tenth class-state-syllabus-text book-tm-ap-tg-biology

256
i Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ Á|üuÛÑT‘·«+ yê]#˚ ñ∫‘· |ü+|æD° &܈ˆ ø£eT˝Ÿ eTùV≤+Á<ä÷, Ábıô|òdüsY, $<ë´ uÛÑeHé m&ÉT´πøwüq˝Ÿ ]k˛sY‡ ôd+≥sY, ñ<äj·T|üPsY, sê»kÕúHé. &܈ˆ dæï>∑ú <ëdt, Ábıô|òdüsY, $<ë´ uÛÑeHé m&ÉT´πøwüq˝Ÿ ]k˛sY‡ ôd+≥sY, ñ<äj·T|üPsY, sê»kÕúHé. Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ Á|üuÛÑT‘·« Á|ü#·Ts¡D ` ôV’≤<äsêu≤<äT. $<ä´e\¢ m<ä>±* $qj· T+‘√ yÓ T\>±* #·{≤º\qT >ös¡$+#·+&ç Vü≤≈£îÿ\qT bı+<ä+&ç JeXÊdü+ 10e ‘·s¡>∑‹ Ô Á düeTq«j·T+ dü+bÕ<ä≈£î\T &܈ˆ j·TXÀ<Ûäs¡ ø£H˚]j·÷, Ábıô|òdüsY, $<ë´ uÛÑeHé m&ÉT´πøwüq˝Ÿ ]k˛sY‡ ôd+≥sY, ñ<äj·T|üPsY, sê»kÕúHé. &܈ˆ m. Hê>∑eTDÏ, Ábıô|òdüsY, j·T÷ìe]‡{° ø±˝ÒCŸ Ä|òt ôd’Hé‡, ôd’bòÕu≤<äT, ôV’≤<äsêu≤<äT. &܈ˆ mHé. ñù|+<äsY ¬s&ç¶, Ábıô|òdüsY  ôV≤&é, $<ë´ Á|üD≤[ø£ ` bÕsƒ¡´|ü⁄düÔø£ $uÛ≤>∑+, j·Tdt.dæ.Ç.ÄsY.{Ï., Ä+.Á|ü., ôV’≤<äsêu≤<äT. &܈ˆ {Ï.$.j·Tdt. s¡y˚Twt, ø√`Ä]¶H˚≥sY, $<ë´ Á|üD≤[ø£`bÕsƒ¡´|ü⁄düÔø£ $uÛ≤>∑+, j·Tdt.dæ.Ç.ÄsY.{Ï., Ä+.Á|ü., ôV’≤<äsêu≤<äT.

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  • i+
  • ii

    Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

    New Edition

    First Published 2014

    All rights reserved.

    No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or byany means without the prior permission in writing of thepublisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form ofbinding or cover other than that in which it is publishedand without a similar condition including this conditionbeing imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

    The copy right holder of this book is the Directorof School Education, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.We have used some photographs which are undercreative common licence. They are acknowledge atthe end of the book.

    This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. S.S. Map litho,Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

    Free Distribution by Government of Andhra Pradesh

    Printed in Indiaat the Andhra Pradesh Govt. Text Book Press,

    Mint Compound, Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh.

  • iii+
  • iv

    bsX\ $ \yTq~>, $ eTq+

    u$dT+{+. CrjT, sw $ sb+~q | bs |d+ MT #T

    +~. +es bsX\ $$*q eqd ksTT * +{sT. neTs ueq\qT $Xw+#T>*q

    $ * +{sT. e\+ dMTsD\T, d d~ sVD s|~T >&\ |]$TyTq~ X\q

    dwyTq d++

  • v+
  • vi

    b

  • vii+ b\T #d HsTe&+ MTsT eTsH $wj\T L& HsT>\T>TsT.

    MT k+ #q\ |j>\ |ej\T sb+~+#*. | bs+X+ @ $ J$+ d++&\T, XHu+\T yTT

  • viii

    $Vq

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    m +{j |]\q #jT>\>*. }V+#>\>*.

    ueq\qT ns+#dTe& bs |d+ d+q/ k+

    |j>\T #jT>\>*. |]s\qT neTs>\>*.

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    de#s d]+ (+s, +sYH{.....*> H |D+ * +&*. bC |qT\T

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    $CqXk HsTe&+ s$+#&+, n_q+~+#&+ bT k+ $\Te\qT b{+#>\>*.

    HsTq $CqXd $wj\qT \>*.

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  • ix+
  • x

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  • 1+
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    njTqT ]| yTT\ |\T |#s+>T +& esjT n+{sT. ~ # d+wyTq

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  • 3+=H&T. nsTT u]j\T H2O H2S qT bs+u ||jksTT. u]j\T ]| sDqd+j>jT H d\sY

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    6CO2 + 12H20 C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2+

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  • bwD Vs ds|s eed4 10e s>

    qT y#Y>dt |s#+&. T |+&|jT es&TT+jT e\dq eX |jT jT

    sVD e*dq = |T]+ eyT \TdT>*>+. #s

    b\T|+#T=H eTq *jT |jT sVD e\dq |T]+ Xdy\T b

    \TdT>*>s |]o*jT

    yTT sTe |s>+ sT |T]+ *jT

  • 5+* eT]jTT sDq d+j>jT

    sDqd+j>jT d++~+ q |j> #* m+{ bqT bwdT+jTqT ne>Vq #dTH eT+ sV+#&q nH

    |j>\ |dT+ eTq+ #jTujT |j>+ d s+# *jT=q $wj |

    #T+&. 1775 d+es+ ysTTsY yjTTe

    H n HeTsD+ #X&T. >* #=s& >+C&

    y\T>TTq =e s> ]be& |d >eT+#&T.

    n*#=s& >+C& +q b\T

    }|s&be&+ L& >eT+#&T. |]o\q =e, b\T s+& L& @+C&

    >* qw+ *+qT ssD e#&T. >+C&

    |BH yTTqT + |]o*+q|&T b\T bD+

    +&& =y= y\T>T +&& >eT+#&T.

    +Te\ XdjTL =y= y\T>& KsT neTq

    >* yTT\T >* |+|T+{jT |j>+ neT]qT +C& |yX|&Cd|t |d

    @+ #d +{&T?

    =y=, m\T, |BH yTT eT\ &+

    e\q yTT\T e~ yjTTe =y= y\>&, +Te\ eTqT>&

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed6 10e s>

    sDqd+j>jT> XdjT> ]> yjTTe\ m+|, yjTT

    $eTjT+ |jTqT sV+# D+>\ ksTTH sT>TT+~.

    +`2

    sDqd+j>jT sH&& eX

    |j> sVD |+&|+

    KOH(b{wjT+

    V&&)

    |+`4: y ns| |j>+

    y&\TeT>\ >E dkqT rdT+&.

    n+ N\&q u+&T_s&qT rdT >Edk eT _+#+&.

    yTT m+| #dTq qT _s& N*>T+& d>u>+ dk|*d>u>+ dk y\T|* +& $ neTs+&.

    dkdV |j> neT]qT ds s +#+&.

    = >+\ sTy dk neT]q qT, yTT m nj&H * y\TTsT kTq qT nj&H | sV+q|&T *`q\T|

    s+>T es& >eT+#sT * sH&&qT |*yd+~. sDq d+j>jT s> T es jT sH&& nedseT \TdT+~.

  • 7+T]+ n+> ne>Vq +&~

    *. nd\T X

    b& qT+& edT+~?

    Y Xdy CH +H VC (1730`1799) |X de=q>*>&T. yTT\T HqT b @ssTkj \TdTe& s+s+

    n\T sV+#|&T |Xe+yTq +

    +q|&T V& yTT |# u>\ #T >* T&>\T @s&+,

    N{ +q|&T @s& be&+ >eT+#&T. >* T&>\ H

    yjTTe + y TH nH Xd y > ]w

    sDqd+j>jT ]> kH qT>=q&+ eT]+ dw+> ssD ]+~.

    qT Xe\ deTV\| +T +sD\qT |d]+|Cd|&T n$ >T+|\T> @s&&+

    >eT+#&T. |]XjTqT >T]+

    eT]+ T> nVq #dT& L& &&sTT.

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    |H[ +& sT +| >sT &|q u]+#+&.

    ;sT {eT+ >sT & H | +& $

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    |+&. |H[ { eT{ |]o*+#+&. {eT+

    >TZ |* +&TTqT> MTsT >eT+#sT

    T]+#sT? m+\s? yjTTe

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    rdTy MT b

  • 9++\ sTy yTT qT+& qT ysT#jT+&. |+&|\T * q\T| s+>T essTT?

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    nH s\ |j>\qT sV+#&T. yTT\ |# u>+ eyT

    sDqd+j>jT sT>TT+jT sVkj?

    # yTT qq+> @s& >Ts\T bsT| s+>T +& sTy

    |#s+>T b essTT? bsT| T +& |\T L&

    sDqd+j>jTqT sVkj? = |\T L& |#s+>T *

    +{sTT jTqT sVkj? Te+{

    |X\ yTT\ u>\qT+& |#{ |\ |sT #|+&.

    yTT qq+> @s& bsT|s+>T >Ts\T L& sDqd+j>jTqTsVkjT MTsT u$dTHs? nsTT & bsT| s+>T b @$T{?

    |*{jTsY yH Xdy\T s| qT qT>=q sTy 6

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed10 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    sDqd+j>jT ]> KyTq kq+ >T]+> s| *jTT+&

    u>+ >T]+> *jT \

    s| y|+ +T+\ +T+\H

    V]sDTe\T (Chloroplasts) n+{sT. yTT\ |s+T]+ = $wj\T \TdTHsT \+f _q+> b

    q&sTT?

    sbdt\T #+ L&q sD\T. +

  • 11+ es+

    2. {nDTe $ #+ jTsD+ #+TT+{sTT. n+f k] >V+|&q

    +X |yT sTy + q|&T L& $$ s>{

    |j>|&TT+~. + | H sT>TT+{sTT. $T*q

    c+ #s \T k e sT>TT+{sTT.

    sDqd+j>jT j++

    sDqd+j>jT | s+&T TT+~. n$

    1. +#s (Light dependent reaction)2. c+#s (Light independent reaction)

    1. + #s (+ skjTq

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed12 10e s>

    je+eTeT+~ (+X b {H\ s|+ |eVdT+~).

    s+&e kbq+: { nDTe V&H (H+), V& (OH-) njH\T> $#jT& +X $j+#&T+~.

    H2O H+ + OH-

    #s qT + $XwD (Photolysis) n+{sT. b { nq> + ddtnq> $ #jT&+ n ns+. n+f +

  • 13+
  • bwD Vs ds|s eed14 10e s>

    dT{ |sqJe bwD

    +>sT r> dT (Cuscuta) |C #+~q \T +& r>\T>#TT+ |]> |sV |sqJe yTT. ~ q\TjTd +T+u

    |+`9: dT{ Vk ]j\T

    #+~q~. |C deTow, weT+&\ b+ y|+ HsTT. #

    CT\T y{ nsT r> +T+~. &&sY

    |c\T u&|\T s|+ >T+|\T >T+|\T> +{sTT. |dT| T s |\T +& yT\T >+ s+ (d+jTT ns |\T)

    +{sTT. |\T dq{ b\TdT\ e~]> D+ +{sTT.

    &&sY $q+ yTT\q|&T n+TysT (Anchoring root) @s&TT+~.sTy dq{ b&yq +&+ d]s+ mT nTT+~. sTy n

  • 15+eT+#e#T. Vs Hfi+ = b++

    = | yTq | s]+#& M\T> sb+~+|& +T+~.

    eTq+ q Vs+ Xs+|* y[flq sTy @eTeT+~?Vs Hfi+ Vs+ JseTjT $T]+ #]

    es&TT+~. deTjT+ nH s\ #s\T sT>TsTT. n$ m

    sT>Tj |]o*T+& Vs+ yfifl $, yT> CsT&T duy

    n+* \

    >+~

    m|>{dt

    \Hfi+

    H\T

    |+`11: d Vs+

    b+ CsT&T due+ *Zq

    Vs+ VsyV (Oesophagus) >T+&JsXjT+ yfifl& nqTe> +T+~.

    d Vs+ +& 3 \ \ >+

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed16 10e s>

    n> >+ L& #jT+&. @$T >eT+#sT.

    yT{ Vs+ \+ *dq sTy VsyV |+|&TT+~.

    Vs+ Vs yV >T+& |jDdTq|&T n\\T \ e~]>

    +& #\H >eTk+. BH |]k* #\q+ (Peristalic movement) n+{sT.JsXjT+ Vs+ ss sd+ eT]jTT V&] eT+ (HCl) *d*qeT+~. +T+~. &

    Vs+ b{H\T ||H nH b+CyT dVjT+ q q nDTe\T>

    $&>=&sTT.

    Vs+ +& b{qT eT]jTT sV&{ nDTe\T qq eTT\T>

    $&>=& yT> { s|+ esTT+~. BH yT (Chyme) n+{sT.JsXjT+ es +& e\js d+e]D +&s\T (Phyloric spinctors)y#+ #+T |+|&TT+~.

    +&s\T yT yTT+ k]> +& qq yTT\T> Vs |T e#$ jT+ksTT.

    |+-12: |]k* #\q+

    u\dt

    |]k* n\ VsyV

    JsXjT+

    VsHfi+ n b&yq u>+ q|>T (Smallintestain). ++|&sTT. >+T sd *+#& JseTesTT.

    +`5

    m+CyT\ |{ |]o*~ #]+#+&.

  • 17+&\ T >&\ q yfifl e~]>+& sD\T q&sTT. M{ d#w\T (Villi) n+{sT. $ q|>T\ |]\ yX |+#TsTT. n+TT+~.

    sHfi\T eT]jTT *+|t >+ e\ e~]>

    @s&sTT.

    JsyTq n+ |VkjTqe. JsyTq Vs+ n~yTT+ s+ \ rdT=yfifl&

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed18 10e s>

    Js+ es|

  • 19+ q&+

    3. Vs u> q$T* q&+

    4. q y+H yjeT+ e+{ |qT\T #jTbe&+

    # s& +& &sT, bTseT+{sT. bes |X++> bTe+{

    & +& +{s y] JsXjT+ |+&T e# neX+ # e.

    eT #~ysT +> +&\+f eT\ \ +f n+

    u]j $&T

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed20 10e s>

    eTq+ H Vs+ { T

    +T+~. fifl, #T\T, eTTK+ u> _ +{sTT. b&u]q #s+,

    $s#H\ uTT+~. k

    y~ y+y+H >s+ , \Vq+>

    +&&+, fifly| +&s\ |sT>TTT+~.

    eT e]+~. d\jT+

    uT+& d++~ deTd \T, Js

    d++~ deTd \ =+ >TsjT |eT]+ MT s> #]+#+&.

    $$TH |+e\ *> y

  • 21+T&T, jT+.

