6 Eunotia bilunaris (Ehr.) Mills F 1EuM 4 <7 Eunotia minor (Kützing) Grunow D 4FcV 3 >7 Fragilaria capucina var. vaucheriae (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot E 10FfV 3 c.7 Fragilariforma cf. virescens (Ralfs) Williams & Round E 7FrR 2 <7 Frustulia rhomboides (Ehr.) De Toni E 2FrV 3 >7 Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni E 1GoA - >7 Gomphonema angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst B 4GoP 3 c.7 Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing D 0Gyr (3) >7 Gyrosigma species E 1HaA 4 c.7 Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg ) Grunow A 6Hip 3 >7 Hippodonta capitata (Ehr.) Lange-Bertalot E 1Kcl 1 >7 Karayevia clevei (Grunow) Round & Bukhtiyarova C 4Lmu 4 c.7 Luticola mutica (Kützing) D.G. Mann A 5MuG 5 c.7 Muelleria gibbula (Cleve) Spaulding & Stoermer A 0Mvar 2 >7 Melosira varians Agardh F 4Nci 4 >7 Navicula cincta (Ehr.) Ralfs in Pritchard D 0

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ESM 4 continuedab

brev

.

pH Taxon 5 cl

uste

rs

Oru

anui

Ncr 2 c.7 Navicula cf cryptocephala Kützing E 1Nct 2 >7 Navicula cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot A 0Ndi 3 >7 Placoneis dicephala (W. Smith) Mereschkowsky B 0Ngr 3 >7 Navicula gregaria Donkin A 0NiA 3 >7 Nitzschia amphibia Grunow E 4NiN 3 c.7 Nitzschia nana Grunow E 3NiS - c.7 Nitzschia scalpelliformis (Grunow) Grunow B 3NiV 2 >7 Nitzschia vermicularis(Kützing)Hantzsch B 3NiX - - Nitzschia sp small size B 1Nra 3 c.7 Navicula radiosa Kützing E 6Nro - - Navicula sp. ‘rostrate’ E 11Nsm - - Navicula sm s l B 10Ntr 4 <7 Navicula tridentula Krasske B 1Pap 4 <7 Pinnularia appendiculata (Agardh) Cleve A 0Pbo 4 c.7 Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg A 7Pdv 4 <7 Pinnularia divergentissima (Grunow) Cleve F 4PlF - >7 Planothidium frequentissimum(Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot E 1PlL 3 >7 Planothidium lanceolatum (Brébisson) Lange-Bertalot E 11PMd 3 c.7 Pinnularia cf. microstauron (Ehr.) Cleve E 14Pmj 2 c.7 Pinnularia cf. maior (Kützing) Rabenhorst F 21PsB 2 >7 Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) Williams & Round E 26PsP 2 >7 Pseudostaurosira parasitica (W. Smith) Morales D 0Psu 3 <7 Pinnularia subcapitata Gregory E 3Pvi 3 c.7 Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg A 0RoL - c.7 Rossithidium cf. linearis (W. Smith) Round & Bukhtiyarova E 7RpG 3 >7 Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg ) O. Müller D 2RpN - (>7) Rhopalodia novaezealandiae Hustedt & var. ventricosa E 11Sac 3 >7 Stauroneis acuta W. Smith E 1San 2 c.7 Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg E 1SeB 2 >7 Sellaphora bacillum (Ehrenberg) D.G. Mann D 4Sel 4 >7 Staurosira elliptica (Schumann) Williams & Round D 9SeP 2 c.7 Sellaphora pupula (Kützing) Mereschkowksy E 1Slg 2 c.7 Stauroneis legumen (Ehrenberg) Kützing F 1Sph 2 c.7 Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg F 10Spi 3 >7 Staurosirella cf. pinnata (Ehr.) Williams & Round E 25StC 1 >7 Staurosira construens Ehrenberg E 8StH 2 >7 Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grunow D 0StM 2 >7 Stephanodiscus cf. minutulus (Kützing) Cleve & Möller C 19Stv 1 >7 Staurosira cf. venter (Ehrenberg) Cleve & Möller E 26SuA 3 >7 Surirella angusta Kützing E 3UuA 2 >7 Ulnaria ulna var. acus E 21UuU 2 >7 Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère E 1*n/a 2 - Aulacoseira granulata var. muzzanensis (Meister) Simonsen n/a 0*n/a 1 >7 Asterionella formosa Hassall n/a 0

*only mentioned briefly in text not in figures.

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ESM 5 Characteristics of A. ambigua and A. granulata from the literature.

CharacterA. granulata var.

muzzanensisA. ambigua A. granulata

A. granulata var.

angustissima

Valve diameter (µm) 9-24 [8-25] 3-12 [4-17] 4-17 [2-30] 2.5-4 [3-(5)]

Mantle height (µm) 5-13 [4-8] 5-15 [5-13] *{9-48} 4-20 [5-24] 8-20 [<35]

Ratio mantle height to

valve diameter0.4-1.2 [0.3-0.6]

>1 (or less)

[0.75->2 (<3.6)]

†{some >5}

>0.8 to [4.5] <5 >3.2 [<11]

This study

Valve diameter (µm) <35 4-18 Not assessed 3.5<

Mantle height (µm) 6< 8-25 Not assessed <28

Ratio mantle height to

valve diameter>0.19 (0.45-6.3) Not assessed <6.1

*Turkia and Lepistö (1999); †Siver and Kling (1997).Values without brackets are from Spaulding et al. (2010); in square parentheses from Krammer and Lange-Bertalot (1991); in curly brackets, from other authors; in normal brackets, extreme values.