Text and HypertextData dan Teknologi Multimedia

Sesi 03Nofriyadi Nurdam

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this session, the students will be able to:

Show how to use text and hypertext on multimedia application.

Course Outlines Text Definition Text Technology Font and Faces Font Editing and Design Tools Text Data Files Working with Text Hypertext and Hypermedia

What is Text Basic media for many multimedia systems

Text

Words

Sentences

Paragraphs

is used to communicate thoughts, ideas and facts in nearly every aspect of

our lives

What is Text Multimedia products depends on text for many things:◦to explain how the application

work◦to guide the user in navigating

through the application◦deliver the information for

which the application was designed

Text Technology Based on creating letters, numbers and

special characters. Text elements can be categories into:

◦ Alphabet characters : A - Z◦ Numbers : 0 - 9◦ Special characters : Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …] , Sign

or Symbols [* & ^ % $ £ ! /\ ~ # @ .…]◦ Also known Character Sets

May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical symbols, Greek Letter etc.

Typefaces, Fonts and Points Typefaces

◦ The graphic representations of the alphabet, numbers and special character.

◦ Usually vary by type sizes and styles.

Fonts◦ Particular size of typefaces◦ Usually vary by type sizes and styles. ◦ The sizes are measured in points

One point is 1/72” or 0.0138 inc” ◦ Measuring distance from the top of a capital

letters (e.g. ‘A or P’) to the bottom of a descenders (e.g. ‘y , ‘p’ , ‘q’).

Typeface vs Font

Typefaces•Arial•Calibri•Courier•Tahoma•Times New Roman•Verdana

Fonts•Arial 12 point italic•Arial 8 point bold•Verdana 10 point underline

Fonts Effects A numbers of effects that are useful for

bringing viewer’s attention to content:◦ Case: UPPER and lower letter◦Bold, Italic, Underline, superscript or subscript◦Embossed or Shadow◦Colours

Font Anatomy

I D xhpBaseline

Serif

Shoulder

Counter

Mean line

Ascender

DescenderSet width

X-height

Cap height

Point size

Tracking, Kerning and Leading

Av vAUnkerned Kerned

Tracking, Kerning and Leading

Reading Line OneReading Line One

Leading

Ascender : an upstroke on a character Descender : the down stroke below the baseline of a

character Leading : spacing above and below a font or Line

spacing Tracking : spacing between characters Kerning : space between pairs of characters, usually as

an overlap for improvement appearance

Jaggies and Antialiasing

Jaggies are the jagged edges you see when a bitmapped image is resized

It is a consequence of the underlying array of pixels from which the image is composed

Antialiasing is a technique that can be used to eliminate jagged edges

Jaggies and Antialiasing

It substitutes additional pixels in other colours to fool the brain into thinking it is seeing continuous lines

The technique is used to blend the font into the background by transitioning the colour from the font colour to background.

This technique minimizes the jagged edges making for a smoother overall appearance.

Jaggies and Antialiasing

Types of Fonts Two classes of fonts: Serif or Sans Serif

A A

Serif

use decorative tips or flags at the ends of a

letter strokes

are usually used for documents or screens that

have large quantities of text

Sans Serif

don’t have these features

is considered better for computer displays because

of the sharper contrast

(This is because the serif helps guide the reader’s eye along the text)

Font Editing and Design Tools Fontographer Font Creator

Text Data Files The common data encoding schemes for text are:

Plain text (ASCII) is text in an electronic format that can be read and interpreted by humans

Rich text is similar but it also embeds special control characters into the text to provide additional features

Hypertext is an advance on rich text which allows the reader to jump to different sections within the document or even jump to a new document

Text Data FilesPlain textThis is plain text. It is readable by humans. It can contains numbers (01234) and punctuation (.,#@*&) since it uses the ASCII character set.

Rich textThis is <bold>rich text</bold>.<br><center>It is also readable by humans but contains additional tags which control the presentation of the text.</center>

HypertextThis is <a href=“http://www.w3c.org/”>hypertext</a>. It uses the rich text format shown above but adds the ability to hyperlink to other documents.<hr><img src=“logo.gif”>

Using Text in Multimedia

• For Titles and Headlines• For Menus• For Navigation• For Content

Working With Text Considerations and guidelines when we are working with text:◦Be Concise◦Use the appropriate typefaces and fonts◦Make it readable◦Consider type styles and colors◦Use restraint and be consistent

Make It Readable

Can you read me?Can you read me?

Make It Readable The buzzword being splashed around is Convergence and by it we mean the convergence of multimedia technology with the telecommunications industry.

The buzzword being splashed around is Convergence and by it we mean the convergence of multimedia technology with the telecommunications industry.

Working With Text Large amounts of text

◦Alternatives? - animation, video, narration.

◦Show a preview and allow user to request more Hyper linking Pop-up messages, scroll bars, drop-down

menus

How text can be used effectively

Communicating Data◦ Customer names and address◦ Pricing information of products

Explaining concepts and ideas◦ A company mission statement◦ A comparison of medical procedures

Clarifying other media◦ Labels on button, icons and screens◦ Captions and callouts for graphics

Advantages and Disadvantages of using texts

Advantages◦ Is relatively inexpensive to produce◦ Present abstract ideas effectively◦ Clarifies other media◦ Provides confidentiality◦ Is easily changed or updated

Disadvantages◦ Is less memorable than other visual media◦ Requires more attention from the user than

other media◦ Can be cumbersome

Hypertext and Hypermedia Hypertext

◦ Text based documents with the addition of static data such as images and tables.

◦ Cross referencing between sections via a keyword acting as an anchor, linked to another section.

◦ Consists of a network of nodes, connected via links that can be visited by the user.

Hypermedia◦ Multimedia data types stored in a hypertext

networked structure.◦ Each node is a presentation. Users can jump

from presentation to presentation.

A Small Hypertext Structure(having six nodes and nine links)

A

FED

CB

Hypertext Definition A link connects two nodes and is normally directed

◦ Source node◦ Destination node◦ Normally associated with specific part of source node

Anchor◦ Sometimes destination is part of a node

Source anchor Destination anchor

Most hypertext facilities have a backtrack facility Loops are possible Some hypertext systems give an indication that a link leads

to an already visited node

Definition Nodes + Links = Hyperdocument

◦ Information content

Hypertext system◦ Software which lets one read and write

hyperdocument

Hypertext◦ A hypertext system containing a

hyperdocument

Hypertext Navigation User should be able to follow links and never

encounter information that relies on information you haven’t read

Users of a hypertext may become disoriented◦ Easy to get lost◦ Even in small documents, users experience the ‘lost in

hyperspace’ phenomenon

Navigation of the user through a hyperdocument is influenced by◦ Hyperdocument structure◦ Navigation aids provided by hypertext system◦ Browsing strategy employed by user

Hypertext Navigation

Lost in hyperspace An interesting node may be hard to find

again in the future◦ Bookmarks

While browsing, you get confused about where you are◦ No directions in hyperspace◦ Fish-eye views

Shows only a limited part of a hyperdocument in detail◦ Birds-eye views

Detailed maps May be too large to view at one time

Q & A