    Jseed +& u]j

    B d+XwdT+~.

    jT+, e+d+, >T&T, b\T,

    |+&T, D& ,

    Ls>jT\T, jT+,

    eT|+&\T, >T&T.

    ||jT\T, jT+,

    eT|+&\T, b\T.

    Ls\T, |\ |+&T,

    yTT\q +\T.

    Ls\T, s{, {e{,

    >TeT{, sTT, e$T&,

    e+d+, #|\T, >T&T, jT+,

    b\T, sY*esY sTT,

    csY*esY sTT.

    jT+, >T&T, sY*esY

    sTT, csY*esY sTT.

    |+&T, Ls>jT\T, yTT\q

    +\T, bT&T qH,

    e+d+, >T&T.

    Ls\T, b\T.

    *>yd{dt

    | >

    n$Tj

    |]wjTdt

    n$Tj

    n$Tj

    bTfifl

    H&d++

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed22 10e s>

    \ |$ (_`+|, $$TH d)

    2. =e\ ]>$ (m, &, , $$TqT\T)

    eTq+ H Vs+ C, |+&|H, k e, +#s , c+ #s , |sbwD, Vk ]j,

    VsHfi+, \ >+& +, sH&&, sT, |V]+ neds+. sDqd+j>jT | sbdt\ sT>TT+~. sbdt >H + #s , k e c+ #s sT>TT+~. sDqd+j>jT >C, sT eT]jTT H\T n+ | @s&sTT. sbdt sDqd+j>jT ]>|&T +~ #s \T sT>TsTT.

    +X skjT X> es+

    { nDTe $ #+ jTsD+ #+

  • 23+\ eTT+jT ]> $jT @s& @yH eT&T n+ H\ |sT sjT+&.(AS1)

    8. +#s , c+ #s \ eT+ +~u>+ +f yTsTdT+T+~ b+T]+ $e]+#+&.(AS1)

    11. JsXjT+ eT+ b @$T{?(AS1)

    12. Vs+ Js+ #jT&+ Jsj m+CyT\ b >T]+ sjT+&.(AS1)

    13. Vs+ Xw+#& q|>T sD+ b esT#+~ +T+~?(AS1)

    nu dH yTsT>T|s#T+

  • bwD Vs ds|s eed24 10e s>

    14. =e\T b JseTesTT? b& JseTesTT?(AS1)

    15. Vs+ Js+ e&+ \\+ b @$T{?(AS1)

    16. Js eed q |>T\T eT+> eTjTT+> e] b{qT Js+ e+| m+{ |ue+

    #|T+~?(AS1)

    17. JsHfi+ |#T| yT]+ sjT+&.(AS1)

    19. |+>, u]j\ e+{ Je\ bwD m sT>TT+~?(AS2)

    20. >* sH&& |]eD+ eT+> |sT>T bT+f n~ sDqd+j>jT MTjT sT+f XdjT sT by @eTeT+~?(AS2)

    22. |+& |\e?(AS2)

    23. \ |+& |X\ nqTd]+q $T]+ \dT+&. #sTqT jsT#d MT s> |E nedseTeT+~?

    _) b|{ es >C n+~ksT?

    d) >C s b \THT #dT+~?

    26. u$T|q |#{ yTT\T b u$T|q Jes eTqT>& weTeT+\T >T]+#+&. @ @ u>\ |]k* #\q+ +T+

  • 25+&

    3. yTTqT 48 >+\bT N{ +q sTy sDqd+j>jT d++~+q |j>+

    #ksT b+jT sT>TqT s|+#T

    _) |+&|

  • XdjT X

    Je\T @D ]\T +&& eT\sD+ n$ eTT rdTH Vs+

  • 27+, y |]X yjTTe\ e]& >T]+ = $wj\T \TdT>*>sT. Cd|t |d

    #dq |j>\ >T]+ 7e s> #]+#+ (7e s> bs |d+ bwD,

    Je\ XdjT bs+X\ |]o*+#+&). eTs=k] | $wj\qT |qXsD

    #dT+T]+ eT] $wj\T \TdTe& |d |j>\T

    |j>|&jT #|e#? m?

    ysTTsY L& yjTTe\ \T

    sV+#&T. jTq q b dTq| sTq |fifl+ +q

    u>TZb& eT+&+q|&T >+C& y\Te&q yjTTe\qT dsyTq yjTTe

    (Fixed air) (\+ sH & & yjTTeqT dsyTq yjTTe TZ|\TdTyjTTe n |*#ysT.) n >T]+#&T. sy |j>\ >+C&

    bdsdtqT + eT+&+#&T. | |j>\ |*\qT { eT+&+q|&T >*

    q |\ >T]+ *jTCX&T. |*q eTq #T q >*q + edTe\qT eT+&+#&

    T]+#&T.

    ysTTsY q |j>\ T]+q|{ |jT >T]+ eyT \TdT>*>&T. $ >*

    u>TZ|\TdT yjTTe +T+*>&T. sy #dq nH |j>\

    * dsyTq yjTTe TZ|\TdT yjTTe (sH & &) 1/6e

    e+T |]eD+ +T+T]+#&T. \+ HyjTTeqT KsjT

    |+-2: |d

  • XdjT X

    yjTTe (Vitiated air) n u$+#ysT. eeT\T >* ] jsT #j\+feT+&&, |\& |j+#&TTq KsjT >* *|q+ eq

    d]b + sj e#&T. | >*

    * (O2) }|]T\ y[fl dsyTq >* (CO2)> esTT+~TT+\ KsjT

    >* }|]T\ #]+* $&T

  • 29+ }~q|&T, n~ s> b\e

    \> es& eTq+ >eT+#+. n* ds+ , |] |+|q|&T # me

    deTjT+ |&TT+~. dTq| # e \T|TT+eT+#+&.

    |j>+ @+ *jTCdT+~? |+-3:sT

    dTq|

    @ yjTTe dTq|qT b\e \> esTdT+~?

    eTq#T q >* b*q|&T eTq+ jT e~ >* @ yjTTe

    me |]eD+ q~?

    n* { $] m& qT+& e+~?

    eTq+ $ >* = n+ou\T me>qT eT]= e>qT

    +&{ +&{ >\ sD\qT \TdTe& eTq+ Xdeed yjTT

    |ks+ ]> esZ+ >T]+ #d Xd\T ]> j $T]+

    nDT\ (alveoli), n& qT+& jT >* |d]+#esZ+ n #|e#T.

    }|]T\

    jT ]>

    yjTT d+#s+.

    yjTT>DT\T s+

    eTTT+~.

    yjTT>DT\

    >&\ s

    XH[

    s+ H,

    s+ sH &

    & yjTT>D

    y|q+ TT+~.

    H s+ qT+&

    DC\,

    sH & &

    DC\\ qT+&

    s+ y|q+

    TT+~.

    DC\T CqT

  • XdjT X

    yjTT |ksesZ+

    Hd s+DT\ es yjTT|ks esZ |]o*d

    yjTTHfi+ds|{

    }|]T\T

    XdHfi\T

    yjTTX\T

    XdHfi\T y{ XK\T

    O2 eT]jTT CO2$eTjT+ ]> XH[\T

    |+-4: eqe Xd eed

    Hds+ +& bs, se\T >* +&

    * n+eTT+ jseT+~.

    >d >* y# #jT&+, >* eTqT #s&+ e+{ s e\T Xd, Js eed\T s+&+{

    d++~+q u>+ =qk>TsTT. |V (epiglottis) nH +&s| y+Vs|, yjTT (>*) eTsZ\qT jT+d eTeT eed\ d]> |y+#TqT

    #dT+~.

    ds|{ >{|fe+{ ds|{ ds+T\T +{sTT. }|]T\ qT+& Xd+ jT{

    e# >* ds+T\ >T+& |jD+#|&T y{ +|+# #dT+~. +|H\

    eTq+ e{&&+, b\T b&&+ yTT\T>T+.

    yjTTHfi+ yjTTHfi+ }|]T\ es >* rdTfifl sD+. MTsT >=+T u> >=+

    e+{ sD+ +&{ >eT+#e#T.

    XdHfi\T yjTTHfi+ s' Vs+ eT+ s+&T XdHfi\T> N* = XK =

    }|] |ydT+~.

    XdH[\T XdHfi\T nHksT N\TbsTT es XdH[\T nH u>\ n+eTesTT.

    yjTTX >DT\T XdH[\T yjTT>DT\ n+eTesTT. yjTTX>DT\T (yjTT>fi\T) # q$>

    +& # me d+K +{sTT. sXH[\T yjTTX >DT\ >&\ n~

    d+K +&&+ e\q yjTTe]& sT>TT+~.n+f H s+, sH & &

    yjTT>DT\ |yksTT.

    s+ s+ HqT Xs+ | D n+, eT> +T+~.

  • 31+DT\qT * +&, yjTTe]&

    ]> yX |+#TT+~. }|] T\ |* bs me> eTT&T\T|& +&&+ e\q

    y{ yX\+ # me> +T+~. eTq }|]T\ yjTTX>DT\+{ $&Bd

    |]d qT, nq$>qT m+* HdVs+ qT+&

    >d yfiT+~. & yTq

    deTd q~. >d qT+& s+ #&& H&

    jT+D # neds+.

  • XdjT X

    eTq+ Vs+ H deTjT+ e{&L&=+T| +q sy

    Vs $T+>&+.

    MTs+ >eT+#sT?

    Vs $T+> deTjT+ MT Xd @yTH & >eT+#s?

    Vs $T+> deTjT+, Vs+ XdHfi+ |y+#+&

    dVjT|&TTq~ @~?

    eqe Xdj $\+. MT # #r|

    +#T= >&+> }|] |\+&. MT #r

    =+#+ | >eTksT. |&T

    >* jT e, jT |+|& +>

    (&j|yT)

    $u |\+

    #>&

    +&s\T

    |feTT\T

    }|]T\T

    |+-6: #d Xd

    deTjT+ s'|+s+

  • 33+~> }V+#T+f ~ +~ u>+

    neT+~. =&T>T s+ +T+~.

    >=&T>T uT u>+ s'Vs+ y| +T+~. + +T+& +&+ e\q y|q q }|] =+#+ q~> +T+~. }|]T\qT

    | |Ps nH s+&T bs\T+{sTT. bs\ eTqT e (shallow)&qT sT>TT+~. |]>&+, yjeT+ #jT&+ e+{ |qT\T#d deTjT+

    y>+>qT, >&+ >qT (me &) sT>TT+~. C #d, Xd

    |

    HqT ds|s #jT&, sH & &qT =\+#& Xdj y>+

    DD+ esT # y$ k>T deTqjT|s#&T +T+~.

    XdjTqT |u$+ #d s |]dT\T @$T{?

    yT

  • XdjT X

    XdjT ]> deTjT+ @+ sT>TT+~?

    Xd deTjT+ Xs+ qT+& =\+#e\dq yjTTe @~? ~ m&

    qT+& edT+~?

    #d deTjT+ }|]T\ yfifl yjTTe\ d+|Tq+ @~?

    #d, Xd yjTTe\ d+|Tq+ & @yTH +DT\ qT+& sXH[ )

    }|]T\ |\ y|q |DT\ qT+& s XH[ , s

    XH[\ qT+& yjTT>DT\ yjTTe\ e]& sT>TT+~. n+f s+

    sH & &, yjTT>DT\ H\T |sds+ e]& sT>TjTqe{.

    n dyTq yjTT>DT\T D+ eT+ +{sTT.

    yjTT>DT\ #T D+ eT+T+& qT+& }|]T\ |eV+#

    eTTT +& H sV

    s+ s XH[\ |eV+,

    yjTT>DT\ qT+& H qT >VdT+~.

    nDT\ y|q

    |T +& H

    dV s+ >T+&qT #], n& qT+& Xs u>\ ds|s #jT&TT+~.

    yjTTe\ e]& e\q #d+#, Xd+# yjTTe\ d+|Tq+ &

    +T+~. +~ |{qT >eT+#+&.

    yjTTe #d+# yjTTe >\ X+ Xd+# yjTTe >\ X+

    H 21 16

    sH & & 0.04 4

    H{H 79 79

    |{`1

    |+-8: }|]T\T eT]jTT sXH[\ eT

  • 35+* jT

    |+|q|{ + 1200 $T. yjTTe }|]T\ $T +T+~.

    7e s> Je\ XdjT nH bs+ }|]T\ keTs

    d++~+ MTsT #dq |j> >TsT#dT+&.

    yjTTe\ syD

    eTq Xs+ |y+# >* yjTTe\ $TXeTeT ~ eTq }|]T\

    yjTT>DT\ esL yfiT+* $$_H eT]jTT s |TT+~.

    Hb + O2 HbO2 (}|]T\)

    HbO2 Hb + O2 (DC\)

    deTT_H H

    |P]> d+| + #+

  • XdjT X

    nDTe\qT eyT d+|+ #jT>\T>TT+~.

    Vy>_H e H nDTe\ *dqsTT, s+ DC\ nedsyTq s

    ds|s #jT & }|]T\ b*q|&T

    eT&e e+T eyT +T+~.

    H >& u> e> +&+ e\q Vy>_H qT+& H

    $&bsTT D\ |ydT+~. D\ H $j+#T& sH &

    &, sT, X $&T

  • 37+*.

    >C $q+ #+

  • XdjT X

    +&s\ @ skjTH\T @s&sTT?

    T |++>

    |sT>sqT++>, me>

    |#ksTT. nsTT, |+* |\&+ e+{ |qT\T #jT+ n |sT> &sT\T 100MTs |sT>T

    |+* | sT. |sT>T|+H H |]d ysT> +T+~.

    MTsT rdTq D, m+ y>+> MTsT |sT>sT nH n+X\

    , |+ es&+ e\q $&T& e\dq X eTq \_dT+

  • 39+|tqT |]o*+#+&. +&s\ eT+ @$ |sT+Tq& m+ q~?

    ) |j>+ @ & n ~ ksTT #]+~?

    ) C eT]jTT D kqeTT\ eT& ksTT =qk>TqsTT eT+ k&+, y>+>

    |sT>&+ #dq|&T eT+#e#T. B sD+ +&s n~+>

    eT+ #s&yT.

    jyTq +&s\ y>+> nsTTq eT+ yjeT+

    sTy HeT~> +&s\ qT+& =\+|&TTq es&TT+~. eT+ q X

    >C nDTe\ X +f e. >C qT+& eT+ @s&q|&T

    $&TT |+\T>TsT.

    +&s\ eT+ \ +&+ +&s\ H=| (muscle fatigue)

  • XdjT X

    |+-12: nyjTTe XdjT y\Te&q

    w+, sH & & ssD |

    C

    usH{

    V+ sH & &qT $&TTT+~? eqe +&s\T H ds|s

    Zq deTjT+ L& X $&T*qsTT s Je\ D\T @+

    #kj \TdTH+\T #\T

    dJe\qT H sV yesD+

    +q|&T c > |sT>TT]+ sH

    & & $&TT]+ \TdTe& eTq+

    |j>+ #C +> |sT>TT+~. C eq s q

    (wild variety) dt\T j| , TsTT.

    |j>X\ eTq |j>+ d+

    >C, dt\ $TXeT+ qT+& HqT

    =\+#&+ eTqeTT+

  • 41++ #d deTjT+ | H[\qT 370d es y& #dqsTT |j>+

    y>+> sT>TT+~.)

    u s=f\ jTT+~?

    DD+ (((((Fermentation)))))

    dJe\ #] nH 8e s> bs+ yT k] >TsT #dT++ yT

  • XdjT X

    |+-13: CO2 - X $&T

  • 43+TT+~. nsTT y\Te& w+

    |]eD+ L& |sT>TT+

  • XdjT X

    n+{sT. yTTd*, &*H e+{ \#s\T @$ Xdkj MT b* >&\T { bs * +& eT>

    +{sTT. | s+TT+~. De#+ >T+& D |

  • 45+eT+#e?

    yfifl +{j? m+ |s>be&+ e\ yjTT

    syD deTd\T @s&sTT. n+T]+ eT] $es\T \TdTe&+ d+ +~

    |j>\T #\T T\T rdT+&. MT |j>

    sE eTT+T&

    yd {> eT+&. eTqT s> >~

    eT\ +#+&. s+&T sE\bT |]o*+#+&. +\T

    yTT\TsTT. yTT\q +\qT rdT= >E dk yjT+&.

    q +CH dk rdT= >E

    C& +#+&. C& eT _+#+&. > b& $H\

    eTs= neT]qT d

  • XdjT X

    +`4

    eT+> |sT>TT+ q

  • 47+jT #s sT

    me> +T+~. s deTjT+ B es+> sT>TT+~. c >,

    >* eT, + re yTTjT, XdjT\ w|

    |ue+ #|ksTT.

    \ |DT\T, >d, XdHfi+, XdH[,

    |V, sDjT, $qjT, yjTT> yfifl, +{d.

    XdjT eTq+ |*q >* }|]T\ n&qT+& yjTT>DT\ #sTT+~. ] n* |\Te&+ qT+& D\ ksTT H $j>+ e&+ es ]> #s \+{ *| XdjT n+{sT.

    $ >* dTq| qT \> esTdT+=q+&. |*q>* Hs+d, ds|{, yjTTH[\T, XdHfi+, }|]T\T, yjTT>DT\

    n&qT+& s+ #sTT+~. nTT+~. ~>Te u>+ +& +&s ]yTq bsqT $u |\+ n+{sT. #d+ $u |\+ d++#> $u>|\+ $X+ d edT+~. | >* HVs+, yjTTHfi+ e&bjT&TT+~. eTTs+* Vs eT esZ+ yfifl+

    TTH+.

    XdHfi+, yjTTHfi+>q n~ qq yjTT>DT\T>q $&bT+~. nq |]eD+ @+& yjTT>DT\ qT+& sHfi\ s+ yjTT $eTjT+ sT>TT+~.

    eTq+ @+ HsTH+?

  • XdjT X

    yjTTdV XdjT n~ |]eD+ X $&T eT+&+

    jT+ksTT.

    sT eT+qT |T+~. D\ Xd sT, ||H +{sTT. sDqd+j>jT, XdjT esyTq$> |+q|{ JejT\qT s]+#& e\d

    nH JeskjTq #s \T s+&+{ q sT>TsTT.

    yTT\ ]> JejT\ nedsyTq #s\T, k] yTTjT @s&sTT.

    DXdjT\ yT{+&j\ +& sV&T +> s>& sD\T

    sjT+&.(AS1)

    5. sXH[ #s& M\T> >* yjTT>DT\ \Te +T+~. y + d]#jTe\dq

    n+X\T @$T{?(AS1)

    6. yTT\T |>\T sDqd+j>jTqT, s XdjTqT s]ksTT. MTsT n+X n+^]ks?

    m+DT\T m esT #+

  • 49+X\ nyjTT XdjT >T]+ \T& MTsT #dq |j>+ nqTd]+q

    $+ e >eT+q n+X\T @$T{?(AS3)

    19. |\ ]> #jT XdjT >T]+q de#s+ d]+#+&. y~ jsT#d MT s>

    | $j>+, \Tw + yTT Xdd yT]+q de#s+ d]+#+&.

    #]+#+&.(AS4)

    21. Xdj esZ *jTCd ueT^d u>\T >T]+#+&.(AS5)

    22. XdjT ]> ~X\qT *| sU+ (Block diagram) ^jT+&. DXdjT >T]+ MTs$T\TdTHs sjT+&.(AS5)

    23. eTq Xs+ ]> Xdj jT++>+ y n_q+~ke?(AS5)

    24. MT bsX\ d+bjT+ #]+#& nyjTT XdjT| yk jsT#jT+&.(AS5)

    25. Vy>_H, s| \T XdjT >T]+ e{&T+TqT> sH ^jT+&.(AS5)

    1. $>* ``````````````````````````

    eT]jTT ````````````````````````

    +{sTT.

    2. >*, Vs+ Xs+ |* yfifl& M\T> |#d +&sjTTyTq eTe+{ sD+ ```````````````

    3. D\ \ q X |eD ``````````````````````````

    n+{sT.

    4. yTT\ ................ u>\ +{d +{sTT. $ ``````````````````````

    #s &&sTT.

    5. e+>dt\ XdjT `````````````````````````````

    TT+~.

    6. ds+T\qT & >eT+#e#T. ( )

    (m) yjTTHfi+ (_) ds|{ (d) HVs+ (&) >d

    7. }|]T\ +& >* T\ e+{ sD\T ( )

    (m) yjTT>DT\T (_) XdHfi\T (d) XdH[\T (&) >*>TZT+~.

    +~ U\qT |P]+#+&

    dsq deT]+#+&

  • XdjT X

    (d) &j|yT y+q|&T s'Vs+ |]eD+ |sT>TT+~.

    (&) &j|yT y+q|&T s'Vs+ |]eD+ >TZT+~.

    9. XdjT $qjT m+H Xd |\Td+{+.

    n+f eTq+ }|]T\ |P]ksTT keTs |j+#T&+ \ 195 j>Xd

    jTe\qT |yX|{&T. n$ 1.jTeT (ke eTD b{+#&+), 2.jTeT (e> eTD

    b{+#&+), 3.dq (TsTT. |Ps+ (BsXd >* |\&+) +u+ (}|]T\ >* *| +#&+) s#+

    (HeT~> >* e

  • 51+
  • |dsD |

    |+`1: H& d+e#T. V MTsT L& V

  • 53+ >T+& s+T+&

    eTDT |* y|q |+ #|q $ +#+&. nZ|\ > >eT+#+&. B dVjT+ H&d+eT+#sT?

    eTq H&d+Tfi+

    yd+ +&T> | >={ jsT#jT+&. MT dVT yT& qT+&

    s+>Tfi\ +, s=eTT eT n+>Tfi+ m&eTy|q | >=+

    esqT +#+&. s+&e es #$ + C>> $q+&. $Tw+

    mksT V

  • |dsD |

    |+`4: V

  • 55+T+& @ s+ +~?

    >T+& nT m sHfi\ es\THsTT?

    >T+& jTT @ es y&\T> +~? @ es dq> +~?

    >T+& +&s\ nT q sHfi\ (sq] eT+#+&.

    (C >T+& T+& qeTHqT #sTqT > |]o*+#+&.)

    >T+& n+]sD+

    \yTq #|eTT e+{ sHfi+ | e#T >T+&qT &dH f +#+&.

    | |dTq u>+ >T+& T+& >&\qT |]o*+#+&.

    >T+& >&\T n+{ eT+T+& m >

  • |dsD |

    >T+& >T+& >eT+#s? @ u>\ n$ nT&

    Hj |]o*+#+&. y{ s+, |]eD\qT { n$ @ $ +T+~. | y|q y&\T>qT,

    +~ y|q dq>qT +T+~.

    >T+&qT e]+ s+&T bs\T+{sTT. M VT+&qT H\T>T u>\T> $uksTT. |

    s+&T u>\qT ]\T (Auricles) n, +~ s+&T u>\qT s]\T (Ven-tricles) n n+{sT. >T+& >&\ n+{|T= q sHfi\qT sq]sHfi\T n+{sT. $ >T+& +&s\ s ds|s #ksTT.

    | y|q q ]\ >&\T |\T#>q, +~y|q q s]\ >&\T

    eT+q +{sTT. eTq |]o\q >T+& H\T>T >T+& m sHfi\T nT& HsTT?

    n sHfi\T Hj? m sHfi\T HsTT?

    sHfi\

  • 57+T+& &y| ~>Te u>+ |+# dsqT

    nTe u>\ (fifl,#T\T) qT+& s d]+ V +{sTT. s+&T

    ]\T, s+&T s]\T +&sjTTyTq $u\ (Septum) ysT #jT&+{sTT. ]\T, s]\ eT

  • |dsD |

    b_d qT>=H&T. nsTT n |]X |{+#T TsTyq b_d qT>=q * ds\qT >T]+ +#+

    bs+_+#&T. ds s+ ~X |eVdT+~. eT]jTT >T+& ~X> |eV+#&+

    d+ s+| & *dT+{> eTT&yd s |dsD ~XqT qT>=qT

    mH |j>\T #X&T. T{q # ds\T _bjT$. ds s+

    m\|& >T+& ~X> |eVdT+&&+ e\ T {q# +~u>+ _bjT~.

    B { ds s+ >T+& qT+& Xs u>\ |eV+#\ |eVdT+\qT+& >T+& |eV+#T]+#&T.

    s |yV >T]+ Vs nT+& s+ ds\ qT+& s+ >T+&qT #sTT+~. n+f s s+&T

    |yV\THsTT. BH ~e\jT s|dsD (Double circulation) n |sT |{&T.s+ & s] qT+&

  • 59+ e> _qTq, XK\T> $&b

    sHfi >T]+#+&.

    4. sHfi+| , sHfi+ s |yV+

  • |dsD |

    bjTes & \T>#jT+&. (ueT dVjT+ rdT+&)

    5. |&T y* T y# qT+& ns# es ~*+#+&. s Hfi+

    e# esT\T |]o*+#+&. sD\T #]+#+&.

    \ qT+& s V\ d++eT+#s?

    |+`10(m): T {q|&T >T+& q y|q sHfi\T m+

  • 61+
  • |dsD |

    V]e\jT+ (Cardiac cycle)

    eqe >T+& |+&_e~ T+& d+~dT+~. >T+& d+~+#+ b eTsD+ d+u$dT+~.

    ]\T, s]\T k] d++ sTy jT

  • 63+ |eVdT+~. n+. 300 >. 76

    jT{{ | 8 >. 0.15 >. 1200

    @e\jT, ~e\jT |dsD (single, double circulation)

    s+ sHfi\ |eVdT+T+& s+s+ d+~d, s s+s+

    #\q+ +#TT+T+&qT+& Xs u>\ n&qT+&

    ] >T+& #sTT+~. nsTT s|ks+ n Je\qT $ +&eT+#+&.

    |{\ $$\qT

    >T]+# |jT+ #jT+&.

    |+`12\ MT | Xs

    u >\ T+&

    T]+#+&.

    s+&T b #sT\qT >eT+ +~ |X\ de

  • |dsD |

    yTTT+& T]+#sT

    T+& T+&

  • 65+T]+ | s>T\ $es+> \TdT+{sT.

    |dsD eed |]DeT+

    @DJe\T deTT eT Xs+ #T bsqT

    (bk e)qT @ssT#T>H |dsD d++~+q deTd \T sTT.

    deTd de | Je\ Xs+|\ q n\\L&q

    ddeTT

  • |dsD |

    u~+ e+{ sb& esZ| Je\ d++# Hfi+ e+{ >T+& q|{,

    sHfi\T be+ e\q, s+ |, # eT\dJe\T, +~ ksTT s{ Je\ $e s |dsD eed +T+~.

    |T s+ nqT|T\T, s eZsD yTTT]+ +TDC\+ nH bs+ #~ysT T]+ eT]= n+X\T \TdT+

  • 67+ +T+~.

    $X+ deTjT+ k u$ksT. sbT e>+&&+ (low B.P.) n+f @$T{ T]+ MT b\T>TTHsTT. @jT+ *q|&T s+ 3 qT+& 6 eTTc\| >&&TT+~. s+ m

    >&&TT+~? s+ >&f |jT q skjTq #s \T @$T{?

    Xs >jT+ *q|&T s+ =+#+d| eyT sTT+~. s

    s+ >&{ q# ms >& @s&TT+~. ms >&H d+&b Xs+| q >jT+ *H $|yTq ske+

    sT>TT+~.

    s+ +& s|\\T (platelets) sd+jT+qT+& s+ d$+q|&T s|\\ qT+& T

    &T

    b+_H +_H

  • |dsD |

    s+ >&{ k dTesT 3 qT+& 6 eTTc\ deTjT+ |&TT+~.

    =+&& # medeTjT+ |e#T. qT|+ e\q =+&&+ s> |\ y~ >dT\T me.

    \d$Tj nH e+Xbs+|s y~ e\q Xs+ Vy>_H e>

    +T+~. M{ d++~+q $es\T nqT+ |]D #+~q syD

    eed +~.

    yTT\ L& +Te\ e~]> s|dsD eed @

    eTs=k] n+

  • 69+
  • |dsD |

    +|t

    >E>=+

    {eT+

    >{ ssT>=+

    +& u>+

    eT

    sT

    |+`18: ysT |&q+

    +`6

    2`3 >+\ b |j> neT]qT E>=+ {eT+ (M2)qT qyTeT+#s?

    #s TTT+=+ >{> +&.

    >E>=+ |]eD+ +& |]eD+ $

    +&*. y{ *||&T >{> C>> {*.

    >E >=+ qT+& sT y\T|* s+& #&*.

    >E>=+ =+#+ fifl bjT+&. {eT+ ssT

    >=+ +f d | q& $ +&*. >=+

    { eT{ (M1) =* qy

  • 71+
  • |dsD |

    L& |d]ksTT. yTT\ |sT>T d~e~]> +& =+& (proboscis) yTT DC\ #=|dT+~.sk | |&T m|& #+| +&+ n&TqT C>> |]o*d buddt

    bw DC\+ T]+#sT. buddt q sk $Xw+#& Xdy\T +~ |j>

    #XsT. yTT sk | |& m|&qT #+| buddt u>+ bw DC\+

    +& $ m|& Xs u> ysT#XsT. bw DC\+ d\ |&q+e\

    sd+ dq buddt u>+ >T+& sd+ #T\ s|+ sTT+&& >T]+#sT.

    n+V+q|{yTT Xw+# e. $T*q #s { us&T |P]> q+bsTT

    q|{ #T dJe+> +&& #d +{sT. ~ m k |]> u>\T eT]jTT \#d

    u>\ syD #jT&TT+~.

    \ H\

  • 73++ q& e~*|& ]+>T| u>+ +&+ eT+TT+~.

    +~ u>+ |sT>T

  • |dsD |

    >T+& s+&T V+ s+&T s]\T +{sTT. y|q >\ ]s]\T ]s] s+V+ Xs u>\ |+|T+~. ||d T+& #sTksTT.

    >T+& d+#+ y+H jTT+& #s& @ e\jT+ n s+&TksT

    se&

  • 75+ |j>|&TT+~? B m deT]ke?(AS1)

    13. +~ |s #T+& H\T>T >T+& >\ $u bs\ |sT |+&.

    (m) s+&T ]\ eT\ $u ]+s $u+ n+{sT.

    (_) s+&T s]\ eT\ $u n+{sT.

    (d) ] Teq q s]\ eTT+& s+&T >

  • |dsD |

    nqT+s+q|&T *qT+& |+& s+s+ s+ ds|s e\dq |]d +T+~. _& s+ * s+

    *dbT+~. n|&T yT |s\T @s&sTT. sTy |f |\\T L& Rh+ neTqsTT* |TbT+~. |ske+, bDbjT+ L& s>e#T. +{

    d+

  • 77+_H b{H $$\ e# b\e\ s+&T s\ \d$Tj ydT\ sVq, jT+, |XjT+ |]eD+ |s>&+, y~sZ&+ |sT>T +&&+. meTT\T dq& |fidT> es&+ >T+&bT yTT_H |]eD+ 70%

    H Zq|&T |\ |sT>T deTd \ \ |s+ Vy>_H ksTT 115`120 >./. > +&

    #&&+. eTTKyTq n+X+ |eT&T H\T>T ys\=k] >& *q mssD\qT

    |yX|&+

  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed78 10e s>

    => @ edTeqT #dH ]w

    $se\nH es |T]+

    +q|&T eTq nH d+TsTT.

  • 79+
  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed80 10e s>

    |{ 3: &bsTyT+{ |t j$Td

    ddeTH: eT+

    | / $ / sE 100 $T.>.24>+\ j{H 2.7 $T.> / sE 1`2

    24>+\ *jT+ 305 $T.> / sE 200 $T.>. es

    24>+\ bdsdt 0.8 $T.> / sE 1 >. es

    24>+\ jT]eT+ 800 $T.> / sE 600 $T.>.es

    \eD\T

    k&jT+ 140 $T.y/. 125 ` 250

    b{wjT+ 50 $T.y/. 25 ` 100

    k]{ (>Dq #dq) 180 $T.y/. 100 ` 600

    >C 65 $T.>./&.. 50 ` 80

    s& 128 $T.y/. 120 ` 130

    jT]j 35 >yT/sE 20 ` 30

    |{ 2: &bsTyT+{ |t j$Td

    ddeTH: bk / ds+ (s+)

    | / $ 82 $T.> / &.. 60`100

    k&jT+ 137 $T.y / 135`145

    b{wjT+ 4.10 $T.y / 3.5`5.0

    s& 101 $T.y / 95`106

    jT]j 29 $T.> / &.. 15`40

    j{H 2.8 $T.> / &.. 0.6`1.5

    jT]eT+ 7.50 $T.> / &.. 3.0`5.0

    { =\k 221 $T.> / &.. 150`200

    f s& 167 $T.> / &.. 60`200

    *jT+ 9.40 $T.> / &.. 8.0`10.5

    bdsdt 4.50 $T.> / &.. 3`4.5

    u*sT_H (yTT+) 0.70 $T.> / &.. 0.1`0.8

    b{qT (yTT+) 7.20 > / &.. 6.0`7.5

    n\T$TH 4.60 > / &.. 3.0`5.0

    $T.y / R $T*y / sT, $T.> / &.. R $T*>yT / &dsT

  • 81+ eqT+& 24 >+\ d]+q yTT+

    eT+ qT+& 100`150 $T.. eT+ qeTq> rdT=

  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed82 10e s>

    eT|+&+ n&T jT{u>+ @ s+>T +~?

    eTTT u>+ m& +~?

    eT|+&\ >T+u>+ (V\dt) qT+& b Hfi\T VsZeTeTHsTT?

    MT |]o\q |PssTTq y+H j+{u]jT wH #T\T Xu+

    #dTe&+ eT]b+&. MT |]o\q\ eqe $ds eed jTT

    sD+ eT]jTT |#d $T]+ \TdT+

  • 83+T#+\qT *|ejTH T#+ n_yV
  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed84 10e s>

    2. eH[ (Renal tubule)

    eH[ 3 u>\T+{sTT. 1. dMT|d d+e[Hfi+ (Proximal convolutedtubule-PCT) 2. V + (U s+ +T+~.) 3. VD Hfi\T

    |s$T&\T eT]jTT *ddt\T> @s& e] T#>\q+ +T+~. b

  • 85+T+& s+ |eVdT+~. |&q+

    |*+> s+ e&bjT&TT+~. es|

  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed86 10e s>

    b @+ sT>TT+~?

    |&T eTq+ $ds eed $T*q u>\ >T]+ |]o*

  • 87+\+. q|\\ $]w+> 700`800 $T.. e+ \ +T+~. nsTT

    eT+

    jT bT+~. |jTH eT $dsq (Micturition) n+{sT.eqe&T sE q eT $d]+#+ k sT>TT+~.

    +#+& ` #]+#+&

    =+eT+~ |\\T 15 me |]eD+ jT]j @s&TT+~.

    |+&| rdT=qy] eT+ n~ #s |+#e#T.

  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed88 10e s>

    eT]jTT 1.5% nsq | sjTT+> esTT+~. b+ |#jTb @$T sT>TT+~?

    eT|+&\T |#jTb& ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease) n+{sT.eT|+&\T |#jT&+ b Xs+ sT, es|

  • 89+
  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed90 10e s>

    #s+: #s+ nd+UyTq d+ q { eT]jTT n e

    y |]>D+#&T+~. #s+ duwjTdt >+

  • 91+\qT * +&e. | D+

    { |dsD sT>TH +T+~. b{V*+~dt yTTyTT $ds+>\T

    |ksTT. M{ C D\T n+{sT. |{ 4qT |]o*+#+&.

    J$ |sT / esZ+ $ds eed

    b{Cy D+ |]\+ qT+& y|q+ + = qjTT es| nejTy\T

    +&e. yTT es| sT>TT+~. n+f yTT es|

    sT>TT+H sT>TT+~.

    |# yTT\T s|P, V]|\ yTT\T XdjT

    sH& & eT]jTT { es| $&TjT H es| #jT& |s+

  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed92 10e s>

    = yTT\T es |\T q& M\T sT +{sTT. n+ $w|P]+> +&

    M{ q +Te\T #bsTT.

    = s\ yTT\\ yTT u>\ >jTyTq|&T = skjTH\qT

    d$ksTT. n d$+q skjTH\T >j eqT yTT dVjT|&sTT.

    = yTT\T sDjTyTq |d+|s $q y|, bwD L& |j>|& #dT>\T>TsTT.

  • 93++

    HH d+H n|dH*dt (d+H) us&T eT ]j ysD

    {H {jH {uyT (b>) \T $Td+V]D

    e]H, =H |besY k$T|syT (>+CsTT) |\+ eTTeT++~) ysT beTTTqT+& sD

    |H |j ns_ (|yTT) $H\T H&eed s+

    +_H nC&s +& (y|) $H\T, us&T, j+{d|

    \T

    kb\yTH yT |+&T, |e eTTeT+& #eT+ |c\T HXqT\T

    |{`5

    eTq V \T>Cd \sTT&\qT #|+&?

    {H\T: {H\T sq d+j>|j

    eqT TsT\T # $\Tyq$. y{

    n+#T eT]jTT u+&+> s+> eT+ \> b\e +&

  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed94 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    D >yT nH~ qeT\&+ d+ jsT#jT&q syTq >TsT. |yT

    yTT jTT dVdCksTT. y{ +& qjTT |+> yTT\T H\qT+& =

    =H&T. Te+{ d+|Tq\T | #&e#T. k] ydq

    | H\T>

  • 95+
  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed96 10e s>

    Je\qT+& es\qT =\+#&, $dsq |

  • 97+
  • $dsq es\ =\+| eed98 10e s>

    8. &j\ddt $T& q d+ ```````````````````````````````

    .

    9. ssTqT ssT yTT jTT ```````````````````````````

    qT+& jsT#ksT.

    10. &j\ddt qT>=q y (d) T (&) &

    5. eT+ |+ ( )

    (m) jT]j (_) k&jT+ (d) sT (&) j{H

    6. @J$ | $dsejTy\T +&e. ( )

    (m) |\T (_) nMTu (d) ddb\T (&) m eT]jTT _

    7. +~ y @ VsH eT$dsq | d++T +&T sD+ @$T{? ( )

    (m) jTs=+ (_) u*s_H (d) u*e]H (&) s&

    9. eT+ @s& T#>\q+ esD |q'XwD+ H[ke+

    (_) esD |q'XwD+ H[ke+ >T#>\q+

    (d) esD |q'XwD+ >T#>\q+ H[ke+

    (&) H[ke+ esD |q'XwD+ >T#>\q+

    10. eT|+&+ uVb++ +& HbH u>+ ( )

    (m) V + (_) dMT|d d+e[Hfi+ (d) T[

    dsq deT]+#+&

  • 99+
  • jT+D deTqjT eed100 10e s>

    |sE eTq+ q&e&+, |sT>&+, \T|>&+, yVH\T q&|&+ e+{

    ss\ |qT\T #dT+{+. |qT\ ]wyTq Xs deTd *

    +&&+ bT> Xs u>\ eTTsTT. C

    TTHsTT.

  • 101+\T>T+?

    |#

  • jT+D deTqjT eed102 10e s>

    m++> ]+ e# esT\T

    |d+, |d+ eT

  • 103+
  • jT+D deTqjT eed104 10e s>

    |#

  • 105+
  • jT+D deTqjT eed106 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    |+-9: |rs #s

    CqH&

    #\H&

    yqTbeTT

    |ue +&s+

    ]wyTq esZ+ |jDdT+~.

    B |rs #s#|+ n+{sT.

    eTq+ @eT+#+&.

    |e * yqT

    rdTHT #k sTT. |+`9

    |]o*+#+&.

    Te+{ d+\T> |#ksTT?

    H&T\eTT]+ ~ @$T *jTCdT+~?

    d+*+> >, nd+*+> > |qT\T #dTq|&T @+ sT>TT+eT+#s?

    T\T yjT+ T |{* n +#T+ n&T>T d C]

    |&b+.

    nsTT B d *+# $wjT+ @$T+f, n

  • 107+
  • jT+D deTqjT eed108 10e s>

    |{ 1: yT

  • 109+ | +&s\ #\H >T]+#sT. |

    yqTbeTT d~ \Te> >Tq|&T, yqTbeTT

    |#jTbe&+e\ | #be& L& M]

  • jT+D deTqjT eed110 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    y\T|\ |+|T+~ 1882 ysT eT |j>\

  • 111+eT+#sT.

    |dT+ #s y~ u\ u>+> |]o*+|&TTq

    +Te eT>+~ qT+& u> rdydq|&T

    +Te #s y~ (&ju{dt) u +&{

    ysT >T]+#sT. nsTT \+ H{ y

  • jT+D deTqjT eed112 10e s>

    s skjT deTqj\T

    eTq Xs+ u>+ ]> d+|Tq\qT s+ |d]+# = | nH +> Xs ={\T>

    +&e. n$ HsT> s+ \dbsTT. n+++++TT+{sTT. +{b| $d]dT+~. #s+ #TsTe#T. dTs b+ #seTqTq syH

    eTq+ k bs+ eTq+ H& deTqjT+ >T]+ n

  • 113+ $&T $&T
  • jT+D deTqjT eed114 10e s>

    |+ L& >TZ e] k $&T

  • 115+H |]>DksT.

    yTT\ jT+D

    yTT\T B|q\ m |d+~ksTT?

    eTq Xs+ jT+D jT++>+ m |#dT+

  • jT+D deTqjT eed116 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    yTyk|P& |e+ n&T>T u>+ uT>qTq yT{ \+ e+{ sD+

    +T+~. B | (Pulvine) n+{sT. M{ D\ me> D+s neX\T eT]jTTme yTT+ sT +T+~. { |&q+ e\q | qT \Te> +#TT+~. n|

    yTT dsHd #\H (nastic movement) #|dT+~. B dsqTesq+ (Thigmotrophism) n+{sT. eTq+ \qT eTTTq|&T $ essTT.

    B|q\ |d+

  • 117+ de+s+> +#+&. ys+ sE\bT ysT eT]jTT

    +&+ |sT>TH |sT>TTq+ u> |]+~? @ u>+ |sT>TeT+#+&. yTT |sT>T+ D\T

    y>+> |sT>TsTT. + D\T HeT~> |s>&+ e\q +&+

    e+>TT+~.

    e+q eT]jTT \Te> q +& u> d]+#+&. s+&T u>\

    n&TqT deT+#s?

    #sdt &]H eT]jTT n =&T bdt &]H + nqTesq+

  • jT+D deTqjT eed118 10e s>

    (phototropism)| = |j>\T #XsT. yTT +&+ =qu>+ b+se#(Colioptyle) dbs+>qTq qT|s eTd +#sT. yTT | qT+&+ k $ ds s neTssT. n|&T n+s+ e+>&+ nH |

    \DyTMT q& T+& |d]+|#dq|&T

    yTT ~X e+>&+ ]+~. B n+s+|q bs + k

    #dq|&T @sY n>sYqT q q

    |f\T> ]+#&T. | |f e+{ n>sY =&T>T

    ]+q yTT +&+|q y| +& |{&T. sTy y{ N{>~

    +#&T. >+ sTy b+s+ n>sY |{q u> s+&e y|q ]wyTq

    e+| q&+~. |+`18 |]o*+#+&.

    b+s e#+ d++sY +&+ =qu>+ mTe+{ e+|qT

    |+y| =~> e+| q&+~.

    |j>+ y+{ }V+++

    esT skjT B|q e\q ]+*>sT.

    yTT\ nqTesH\T (Tropic and nastic movement in plant)))))

    | |j>\ eTq+ >eT++\T uV

    B|q\ Hq|&T #\H |\T +&+

    + kTq y| |sT>TT+&& MTsT >eT+#e#T. yTT\T

    + nqTL\+> |d+~+#& + nqTesq+ (photo tropism)n+{sT.

    ysT u$Ty| |sT>TT+TsTsD

    \+y|> |d+~ksTT. B >TsTqTesq+ (geo tropism) n+{sT.

    |+-20: y+{ |j>+

  • 119+ n+{|T= |]> yTT\ ysT ssTT &y|

    qT+& H\ sT q b++y| |sT>TT+{sTT. Te+{ |d+\ dsyTq #\H #k+. # yTT\T + nqTesH

    nqT>TD+> |d+~ksTT. \ +&+

    \Vq+> +& dq> +&&+ # | m>u\T yTTqT \Te>

    |s>& \T dq>, b&e>

    +&+|q +& dq sD\T @CdT+~. B|q\ |s>sDTe\T |d+~+ yTT\TsTT.

    |s>Hfi+ |s>sDTe qT+ jT\T

  • jT+D deTqjT eed120 10e s>

    djT+#~ H& eed s+&T s\T 1) dVqTu H& eed 2) dVqTu |sH& eed |sds

    u es #s \ y sDu\T.

    H& D+ H& eed jTT j eT]jTT sD |eD+.

    H&D+ qT+& eTs= H&D |# H&d+~ n+{sT.

    VsqT u>+ nsTT eTs= u>+ y[fl eTT nqTq \ k~ksTT.

    |qXsD jT++>+ (feedback mechanim) VsH\ #s \qT jT+dT+~.

    yTT\ ]w B|H\T }T

  • 121+TjTH $wj #|+#& |j> d+#+&.(AS1)

    9. MT Xs+ VsH\ |ue+ e\q q& esT\ TT+~?(AS2)

    17. eTq Xs+ #s \+{ yTTT+~?(AS2)

    18. &sYqT *|q|&T #s \+{ yTTT+~?(AS2)

    19. +& q yTT eT\+ eT{ |&b+& @sT#d, T]+ n++

  • jT+D deTqjT eed122 10e s>

    29. yT\qT >T]+#+&.(AS5)

    30. MT dV >~ #d |qT\qT 45 $Tc\T >eT+#+&. |qT\ jT+ #s \T,

    njT+ #s \T @$?(AS5)

    31. qT*r>\T | b+ >eT+#&+ V+> +{sTT.(AS6)

    32. VsqT ]wyTq |+) D\ b&e eT]jTT $u

  • 123+ sT>TT+
  • |T |qsT

    30 #+#\ >sT y# b\qT H rdT+&. TqT

    \|+&. eTs= H n+ |]eD+ #\ b\qT rdT |sT>T \|+&.

    s+&T H\ MTT jsq~ ~ |]o*+#+&. |sT>T >{ |&T +&&+ u]j\

    deTV\T |sT>TTHjTq& d++. s+&T H\ |sT>T jse&

    |f +#+&.

    s+&T H\q deTj |sT>T jssTT+T +& u]j deTV\T 30 dq b\T |sT>T>es&+ e\ u]j 30 sT |]>jT #|e#?

    es\+ = s\ \ deTV\T qT+& | eTe&+ #

    Xs +> +T+~ T, eTqTw |T |f deTjT+

    ed+ +T+ |T n + |T n+{sT. B >T]+ eT]=

    $wj\qT |]o* $&be& ~\T> $&b T jsjT eT+ u]j @$ $uq #+~+TT+~. n~ q J$ qT+& ys d++> J$dT+~.

  • 125+s

    = Je\T q J$ Xs K+&\ qT+& L& |s>>\e.

    Xs+ @ K+&yTH yTT+ Xs @ssTdT+~. Te+{ $s e+{ dsfiJe\

    eyT sT>TT+~. Je\T + |T L& sT|>\e.

    Xe\T, +

  • |T |qsT

    @ syTq $ |jT e deTjT+ me deTV\qT #jT& |j>|&TT+~?

    +q \D\T >]w+> s{\+f @ s| n + $ XFjT |TT+~.

    m) dVyTq XFjT |T

    |\T: sDb\ e+{ yTT\ \ n+#T\ y+& qq yTT\T |sT>TsTT.

    +&\T: sqsY\T, k q e+{ \Vq yjTT> +&\T H\qT qsTT

    n& qT+& |#T ysT n_e~ #++

    $&bsTTqsTT => @s&q ys dVjT+ = yTT\T> |sT>TsTT.

    +&+ \T> |sT>TsTT.

    _) eT XFjT y|

    # ysT

    #dq|&T #+ qT+& = yTT> |sT>TT+~.

    # & H\ H{*. =~ sE\

    ysT @s&, yTT>Z\T |] = yTT> |sT>TT+~.

    T_.

    |+-6: sDb\

    n+T = (Layaring)

    yTT d+ D| nsTTH * q XKqT H\y|

    e+, =+ u> >TsT jT |+#T> eT{ b*.

    =~ \+ sy | +q u>+ qT+& = ysT

    nesTT. n|&T =eTqT q yTT qT+& ysT#j*. yfiflqT

    \Xq+

    |+-7

  • 127+ n_e~ #+ |sT>TsTT. B H\ |sT>TTq

    yTTqT k n, ys yTT qT+& ysT#jT&q ysT u>

    djH n n+{sT. k, djH s+&+{ b*BH +

    | |] q \ yTT\qT

    b+

  • |T |qsT

    d

  • 129+
  • |T |qsT

    |+-13: |sTw |T eed

    XyV

    X>V

    bsTw >+~

    yTVq+

    |d+

    m|&&$Tdt

    eTTw+

    eTTw>D

    + |T (Sexual reproduction)

    +eTT+;C\ \sTT

    TT+~. |\BsD+ * Xs jT>

    n+sZ+>> sT>TT+~. Xs+ jT ]>

    \TdTH+. s |T >T]+q $Xc\qT +> |]o*D (Scrotum) n+{sT. eTTc\ n~d+K $T*jTq=B |sTw ;D q XD\T

    nesTT. |sTw |T nejTy\qT

    \TdTe& eqe |sTw |T eed

    |+`13qT |]o*+#+&. |r eTTw+ #

    \+_\T (Lobules) +{sTT. | \+_ q u>yT*]q q q H[\T +{sTT. M{ X

  • 131+
  • |T |qsT

    |+-14: d |T eed

    b|jTH Hfi+

    >sT

    n+&XjT+>sXjT+

    ^e+

    jD

    |+-15: eqe |+&+

    |sjTTe

    H_sEe

    \+

    sjTTe

    TT+~.

    ssXjT yV

    nsXjT+

    n_e~ #+V+ +T+~. s ds|s L& e>

    +T+~. |\BsD #+~q n+&+ sXjT |]eD+ |sT>TT+~. |&T B |* >&\T eT,

    essTT. eT L&q

    yTsT>T|&TT+~. |&T >sXjT+ |+& |k|q d +sXjT & + esT\T @$ d+u$kj, |\BsD+ #+~q n+&+

    >sXj #s& m+ deTjT+ |&TT+TT+~. sTy

    |+&+ = D\T |+& bwD, sD, ysTysT #\T> n_e~ #+sXjT & + bTq

    yfifl e+{ sD\ #T y>+> ~ qq s| eT&T>T\T @s&sTT.

    |sjTTe DC\+, B qT= q >sXjT DC\+ *d CsjTTe

    (Placenta)qT @ssTksTT.|+& D\T, * D\T *d sjTTe @s&TT+~. |+& bwD n +

    eX yTq sjTTe >s

  • 133+
  • |T |qsT

    X qq+

    >se~ \+ >&TdTq =B uD+> |\Te&TTq |+&+ |]

    s|sXjT |]eD+

    |sT>TT+~. k |\BsD+ ]q 9 H\\, >se~ \+ e]

    + +~y|q >sXjT eTTKsXjT +&s d+#

    d&*\T XeqT d |T eed jTT uV\ nsTTq j y|

    HeT~> HT d]|&+ *ksTT. H_ n+{+. Xqq+ sy

    >sXjT +&s\ d+#+, sjTTeqT

    jT Hf+es =qk>TT+~.

    |jTH qH+s+ n+{sT. >se~

    e]

  • 135+TsT #T+&.

    yTT + |T

    +Te\ b*q|&T |w+# yTT e d+w L&q +

    |T $TT+\T

    +{sTT. |w+ sD |e[, s |e[,

    dse[, n+&X+ nH u>\T +{jT MTsT +~

    s>T\ \TdTHsT. | |{ |]o*+#+&.

    j u>\qT >T]+ |sT sjT+&. yTT\

    dse[, n+&X+, + D\qT (;D\T) *

    +& |T u>\T.

    s |e[, s |e[ sV+# $\T >T]+

    n$ sV+# $ n+&X+> @ eyT * +{sTT. $ |c\T (Unisexual flowers)n+{sT.

  • |T |qsT

    n+&X+ s+&+{ * q |c\qT ~*+> |c\T (Bisexual flowers)n+{sT. X\ |sTw ;D\T

    nesTT. n+&X+ n+&Xj\ +& n+&\ d ;D\T

    nesTT. n+&X+ | eT&T u>\T+{sTT. |s>sDTe\qT

    d]+# >+, |sTw ;D\T |jD+#& && \eTT, d |sTw

    ;D\T *d d+j>;+ @s& n+&XjT+.e |\BsD |jT

    \ bbwksTT.

    sD e+{ yTT |w+ |s>sDTe\T n

    #sTsTT. B d|s> d+|s+ (Self pollination) n+{sT. +{ yTT\ d+|s+ sT|T+T HsTHsT TT+~?

    +~ s>T ksjT |c\qT >T]+ MTsT #~$q n+X\qT >TsT#T+&.

    MT \Tk?

    yTT\qT me \+ nd+|s+

    sT|H keTs + |sT>TT+~. n d+|s+

    sT|H keTs + |sT>TT+X\T

    n+{sT. $ +e+{ |s>sDTe\qT *+{sTT. M{ u |]o*+#e#T. |s>sDTe\T d |T u>yTq n+& #]

    |\BsD+ #+~+ d+jTT ;C (Zygote) @ssTksTT.

  • 137+;D+

    |+&+

    |+-19:|s>sDTe

    |s>sDTe

    |s>Hfi+

    |sTw; D\T

    +`2

    |s>sDTeqT |]o*+#&+

    d&T| #T { yjT+&. eT+eT+

    e+{ @ +&. { s*q

    #T\ e+{ sD\T |ksTT. y |s>sDTe\T. M{

    yTT

  • |T |qsT

    s+&TksT s>& ~|\BD+ (Double fertilization) n+{sT.~|\BsD s>&eTH~ |w+# yTT\ jTT |. ~|\BsD sy

    n+&+ ]>q ]> nH esT\ sD+>, n+s#

    |+&_e~ y>e+eTeT+~. |+&+ {

  • 139+\qT |]o*+#+&. | |+ b\Td u>\qT >T]+#+&.

    ;|&sTT?

    |{ es eTq+ yTT ]> + |T |]o*+#+ &+ e\q d+jTT;+ @s&TT+~.

    yTT yTT |\BsD+ e\q n+s#sDTe s+&T D\T+{sTT. M{ fq H[D+ s+&T

    ++ qT+& +

  • |T |qsT

    D$uq ]> $T]+ \TdT& #dq yTT B

    |s=+{sT.+TD\ ]> ~ jTq u$+#&T.

    D$uq deTjT+ @+ sT>TT+

    (1843`1905) nH s\ +T, e D\ MT=H&T. >>sY yT+& (1866) s

    |]X

  • 141+H +T+~.

    >dt MdteH Je Xdy. n +{#| e> +&~. D\qT d+&~. n+=HsT.

    Xs D\+{ deT$uq sT>TT+~. $uq |*+> @s& |\

    D\ yCyT\ d+K eD\ deq+> +T+~. nsTT,

    |+-27: D$uq

    meTT

    +&s+

    #s+

    H&D+

    >+~

    s+

    s D\T

    XD+

    n+&+ |\BsD

    #+~q n+&+

    XD+

    n+&+n|]|

    |T D+

    |J$ s+&T s\ D $uq\T

    sT>TsTT. deT$uq yCyT\

    d+K esT (2n`TZT+~n MdteTH |]\q #X&T.

  • |T |qsT

    qTD\ jTsD $uq ] yCyT\ d+K d> Z+#&TT+ $uq #+, 20

    d+es\ e> es&+ sT>TT+~.

    VQD Je D $uq |P]> jT++#& +T+~ n+f nedsyTq

    # eyT $uq nqTeTdT+~. >T+& eT]jTT yTT]+ \TdT+Z $uq

    rdT=H deTjT+). s+&T D $uq\

    eT

  • 143+
  • |T |qsT

    jTsD $uq (Meosis)

    Xs D\+{ k ]> deT $uq e +& jTsD

    $uq + |T d+j>;C\T @s&|& sT>TT+~. jTsD

    $uq s+&T

  • 145+

    Z+#&sTT. qT $uqqT jTsD $uq (Reduction division)n+{sT.

    |s>T\ B >T]+ $es+> n Z+#b

    @eTeT+~?

    ~ + |T + (Reproductive health)

    us |uT+ $yV+ #dTe& q ejTdT> eT>|\\ 21

    d+es\T, &|\\ 18 d+es\T> #

  • |T |qsT

    V\T s+#&, u\ $yV\T s~+#& dVs n+

  • 147+ss
  • |T |qsT

    #jT&+

  • 149+ eT]jTT s+s+> =qk>T |T # neds+.

    2. |T s+&T s\T` + eT]jTT n + |T.

    3. + |T q qT+& d>+ qTe\T d+ n+~+#&sTT.

    4. d+j>+, yTT>Z=&>+, eTT\T e&+, |qsT, d

  • |T |qsT

    19. + y esT $T{?(AS2)

    16. @D Je\ nqqTL\ |]dT\ deT$uq #+Ts+>T\ |P\T eT]jTT |\ yTTqT |+#\qTH&T. MTsT

    n d+# |

  • 151+;+

    |X`23

    20. ] beTTK >\ yTT\ |+| MT eT]jTT sc\ @$ #|&TTHs q

    de#s MT bsX\ >+T]+ = n+X\qT sjT+&.(AS5)

    26. yfi Je\ jTsD $uq s> yT~? ( )

    m) n+&XjT+ _) m|&&$Tdt d) >sXjT eTTK+fwH _) |s+fwH d) |] CwH &) |PH

    3. |sTw |T eed @ u>+ XD\qT #dT+~? ( )

    m) ydt &|sH _) m|&&$Tdt d) u&sY &) kyT

    4. XD+, n+&+ jTT De# m #~dT+~? +~y dsq

  • |T |qsT

    &sY bT qsd+Vse eTq ]+#T+sT eTTbfifl >eT+ sT|\ u>+> 1952 d+

    eqe Xs+ @s&q D qT+& V D\ XD ysT#k&T.

    1963 d+ q |]X

  • 153+
  • JejT\ deTqjT+154 10e s>

    uy ns+ #dTe& JsjTqT rdT= ~ $$

  • 155+
  • JejT\ deTqjT+156 10e s>

    +`2

    J\s, k+|, \T>& eT]jTT | qT qeT\&+

    eTT+ yfifl eTT eTdT+& =+#+ J\sqT H{ ydT= d|

    qeT\+&. sy = k+| +\T qeT\+&. y{ sT >T]+#>*>s?

    sT >T]+#& m+ deTjT+ rdT+~? sy H{ Xu+> &

    q | eTTqT qeT\+&. sTy \T>& eTT* rdT= qeT\+&. nsTT

    q$T |&T eTTqT eTd +#&+ e+ eT]bes? \ skjTq >V\T V\T (olfactory receptors)d+\qT H& |#\T ++ |qT\T sVkj \TdT+Te

  • 157+sT?

    ydq eT]jTT sT @ #]+#sT y&> q b\T T]+# +{sT e\T m

    |j>|&Tj \TdT& +~ + #*>s >T]+ deTj qyT[\

    sT, H\T| +q|{ qT+& deTj qy

  • JejT\ deTqjT+158 10e s>

    | { *d+T]+#>\T>T+. H\T CH+~jTeT

    Z\T \e eTq+Z\T q >T[\qT

    *, |q sT#T= +{sTT. y{ sT *| Cq D\T +{sTT. @+V\TyT

  • 159+e q #|dt u>e?

    | |j>+ Vs j++> eTT\T #jTe\dq neds \T|T+~.

    n+ #jT&*. B e\q Vs|

    |]\+ yX\+ |] JsjT dVjT|& | eTT\T #d |jT m sT>TT+~?

    H{ @ u>\T +eTesTT?

    Vs qeT\&+ |&jT MT \TdT. H{

    +& $$

  • JejT\ deTqjT+160 10e s>

    H{ +& e\js| +&s\T Vs H{ Vs+ H&+q

    eT]jTT H{ #T ~*+#&+q dVjT|&sTT. Vs HsT> $T+>&+

    k

  • 161+ #s s|>\
  • JejT\ deTqjT+162 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    |>\T ~+q|&T k+> (\+) m+T]+ MTsT $H +{sT +{sTT. nsTT eTq+ |>{yfi #TsT> +&, syfi $X+ rdT+{+. Xs+

    eed\ eTq+ | #dTq|&T #TsT> +{sTT. n+{yfi #TsT> +&&+ e\q n~ Vs d]+JsjT s|& d +T+~. n+{yfi ~d H{ &+ + @jT eed\T *d |#ksTT. +~ sU|+

    VsyV jTT sD, j \D\qT $e]dT+~. |{ |]o*+

    |X\ yT\T e+&.

    ~ b&yq >=+ e+{ sD+.

    B |u>+ >d \T|T+~.

    +~ u>+ JsXj

    \T|T+~.

    eTT q$T* $T+q Vs+

    |]k*{ &\T, dk|

    X>\ qTqT| +&s\qT

    *+{sTT.

    d+#+ d&*\ e\ >&

    +&s\ s+>+>

    fiT]+ @$T *jTCk +~?

    VsyV @$|&TT+~?

    +`9

    VsyV Vs+ (((((food bolus) ) ) ) ) m |jDdT+eT=+ |* u> qH |P

    |PjT+&. n> s+&T +>fi & b&> T&

    qH |P |PjT+&. sTy +>fi

  • 163+T+& +>fi&\T CsT&T >TD+>\ >TsT

    |&\ V

    s>+& b&TT+~. Be\q Vs u\dt

    qH|Pdq +>fi

    Vs

    u\dt \+ dT\u+> |&TT+~.

    VsyV >&\T s+&T s q yT qTqT|

    +&s\qT * +{sTT. |* bs e\js +&s\T y\T|* bs

    d+us +&s\T +{sTT. e\js +&s\T d++q|&T Vs|

    eTT+ eTT&T#T Vs eTT

    e& *dT+~.

    d+us +&s\ d+#+ e\q VsyV u\dt eTT++ b&e

    Z >=+ y&\eT+~. u\dt eTT+

  • JejT\ deTqjT+164 10e s>

    JsXjT+ sTTs\T e+{~

    VsHfi+ e~]> JsXjT+ >=+ +& d+ m+TsTT?

    H{Vs+ Vs+ q|&T T>Z H\T Cq H&T\T eTesTT.

    H& |#=++ eT+> qT n|+#&+ MT

    nqTueeTjT +T+~. eT+ sD+ @$T MTsT u$dTHsT?

    d H& eed e\qH @s&TT+~. JsXjT +&s\ *> d+#

    d&*\T Vs e\T eT]jTT s Jssk\ *| \TsTT.

    Jssk\T Vs yT Ce+{ T sT#TH u>+ >\

    d+e]D +&s (pyloric spincter) d+#+ #+~dT+~. n+

  • 165+> |]o*+#+&. >=+T qT+& H{ es @
  • JejT\ deTqjT+166 10e s>

    n> Vs|

    |]>Dk+. k] VsT> qT\T (belchining) edT+{sTT. n|&|&TqT\bT =+ =+T eT+ @s&TT+~.

    JsXjT+ qT+& e\T | _ |eV+#&+ e\ sT>TT+~. JsXjT

    |#s \ B #|e#T. +{ +&s d+#\T njT++>

    djT+#~ H&eed Bq+ |*q+ \+> +T+~. eT] JsXjT+ d+ e\ ky\

    u]qT+& qqT qT m s+#T+T+~? B ns+ #dTe& +~

    + #+

    MT & qT+& s+&T |# |\T d]+#+&. | |{*jT+

    C eT+#sT?

    @ |+ esT\T >eT+#sT? @ |+ esT s> +&\ Xw+ (mucus) #d | b\e#T. Xwds++&&+ e\H JsXjT+ d+ e\ ky\ e\q m+{ V s>+&

    sD b+X\ +

  • 167+\ d{H (Secretin) eT]jTT =*dk H (Cholecystokinin) nH VsqqTd$+|CdT+~. VsqT eT+, jT+ eT]jTT q |e >& Jssk\qT

    |s eTsd+, sssd+ eT]jTT +sk\qT d$+|CksTT.

    q|e m+ yT*\T ] #T +T+~?

    q|e\ XwD m sT>TT+~?

    q |>T\ |* \+ +& yfifle+{ sD\T Vs+ bw

    |&\T m\|&

    q |]eD+ +& nDTe\H >VksTT. | MTsT bkbs >T+& |=+ eT]jTT e+&+q \T

    10I20 d+.MT. =\\T >\ #sT ||sTqT rdT+&. =+ #jT+&. |& 20I20 d+.MT. =\\T>\

    eTs= #sT ||sT rdT+&. >=+ jsT#jT+&.

    \ eTs= ||sTqT rdT+&. =+ #jT+&. MT eT&\ >=+ js+&\ |* \+ y\ d+K yfifl e+{ sD\T +{sTT.

    M{ +#w\T (Villi) n+{sT. yfifl e+{ sD\T | eT&\>\ d++&\ |]\ yX |+#TsTT. V+|& keTs + |sT>TT+~.

    & ]> #s \ @jT eed\T *d |#dTHjT MTsT u$dTHsT?

    eed\T JseT+&\eT+ *d |#dTHjT u$dTHs? m+

  • JejT\ deTqjT+168 10e s>

    VsHfi+ Xs+ +& n+s nejTy\+{H

    | yTq sD * +T+~. m+ y$ |u$+ #dT+{sTT. B eT\+>

    +&s sD\qT, H& sD\qT deTqjT |sT#T+

    ]> nH |e\T n_e~ #+s

  • 169+
  • JejT\ deTqjT+170 10e s>

    njT++>qT uV d +e]D +& s +

    jT++> |#dT+~. $ eT\$dsq esZ

    jT+ksTT.

    VsHfi+ + m&H d+e]D +&s\T

    Hj? m&?

    yfi e q Xs y*q |]eD+

    H me & y*q X m& qT+& deTLsTdT+~?

    |e\ qT+& s+ #]q JsyTq Vs |

  • 171+Z\T, Vs u\dt, |]k ddt,

    yT, d+e]D +&s+, d#w\T, eTCeTTK+, yT JsyT XwD ] X $&T=&*.

    eqe Js eed +&s eT]jTT H& eed\T s+& bZ+{sTT. Js eed | H& eed 100 _*jTq H& D\T +{sTT. $ +&s d+#\T, s

    |dsD, JsjT eT]jTT bw\ XwD, VsHfi+ s jT\qT deTqjT|sTksTT.

    JsXjT+ d$+#& ^*H nH VsH * ]\ |# sT >TsT|>\+. sT, ydq Zs d++V\T d+\qT

    H& |#T+.

    d$+#&q \+ s e\ +&sjTT u>yT H\T. ~ sT \TdTH nejTe+ eyT +& H{Vs+ Vs ~*+#&+, \T|&+, $T+>&+ e+{ |qT\qT L& sVdT+~.

    $T+> |jT d++~+q deTqjT+ yT ]> |]k\ddtqT djT+#~ H& eed eT]jTT Js H& eed jT+ksTT. JsXjT| +&s d+#\ eT\+> JsXjT+ Vs+ \T& @s& ns|Tq | esTksTT. & Xwds+ sdT+~. Vs =s&, qeT\&

  • JejT\ deTqjT+172 10e s>

    Js eed | H& eedqT k++> Js+s H& eed n+{sT. B s+&e yT

  • 173+TT+~?(AS2)

    20. \+ jTT #s qT ns+ #dT& |+&| m+{ |j>+ #XsT? |j> |T]+#T n+* jTT bqT s]+# q |j> d+#+&.(AS3)

    22. MT bsX\ >+

  • JejT\ deTqjT+174 10e s>

    yq TsTT. \+ (7) ``````````````````````

    |+&| esTqT. Vs qeT\&+ eT]jTT $T+>&+ e\q

    VsyV #s+ (8) ``````````````````````

    eT]jTT (9) ``````````````````````````

    e\q jT++#&sTT.

    H\T sT>V+ qT sTq >V+#T (10) ```````````````````````````

    H& eTTKyTq~.

    1. |H, ^*H, >dH, d{H

    2. ^*H, |H, d{H, >dH

    3. n+sZ +&s\T |]\ +&s\T, e\jT +&s\T, \Te +&s\T

    4. |]\ +&s\T, n+sZ +&s\T, yT& +&s\T, b&yq +&s\T

    5. 5e b\ H&, 2e b\ H&, 5e eTTK H&, yqT H&

    6. +\C, nyT C

    8. yT&T nu+>{, d]yT, 8e yqTH&, b\ H&, 7e b\ H&

    9. yT{, eT

  • 175+T+~. y+H d yj Xu|] jT eq }|]T\T eT]jTT JsXjT u>\qT

    |* H{ >j T{&T. e]H &+ # weT &sY u$+#&T. eTsTd{ sE dsTT+{

    e]H J$+ +&{ #d & ;e+{ Xs bj&T. qq yj #d k&\ *dbe&+ e\q |+ dV y{ b*q eT @s&+~. B #s \qT #&>*>&T. & ;e+{ e]HqT m&eTy| | s+T+&

    Tfi\ b&e>\ >={ &T| |+| Jssk\qT d]+#&T. T]+#

    |jT+ #X&T. Vs|

  • nqTe+176 10e s>

    eTq#T q $X\ ||+# |]o*+qsTT +# q JesdT\T

    |ksTT. Jes s+&T $wj\T eTq* n + X s >T]#ksTT.

    y| bD{ +& n

  • 177+*q n+X\ C_ sb+~#+&. |{ y| q \D\T

    eTs=y| n$ neTqT b* Hj, HqqT b* Hj sjT+&.

    m \D\ e MT *T\ ET HqeT

    |{`1

    MT \D\qT mesH dVT b\+&. m \D\T MT, MT

    dVT {> qT >eT+#sT?

    |{`2

    MT dVT

    |sT

    #s+

    s+>T

    #$ yT\T

    (n+T/ d#>)

    uqy*

    eTTT

    s \D\T

  • nqTe+178 10e s>

    MT \D\T me> MT *

    +&&+ f n u$dTHs? m+ y$TsT#T+&.)

    +`3

    sD q s+&T $H\qT >eT+#>*>s?

    $ ysT> +&& sDyT$T? ($H\T n+&\qT+& @s&jT

    MTsT |T bs+ HsTHsT)

    y$T]+ m++. 19e

    X+H $wjT+ mH |j> TTEe\qT n+~+q >=| Xdy

    >sY CVH yT+& . n w >T]+ n

  • 179+X\H sd |#T]+#&T.

    |+-2: >>sY CH

    yT+&

    yT+& nH yTT\qT |]o*+q sTy s yTT\T |j>\

    # nqTL\eT ssD e#&T. qT |]o*+q n+X\qT >T]+ qqT

    H |+#THy&T. sy |D[qT d\T #jT&+

    +&{ yT+& >T]+#&T. +f,

    = b{>, = >T+&{, |dT| s+>T $H\qT * +f, eT]= eTT&\T

    |&, |#> +& $H\qT * +{sTT. yT+& 7 \ es \D\T

    >\ s yTT\qT q nT]+#T` $H\T >T+&+> Hj

    T+& eT]jTT eTT&\T >\

    y{ m+#TH&T.

    2. ;T uH

    |dT+~. m+T &qT >T]+#T` $q e#+ \> (\ |P\T q

    y) & +T+~. H=\T *q |\+ +\

    eTT]+#T` n|]| | \T +f

    qT+ eTTT]+#T` ^ed+ T#+>, >TT\T> +{sTT. yTT\ +&+ e] u>+ n&TqT

    >eTd y&\T> e]qT #&e#T.

  • nqTe+180 10e s>

    705:224 3.15:1

    651:207 3.14:1

    6022:2001 3.01:1

    5474:1850 2.96:1

    882:299 2.95:1

    428:152 2.82:1

    787:277 2.84:1

    |{ 3: yT+& s yTT\ (F1 s+ d+sD) m+| #dT=q |T

    |w+ q kq+

    $q+ s+>T

    $q+ s+

    jT s+

    jT s+>T

    +&+ b&e

    \D+ n+sZ \D+VsZ \D+ F2 s+ X+

    \+ \T|

    ed+ Ksd+

    |dT| |#

    >T+& eTT&\T

    #

  • 181+ e+yTq yTT\qT eT{ |+ @~ b&e, @~ b{ s

    #+~q\ 6 qT+& 7

    n&T>T\ b&eq yTT 3/4 1 1/2 n&T>T\ b{ yTT d+sD+ sT|sT.

    Je\ $w \D\T (Characters), \D+X\T (Traits)> VsZ+nejT, m\|& \D sDyTq s\qT (Factors)* +{jT yT+& |]\q #X&T. n> |\qT *+# \D+X\T

    s+> *q Je\T y Hu + # +{jT L& yT+&

    u$+#&T. |dT+ j \D+X\qT #| s yTT\ qs+q

    n y{ qs+ qT+& b+~ +&e#T.

    q yTT\T eT \D+X\qT, $H\ @$ n+\qT

    #d |$\ + #dH \T sV+#&,

    m |\BsD\T ]b&, m yTT\| |j>\T #X& eTq+ \TdTe#T.

    1. yTT+ 15 yTT\| 60 |\BsD\T.

    2. s+&e |j>+ 10 yTT\| 58 |\BsD\T

    3. eT&e |j>+ 10 yTT\| 35 |\BsD\T

    4. H\Ze |j>+ 10 yTT\| 40 |\BsD\T.

    5. + 5 yTT\| 23 |\BsD\T

    6. se |j>+ 10 yTT\| 34 |\BsD\T

    7. @&e |j>+ 10 yTT\| 37 |\BsD\T.

    yT+& mH s\T> |j>\T sV+q|{ y{q{ &]+

    keT+#e#T.

    eTTK \D = s\ es VsZ+ #d yTT\H yT+& q

    |j>\ d+ mqTHy&T. n+{ yTT\T \D X (purebreed) yT+& |s=H&T. \ s yTTqT

    m+| #dT& sD\T

    dwyTq \D\T * +&&+ ~*+> |c\T * +&&+ |s> d+|s+ s|&+ d+D nqTe> +&&+

  • nqTe+182 10e s>

    1 2 3 1 2 3

    MT \Tk?

    X |s>>\T>TT+~. .|P. 2000

    d+ bkH s qT> #] >+>qB |]yV b++ =Hs+f

    1. 25% yTT\T |P]> eT]jTT |dT| $H\qT eyT #jT>*>sTT.

    2. 75% |dT|s+>T $H\qT, 25% |# $H\qT #jT>*>sTT.

    3. e\+ |# $H\qT eyT #jT>*>sTT.

    |$

  • 183+ d+|s+ ]q sy d+

    X

    d+|s+

    s yTT\ |dT| s #+~q$. F1 s+ eeTjT \D+ VsZ\D+. e+ ~ n+sZ \D+> >T]ksT.

    F1 s+ d|s> d+|s+

    F1 s+ \_+q yTT (Yy s\T >\$) d|s> d+|s+ sT|>@s&q = yTT Y eT]jTT y s\T @ s+>HH *dbe#T. n$ YY,Yy, yY, yy e#T

  • nqTe+184 10e s>

    => @s&q $H\T | T $H\ksTT.1. YY s\qT * q yTT\T T $H\H kjT |j>\ |*+> s|+#&sTT.

    y yYyYYY

    y yY yy

  • 185+ d+|s+

    YyRr

    2. Yy T $H\qT ksTT. n+f 3 : 1 w

    yTT\qT ksTT.

    3. yY s\T q yTT\T e+ e\+ |# s+>T $H\qT eyTksTT. | $$

  • nqTe+186 10e s>

    eT] s+ yTT\T m++ X+ @s&sTT?

    s+&T ysTysT \D\Tq|&T n$ sTy s m #sTjTH $wj

    $e]+#& yT+& d+ ePVq dT]+ MTsT | s>T\ HsT+{sT.bVq d+ nqT+TsT\qT sjT+&.

    `1: X +&

    #sT eTT rdT+&. \T> @ss#|&T

    | b{$>, b&e$>,

    +{sTT.

  • 187+q u$+#+&. |&T'A' d+qT+& # n+~q |{ rdT >fifl#& +#+&.n> 'B' d+qT+& L& # n+~q + |{ rdT 1e >& +#+&. MT d+#T + |{\T nsTTbjT& s+&T #=|q

    +#T &+&. MT d+ U njTd] | >& s+&d + |{\T

    +{jTqe. y{ >eT+qsTT s+& b&e, s+& b{, { b&e,

    { b&e { b{ \T |ksTT.

    s+& b&e |{\ \T m HsTT?

    s+& b{ |{\ \ d+K m+?

    {b{, { b&e *q \T m HsTT?

    |s+ m+X+> HsTT? y{ w m+?

    eT+#sT?

    T+&\T |j+ &+&. eq |*\qT yTT #]+#+&

    q\ qT+& d+

    n&T >] e~]> H&T. nesTT n#T yTq b* n n+T+&+

    eTq+ $+H +{+. * n+~+#&sTT.

    +~ #jT&+ T]+

    \TdT+T, $q e#+, +&+ b&e yTTTq$ L& nqTe+ \D q

    yT+& n_bjT+.

    $_q \D\T *TD+

  • nqTe+188 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    |dT+ s\H CqTe\T (Genes) n n+THeTT. qTe nH~| D + +T+T]+#sT. sH H,

    \ T]+ #]+#+. C Xe *+>ssD sDyTes

    \TdT+ +{sTT. { (X) eT]jTT s+&e~ (Y). s+&T yCyT\T *+>ssD #ksTT. &y] s+& XX yCyT\T+{sTT. eT>y] XYyCyT\T+{sTT. d d+j>;C\ (n+&+) X yCyT+T+~. |sTw d+j>;C\ (XD) s+&T s\T+{sTT. X yCyT*q$, Y yCyTqT *q$. Y yCyT q XD+. X yCyTq n+&+ *d |\BsD ] XY yCyT\ @s&q Xe nusTTne&T.

    yH|+-3:

    DNA

  • 189+ ssD #d~ neHq mesT?

    &|\ |{+TDe? B yT+&

    |b~+q VsZ d+ e]dT+T]+ =\+_j

    jTe]{ n dV\> \D\qT qT>=H|&T

    \ D\ s DeTj T qTe\T

    yCyT\ qT s]+#&q~.

    &k| e+Xbs+|s >T]+ yfifl

    |P]> n

  • nqTe+190 10e s>

    s |sT>T\T \ Vs+> |j>|&sTT. \T |sT>T* q&+ my

    y{ Hu HeT~> ZbT+~.

    |+-5: s|sT>T\ Hu y$T\T

    |# s |sT>T qT+& e# sy s\ |#y nesTT.

    \T |# #T, \|qTq |# |sT>T\T \ y+H q&e.

    qT y{ q bjsTT. ms s |sT>T |d #\T Hd$. T\ d+K sEsE |]bsTT+~. n

    ZbjsTT.

    s+>T y$T, ms s+>T |sT>TH me> eTqT>&

    dVjT|&+~. +$ #d |# |sT>T\T eT s+>TqT dV+>

    m+| #dTHsTT n #|e#T. \ dV m+| sD+ e&+ eTq+

    #&e#T. \T me> ms s |sT>T\qT rHdb e] n$ $T>\e.

    qT | dV+> s |sT>T\ Hu Vs+d+ #dq |jT\T

  • 191+ q>*>$. eTT+ s+>T esT eq|{ n~ * s+>T s |sT>T\ u+ #Ls T\ Hu eTT+ @+ ]+T |sT>T\T me> HsTT. |T e+T\T q bT+& @qT>T q&T#T+ y*

    * s |sT>T +{sTT. m+

    |sT>T bT+~. n+f =ksT q Hu\ d+>

    d+u$+# d+|Tq\ |*+> qTe\ bq'|q+ esT\T @s&sTT.

    BH qT $k|q+ (Genetic drift) n n+{sT. ~ L& Hu y$ n$

    +& b

  • nqTe+192 10e s>

    |Ps| sE\ Je m+{ esT\T +&e m|{ $

    +{jT |\T $Xd+#ysT. JH u|dt esY Je|]DeT

    dddt Mdtedt d\T #d

    |+#&T. n&T m\T\ \T =\+#&T. d+

    eeT\T>H \ +#sTT. sy s+ m\T\ \T L&

    d+K Zbe&+ e\q s |sT>T\ dsq Vs+ \_+#T\ sTe ZbT+~. esT qT| e]bjsTT.

    n|&T s |sT>T\ sTe m+{ &\T ekjT e u$dTHe?

    ] eT]jTT nqTe+ \D\T eT]jTT |]DeT+

    + |T sT|=H Je\ |T d+ |+> +&

    DC\+ ;D\qT >T]+ |T bs+ #]+#+.

    yfi s |sT>T\ q+ Vs+ \_+#be&+ e\q sTe Z

    esT ;D\ DNA esT rdTs d+ n+~+|& esT\T ;D\

    DNA esT\T rdT=se. { J$ q J$\+ b+~qnqTuy\qT y{ q d+ n+~+#

  • 193+eT+#&T. esT

    |\ m |j>|&TT+~?

    dsY #sdt sdq Principles of Geology |d+ jTqqT m+ |u$+#d+~. nsTT u>[ esT\T eT sT>TjTH #sdt |bTT+f

    (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ....) y{ Vs neds\T n+X& |TTHsTT

    (1,2, 3, 4, ....).

    &]H | esD+ nH d& k+# q+# nH $wj ssTTdT+~. n+f

    eTqT>& k+#>\ \D\T TD\Tq$ HXqeTesTT

    |+-12: &]H |+#Y |\T

    Large ground finch (seeds) Cactus ground finch Vegetarian finch (buds) Wood pecker finch (insects)

  • nqTe+194 10e s>

    =\+#&+~.

    nT\T \ s+>T *dbsTT \

    |+#+& +&+ e\q eTqT>& k~+#>*>sTT. { y{ Hu |]+~.

    BH | esD+ n+{sT.

    +#+& #]+#+&

    n&$ s+&T sq +\T HjTqT++>

    |sT>>\e. s+&e s+ n+ y>+> |sT> e. d+V\T, |\T\T, +\qT y{&

    Vs+> rdT+{sTT. eT] @ s+ +\T eTqT>& kkj }V+#+&? @ s+ +\

    Hu eT+> ZbT+~. m+ q|&T n$ bV+#&sTT.

    VsyTqy n+]ksTT. Hu eTqT>&d+ ]> bs+ \yTq\TdT+~. | L& |jTT y$ bs{+ \yTqy TsTT.

    BH eTqT>& d+ bs+ (Struggle for existance) n+{sT. bs+* +&& j> eTeTT\ ks Jeq+ n n+{sT.

    \yTD ~ = CT\ $sy &d+ bs+ #d +{sT. yTT\q yTT\,

    |{q |\ = eyT & >eT+# +{sT. MT nqTuy\

    eTqT>&d+ bs+ >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&.

    &]H dTT+~.

    5. q |jTT \D\T Je\H, qy eTqT>& =qk+#& ns

    * +{sTT. { |T

  • 195+&+ e\q y$ esT\T \T>TsTT.

    8. | JeC dTBs\+ esT\T #T#dT+ +&, n~ =

    C @s&{ +T+~.

    u$T|q n CT\T $ @s&qy.

    #sdt &]H, & sd y dt\ #q\T +&$.

    &]H Je |]DeT dH y dt

    dT]#d+~. sy

    &]H, y dt *d Journal of Linnaean Society | |esD+ >T]+ yk |#T]+#sT. +T]+ $e]+#&T.

    CT\ (Speciation)

    = CT\T m nesTT?

    C Hu y$& k~+#>\T>TsTT.

    nT\T @y sD\# # \+

    ysbjjT }V+#T+& (

  • nqTe+196 10e s>

    rdT[fl m& Cs$jTqT+&). = d+es\ s+&T s\

    s |sT>T\q m+ y$

    |]o*_\+ s\ b&e>qTq yfifl

    eT& eTT&T#T& M\T> q

    #s|++ (Petagium) |dT+~. |\|+-13: deTs| nejTy\T

    eqe&T sT|* $T+>\+ >_\+

  • 197+
  • nqTe+198 10e s>

    C\T n+f @$T{?

    bNq JejTT> ed+q Je\ *jTCd, | d

    u

  • 199+
  • nqTe+200 10e s>

    \ |+> $T*bsTTq nejTy\H neXcjTy\T

    (vestigial organs) n+{sT.eTq Jseed |T n+TqT> +& +&T+ (appendix) nH

    u>+ >T]+ MT \TdT. eqe JsjT n~ @$q &&+> +& neXcejTy\T eqe

  • 201+T, |\+ s+, +&+ b&e yTT\ dyT yT+& mqTH&T.

    s\ yTTT $H\ 25% |#$. BH T

    VsZ \D+>, |# n+sZ \D+> * HsTT. $T*q 25% X

  • nqTe+202 10e s>

    4. e$T& sT e$T& |+&T u> dq #TH=

  • 203+ d+|s+ #dq|&T @s& yTT

    ````````````````````````````` X+ $TXeT |c\# yTT\T+{sTT.

    5. TT, YY TT+f Vs eqsT\T ```````````````````

    XD |sT>TsTT.

    8. d]> q&e yT me\+ J$+# e]q eTT+C sD+ >Ts+ ```````````````````

    |j>|& esT #+~ +T+~.

    10. C\ >T]+ n ``````````````````````````````

    n+{sT.

    11. +~ y >T_ yTT d++~+ y$\T (&) |+

    12. yT+& |s+ jTT>$\\ +& \D+. ( )

    (m) qTe\T \T> +&&+ (_) \D u +&&+

    13. |esD+ nq> ( )

    (m) | j> *q \D\qT m+| #jT&+ (_) Je\ | |#s s|&+

    (d) |j>+ \D\qT | es+#&+ (&) m, _.

    14. |sJe Xdy B d++

  • nqTe+204 10e s>

    Round yellow Wrinkled, yellow

    Round, green Wrinkled, green

    9 :3 :3 :1

    R Y R y r y r Y

    R Y

    R y

    r y

    r Y

    RR YY RR Yy Rr Yy Rr Yy

    RR Yy RR yy Rr yy Rr Yy

    Rr Yy Rr yy rr yy rr Yy

    Rr YY Rr Yy rr Yy rr YY

    + es eTq+ y T+&

    sV+q @ d+sD |j>\

    >T]+ |]o*+#+. |&T s+&T

    \ \D\T @$ s+

    qT+& eTs= s

    n+\qT

    nT+& (RR) eT]jTTeTT&\T (rr), |# (yy) \D\T|+#sTT. F1 s+ yTT\ eT d+|s+ ]|q|&T j

    \D\T, s \D\ d++>

    *dbsTT F2 s+ @s&+~.

    nqT+ |]o*+#+&. ~d+s d+sD+ @s& $$T]+#+&.

    (1) RRYY (2) RRYy (3) RrYY (4) RrYy (5) RRYy (6) RrYY (7) RrYy(8)RrYy (9) RrYy nH$ >T+& eT]jTT |dT| $H\#$.(1) RRyy (2) Rryy (3) Rryy nH$ >T+& eT]jTT |#$.rryy nH$ eTT&\T eT]jTT |#$.| |*\qT { | \D sDyTq s+ d++> + d+j

    ;C\ eTq>*qT ssD se#T. n+f s\H (Factors)d+yT q$> + d+j>;C\ d+

    n+~+#&sTT n #|e#T.

    H me \D\ jTT nqTe+qT >eTd, \D\

  • 205+ ns+ #dT& +~ &T;C\qT dkjT

    nqT+&. y{ A, B, E, F >&T\ = &T\q #sT\qT 1 d+K q >& s|+&. EeT]jTT B \ #sT eTT\qT 5 d+K q>& s|+&. n> F eT]jTT A \ #sT\qT2, F eT]jTT B \ #sT\qT 6 >&s|+&. |&T 1, 2 eT]jTT 5, 6 >&T\\

    s+&T b&y{ #sTeTT\T +{sTT.

    #]+#+&:

    XT]+ @$T ns+ #dTHsT?

    }V+#T= MT $TT\ *d &+&.

    MTsT >T]+q n+X\| $TT\ \d +, #]+ y~ sjT+&.

    `2: @ d+s d+sD+ (Monohybrid cross)

    H\T>T b&yq, H\T>T b{ #sTeTT\qT rdT=, b&e #sT eTT\qT A, B>&T\qT, = b{ #sT\qT E, F >&T\qT +#+&.

    E eT]jTT A >&T\ #sTqT 1e >& s|+&.E eT]jTT B >&T\ #sTqT 5e >& s|+&.F eT]jTT A >&T\ #sTqT 2e >& s|+&.F eT]jTT B >&T\ #sTqT 6e >& s|+&.#]+#+&: F1 s+ >T]+ MTs+ ns+ #dTHsT.

    `3: ~ d+s d+sD+ (d+ qT ePVq dT+&\T, 16 \ >T+&\qT rdT+&.

    4 b&e #sTeTT\qT A, B, E, F (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.

  • nqTe+206 10e s>

    4 q #sTeTT\qT C, D, G, H (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.4 ms >T+&\qT A, C, E, G (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.4 \ >T+&\qT A, C, E, G (4G4G4G4R16) >&T\ |+&.sy

    E, A >&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 1e >& s|+&.( >& s+&T #sT eTT\T, 2 >T+&\T yTT+ 4 +{sTT.

    E, B >&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 5e >& s|+&.E, C >&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 9e >& s|+&.E, D >&T\ #sT eTT, >T+& 13e >& s|+&.&T\ #sTeTT\T eT]jTT >T+&\qT C>> s|+&.

    #]+#+&:

    d+ ePeVq dT]+ @$T ns+ #dTHsT? $TT\ \d +#+&,

    #]+#+&. (MT b, b{

    eT]jTT \T| n+sZ \D\T> u$+#+&.

    +~ >&T\ @ \D\T se& neXeTTq&T\1. b&e eT]jTT msT| 2. ..................................

    3. .................................. 4. ..................................

    5. .................................. 6. ..................................

    7. .................................. 8. ..................................

    9. .................................. 10. ................................

    11. ................................

    II. +~ >&T\4. ................................. 8. ..................................

    12. ...............................

    III. +~ >&T\13. ............................... 14. ................................

    15. ...............................

    IV. +~ >&T\16. ...............................

  • 207+eT+#e#T. Vs|

    >=\TdTqT |]o*d @~ d]+#

    n\yTqT |+b+~+#T+T+

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    Vs C\+ +& uD| >TsT\T Vs dsL >\ d++=\TdTqT jsT #jT+&.

    MTsT sdq =\TdT TsT\T T Vs| >=\TdT\qT >T]+#+&. M{

    +&&+, H\T>T ksTT\H $T+ +&be& MTsT >eTksT.

    n++& Vs| >=\TdT eTksT.

    dJe n+X\T y{eT

  • 209+
  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    MT \Tk?

    JyesD |s$T&T

    Vs| >=\TdT Je\ eT X |dsDqT \T|sTT. |t

    |s$T& >T]+ MTsT $H +{sT. Vs|

    >=\TdT Je\ eT

  • 211+=\TdT |

    bwksTT (Trophic level) >\ Je\d+KqT ddT+~. |T

    +T+~. Je\ d+K >TZ +T+~.

    , me d+K +{sTT. m|&qT

    Vs+> >V+# n+\ |sT>T\T |]eD+ |qT, d+K e>qT

    +T+~. |sT\qT H VsTq >

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    MT \Tk?

    | bwksTT Je

  • 213+ rdTH

    eqe&T q Vs| >=\TdTqT

    rdT= eT]+ $es+> n=\TdT

    e]> #|\qT eqe&T Vs+> >Vk&T.|+-6: Je =\TdT jTT Je =\TdT, | bwksTT dTesT> 90% Vs+ qwbe&+

    sT>TT+~. 1000 \ { yTT\T 100 \ {| +T |e\

    nedseTeT+~. 100 \ +T |e\T 10 \ #|\

    ] #|\T eqe DC\ nedseTesTT. Je

    qwbe&+ sT>TT+~. Vs|

    >=\TdT +f, e]ksTT

    +TC me X \_dT+~.

    X |s$T& (Phyramid of energy)

    Je\ |sT>T\ sD, D+q u>\

    |q]sD nedseTjT |

    +T+~. due Vs+ skjTq X. ~ \Te #jT&q dX

    s|+ +T+~. s+s+ |V+#&, d+BjT |)

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    Je\ eTqT>& sDq d+j>jT neTTKyTq |jT. ds +, sH

    & & eT]jTT sT e n+X\T nsTTq|{ $ Je\ m+ neds+.

    & yTT\T sDq d+j>jT

  • 215+ ns+

    #dTH |jT+ #

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    1999 qe+sT us |uT+ = sT dsdTqT | d+sD +

    |{++~. & 193 s\ | CT\T $$

    +&&+ b mH s\ eT+TTHsTT. dj,

    sT sb

  • 217+sTT. eekjT

    skjTH\T, msTe\T, #|\ #sTe\ es\T, |]XeT\ qT+& y\Te& es

    skjTH\T, eTT| es\T, >V es\T yTT |s>& sDeTeTHsTT.

    |*+> dsdT sT sdue+, eTT]>, bw | H |]eD+ (DO) ZbsTT+~. C$ H&e+& (BOD) me e&+ e\q \#s\| re |ue+ *+~. &|\ \\Tw +| ne>Vq be&+ e\ &jT]j, \s, fbsTT&,

    nMT_jddt yTT

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    e\d |\ MT

  • 219+T b |*+ # +T+~.

    |]d n~>$T+#& eTq+ nbjTsyTq skjTH\qT |dd&T, >T\HX\T

    eT]jTT +D+#*.

    n+{ $THXqyTB |dd&T Vs|

    >=\TdT\ nqVyTq esT\ $w|P] |ue+ # \+ b +T+~. =

    HXqT\T eT]jTT >T\HX\T $q+ #+*q$> +{sTT. $

    e \+H k d+es+| sTbjTsyTq |

    $q+ nesTT. b=\TdT \Tc\T #s&

    C$ eek|q+ (Bio accumulation) n+{sT. Vs| >=\TdT bwksTT qT+& sy bwksTT #]q \Tc\T k+BeTjT $ +| C$ eek|q+ Je d+#jTq |uy >T]+q eTs=

    |]X

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    @

  • 221+ qT qT>=q&+~. eqe\ VsC\+ Tse& >T]+#sT.

    |Db++ |D[sV n_e~, nqTeT H |]XeT\T,

    |D es\ e\q @CdTHsTT.

    { eqsT\ m&qT+& \Tw\T e #sTTHsTT?

    { e+# #|\ Xs\ us V\T m #sTTHsTT?

    |]X qT >T]+#sT

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    MT \Tk?

    m) = e +T CT\T #bsTT.

    _) = e]q, = |]dT\ nqTL\+> esT=, e d+K eTqT>&

    =qkksTT.

    d) = e]q, = |]dT\ qT+& u b+s+ qT>=HsT. 1932 qT+& 1968 es k s=swH y] skjTq

    |]XeT qT+& $&T

  • 223+T& me> >{sT. |&T \T |\

    neds\ Vs ds|s eT\ deTT\| re+> |ue+ #bsTT.

    BqT+& |+#T& n~sT\T eT |T\

    qT+& d+es \+ |#T dTesT> 1.8 \

    ZbsTT+~.

    + \TdTq sTy |#T\qT #+| *q qw+ ]bsTT+~. $T&\qT H |#T\T be&+

    |+\| $T&\ =\TdTqT, s?

    m+

  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    +{ $|T\T d+u$+#+&, e m+{ d\V\T ke?

    8e s> JeXd |d+ eTq$ >jT+ # #]+#+&.

    ysD #s \T

    $Td+Vs\ e\ *> nbjTsyTq |uy\ qT+& eTq* s Je\qT

    y]+# esZ\ >T]+ d |dd&qT y&&+ |P]> |&yT D #s >

    |dT+~. n |dd&qT y&&+ |P]> |yj\ #|&+ dT\uyT,

    N&\qT jT++# $ |yd |+\|

    T\T m y|dT+~.

    B eT\ sD\T @$T{ nH $wj\qT |P]> ns+ #dT&+e\q |+

    qc y]+#e#T.

    C$ jT+D: >Tfifl *+# s\qT H |sq Je\qT X#s

    e+du\T (Nocturnal predators) |yX|&+ TfiflqT y]+#e#T.e+Tfifl *+# $T \ |sTw Je\ |qsT keTs + jT

    e+

  • 225+
  • eTq |sesD+ eTq u

    4. Je H$T? +=\TdTqT rdT=, Je & _) XVsT\T d) e+kVsT\T &) >

  • 227+T]+ L& eTq+ \TdTH+.

    u$T| dV eqsT\T m+ |w\+> HsTT. M{ eTq+ dsq

    $jdTHe? dV eqsT\qT |u$+ #d eqe $T]+ eTq+ \TdT+\ dV eqsT\qT qy

    n+ \TdT+&. +~

    |X\T, dV eqsT\ >T]+ eT]+ \TdTH $TeT* +|CksTT.

    |dT+ MT |]ds\ n e> n+

  • dV eqsT\T228 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    ed, D+\T d]+#sT.

    s+&T >e\ ue\ k+eT+ +&

    #sTe +&T #sTe> es&&+ e\q { dH +~.

    { |yV\ n&+> sfifl, eT{ n&T\T

    { @sT #d { \\qT +&T #sTe\T

    (Percolation tanks) n+{sT. +eT{, dT, +s,>T\sfifl yTT *| bs\T bs\T> #sTe H\qT, n+#T\

    y+& |sT. sTy B >{> T eT{ eTe+T

    mT eTTqT @sT #ksT. n+T\T, eT* de\ q sT\T # me d+K HsT. dsd] T+ e eekjTyT eTTKyTq JeH esb+ d]|& H, >eT |\T e]

    |+&+#& d+deT+yTT+ yX\+

    (ms\)

    {bsT

  • 229+e Hu 5 d+es\ e |+&+# |+\ s\ eq esT @$T{?

    me q u>s \ksTT #s&, |]\+ qT+& sT $] e&

    Z+#& $q ue\ |&bsTT+~. H{ es 85%, eq|]

    45% ue\T m+&bjsTT.

    yfi eq|] 45% ue\T m+&b, ue\ d+K 39% Zb, m+

    X+ ue\T, >=|ue\T> es&sTT?

    |{ 2: eT+eekjT u$T

    esT X+

    usTue\ d+K

    >TZ

  • dV eqsT\T230 10e s>

    s+&T >e\ $es\qT b\+&. @ >eT+ ue\T me d+K

    m+&bjsTT? eTs >eT+ $ s>be& >\ sDyT$T{?

    e u$T >\ dqsT sT\T, me u$T>\ sT\ mesT ue\T

    m+&be&+ e\q me |u$yTHsT?

    yfi {eqsT ZH eT+)

    # me.

    |{ 3: q, |

  • 231+ sh+ u>s y&&+ e\q, eqsT u> ]bTq~.

    eTq sh+ 1998`2002 eT { ksTT 3 MTse\ |

  • dV eqsT\T232 10e s>

    MT \Tk?

    sT\T d] b+T+\qT (Percoloatonpits) ysT.

    +&T >T+\T m+&bsTTq usTue\ ] { \\T |+#&

    &&sTT. dyT+T T\T T, \T

    ]ksT. |\ sfifl, eT{ +|sT. $ { |yV + #d

    u>s\\qT |+#TsTT.

    ue\ sT #s #jT&+ m?

    es m+&q ue\ sT #s #dqsTT sT @$

    dVjT|&TT+~?

    |q , H\ { $] s|+

    +T+~. 0.01% +f e |]eD+ eT+sT |]\ \+ s|+

    dsdT\T, q q|{ $#D

    |j+qsTT # \+ es n+T+&& sDyT$T{?

    es , eq|] >e\ sT\T, u >s \eqsT\qT @$

    d+s+#T+THsT?

    |Ps+ ysYw& (s+&T qT {bsT

  • 233+Tu$T H;&T ueTT\T $d+> +&$ (ii) e nsd (iii) X$T\T e>+&ysT (iv) q eT\ T& e> +&~ (vi) >eT+ { d+sDsD+ { L&
  • dV eqsT\T234 10e s>

    &\T *>sT. = { \Te

    sD { $j>s \+> sT #sT eyT |j+#&q~.

    sT |+\T |+#&+, +sY dyT yTT)\qT |+#TTHsT. sT\T eT&>

    { $j+#T&+, dd

  • 235+
  • dV eqsT\T236 10e s>

    |j>|&+ \

    sD+ @$T{?

    u>s \qT |+#Ty*q

    nedss @$T{?

    u >s \ eqsT\T y> +>

    ]b THsTT sY yTT

  • 237+ eT]be&+

    sT>T+~.

    +Te\T s yk\ s*bjT y{ qw+ #LsTd

    u$w T |j>|&e\dq eqsT\qT ]bjT #d, H&T

    n+

  • dV eqsT\T238 10e s>

    n_e~, d+sD s+&+{ b& k+#e#TqT. u$s\

    nedseTjT dV eqsT\qT n+ J$+#\+f eTq+

    mH s\ eqsT\qT C>> $jd d+s+#Ty*.

    MT |]ds\ | HXq+ #dTH+. \| V yjTTe\T (Green house gases) $&T[y#

  • 239+
  • dV eqsT\T240 10e s>

    C Zb&+ yTT ]>

  • 241+
  • dV eqsT\T242 10e s>

    ks, |eq, \, n\\ $&TTHsT. +{ d+|Tq\qT >+ 1/3e e+T qTeTT {yTTufifl qT+& |q'#jT+

    #jT&q

  • 243+T]+ =|* >eT+ jTT nT]+ \TdTH +{sT. n$

    Z+#&+: eqsT\qT e> e~ wes y&+ Z+#&+

    Z+#e#T. neds+ deTj $+): bsjT+& ] |j+#Te&+.

    ] y&&+ e\q yTT\qT b&&yT +& \Tc

    Z+qyseTeeTT.

    eTq eqsT\qT d+s +#Te& ] @jT edT e\qT

    $j+#e#TqT?

    |+&T>\T, y\ d+\THj n s\ qc\ HsTT. syTq bdqT

    n

  • dV eqsT\T244 10e s>

    \ |

  • 245+ |]De\T @${?(AS1)

    2. +e\ qT+& |\T #], |yT +|

    deTT es+#sT. |uT+ bCqT sT]+ +s #jT&

    |Xe[ sb+~+#+&.(AS2)

    10. +

  • dV eqsT\T246 10e s>

    m) eTq nes\ q+ sT>TTq]w $j>+ ]+~?

    d) |~ d+es\ \+ MTsT >eT+q esT @$T{? (+ #dT&yT ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice

    /ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False

    /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure true /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice

    /ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False

    /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure true /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice

    /ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False

    /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [