zeb}Ún d{\{N{d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= Ho| ? ±vÞo¼ !

[¢*t B*t @ p²¨ztâQ² C zvb+ Þzed²Ôb+ _¼ f»Ð*t _¼ ûÇZ+ @ o¼=Q+ îp²¨ @Q¼. C ±t=_+ a¢*t _¼ Ûú Ûzgztb+ U¼b{p{m{ze¦ h»m+ ~v*t T¼p²¨Ù=_+â ~gÐm+â.±v a²d+ h»m{ßÒm²b+ a¢*t _¼ Ûú ~gÞnnp{¨Ûm¢ F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ @=b+ B=h»m²Ùb+ p²¨ @jÀ_+ a² Hx¢Ð±t=T² K*g _²n¨u} @=b+ ~t=T² a{_+ îp²¨ C zvp² zvÒÞm+Ú Hp²m+ ø~t_²b+ ûÇZ+. C d²p²m+ b¢b+ f»Ð*t a¢*t Kd² !! q¼ ±vm² B*t p+¨Ú T{=T²_¼ o²_+ ±eKÞ±e N¼Ôp+ K*g p+¨Ú Hx²Õm¢H=T² Bd+ o¶m¢Ô=Q+ _¼ m¶b+ zeb{Ú=*t.±v§±e l{¨À H=W¼l+¨ B_+ !

F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------d{p{¨Ðµt !

d¶d{¨ SCIT ð follow @p{Zp+¨ p²¨¨b{n¨ ±eËZ¡d{ b{ÃQ{m{ d{¨=çU{=b¾ iÓb{ N{ø_} m¥î zeÞZ ù¨o¾ Dd{Ô Ab{m{^ T{ªu}N{Bb¢ m}l{¨|nð~e=ç=b¢.

p{¨|N{¨ school o¾ 9, 10 ÞN}zt¨Þo¾ U{=b{zt¨â Q{¨m¢=ç T²~eÕd} zeb}Ún¨ T{b{p{Zp+¨, p}Z¡ d{\{N{ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{p+¨ d¶m{Õ o¶b{¨.C øzrl{¨|n¨ izv§q} I ztªÆo+ o¾d{© T²zeÕm¶p²©. @l¨_¶ zeb}Ún¨m}l{¨|nð N{¨_{ªzvn ze\¶ p}m¢N¢ Q{^, l{¨î, Ûf}ztn¨ f}Z¡=T{\{p+¨KN{ _{zeÕðztm¢ @p{m¾c{p+¨. D_}âzvp{=_{¨n¨ b}ðÔ b}ZZ|ðN¢ T}o| m{N}n¨Q} N{¬~r T¶Ðu}m{¨. N}ñ " Bze¦Õ\{¨ D_{Õnp{¨|n m}l{¨ j¾_{¨d}Ôd{¨ ... @=Z· k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ Q{^}n¨ ... 10 p{ @x{m{p+¨ _¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî ... " @ð Q{^}n¨ p{¨¨=b¶zt¨N¼ð m}l{¨|n=Z·T}o| N{Ëzrp+¨ ; @b¢ ztm¢ @l¨d{ zeÓb{î N{ª\} N}b{¨.

So what is the way around this ?!!

zeb}Ún d{\{N{ ÛQ{~v=T{Zp+¨. zeb}Ún¨ j}Q} T{b{¨p{¦_{ª HN{Á\{ l{¨î p{Ðzt¨=b¾ @N{Á\{ øm{p{Zp+¨ T¶Ðztª (l{¨î @=Z· øm}p{¨= @ð N{b} @Óm{p+¨ !) practice T¶Ðµt ztß=_{=Q} zeb}Ún¨ m}µt d}Z¡N¢ N{ñztp+¨Q{^}nN{¨ @d{¨Q{¨^=Q} zeb}n¨ ze\{_}l¨.

The following is the way, I stumbled upon, to do this :

KN{ d}\{¨ d}N{¨ p{¨| j}p{¨Ù C zeb{Úp+¨ øð~e=ç=b¢ :-

k{=\{d{ õp{¨¨\}Ðm{ Vd{ k}=c{p{¦\{¨Vßn j}^ _{ª^ N¾b{=\{ N{w} ÛzeT{=\{ k{¨V _}=\{p{ N¥Ðm¢N¢ m}p{¨ p{¨©Ðm¢N¢d+m²=\{p{ u}Z¡ ¹b²p{ø¨N{ o¶\{d{¨T{¨d+ N{\{ Q{ËZ¡ k¶m¢N} \{=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ ðd{b{=i¨ nW|=\{p{¨¨ ð=\{ p{¨Ð_{ p¶b{=\{p{¨¨ d²N¢Á T}_²b{d{¨ b}q{m{c¥ N{m{¨^} zel²©ðc¥ !!

(yes this IS an D_{Õnp{¨|n zeb{Úp+¨ with 5 lines instead of 4)

B=b{¨o¾ d}n¨Q¾ f}b{p+¨ o¾ð \{=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ .... @d¶ patternd{d{¨Ô AN{ám¢=ç=b¢. Suppose KN{ f}b{p+¨ p²¨¨Ð_{p+¨ @o| m}еt ? @ðtry T¶u}d{¨ :

\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨| l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{p+¨

Actually I am cheating here. I did not make out this total

pattern in one attempt.

p{¨¨=b{¨ k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ Q{^}n N¾ztp+¨ nzR¨p{¦N¢ \{ @ñ Q{¨m{¨p{¦N¢ \{p+¨ @ñ m}u}d{¨. A _{m{¨p}_{ T{b{¨p{Z|ðN¢ ù¹o²d{ ÛQÀ*eâ Q} T¶u}d{¨.

k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{U I I U I U I I I U I I U I I U I U I U\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}d+ \{\{\{ \{=\{\{ \{=\{\{ \{=\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨

\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨

l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m}öâd{ Ñu}d}ðN¢ natural Q} break p{Ðzt¨=b¢.

This is somewhat similar to the musician stressing a syllable

at the beginning of a _}w{p+¨ cycle.

Bze¦Õ\{¨ ¹±e zeb{Úp+¨ C pattern N¢ @^¨Q{¨^=Q} T{b¢ø T{ª\{=\¢ l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨

correct Q} p{Ðzt¨=b¾ m}b¾!!

\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨

k{=\{d{ õp{¨¨ \}Ðm{ Vd{ j}d+ c{p{¦ b{¨ÈW+ p{n j} ^ _{ª ^ N¾b{=\{ N{ w} Ûze ze=T{ k{¨V _}d+ \{p{ N¥m+ îN¢ m} p{¨ p{¨© Ðm¢N¢d+m²=\{p{ u}Z¡ ¹b²p{ ø¨N{ o¶ \{d{¨T{¨d+ N{\{ Q{Z+ Z¡ k¶ m¢N}\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ ðd{b{p+¨ i¨ nW|p+¨ \{p{¨¨ ðp+¨ \{ p{¨_+ _{ p¶b{=\{p{¨¨ d²N¢Á T}Z³ b{d{¨ b} q{m{a¥ N{m{¨^} zel²© ðc¥

zeb}ÚðÔ Bo| øm¢ç m}~td{=b{¨N{¨, T{b{p{ p{¨=Z¨d{Ô=b{¨N{¨ x{ø¨=T}ö.N}ñ KN{ u}m¢ d{\{N{ @np}Z¨ @l¨_¶ Bo| øm{p{N{¨=\}d¶ zgo|d} p{¬Ð_{p+¨@ð Q{¨Ðm¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ.

C pattern Bo|Q¶ D=\}nð N}ñ, "\}=\{\{" o¶ p}\}nð N}ñ Iù¨ o¶b{¨.ù¨N{¨ d{çÆd{ÞZ¨Q} m}zt¨N¼ð, zeb}ÚöÔ T{b{p{Zp+¨ practice T¶l{¨ p{T{¨Æ.Just make sure that you get a natural pause at the l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨.

E.g. using _{ d{ d{ ... D_{Õnp{¨|n can also be written as

_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}

Bo| D_{Õnp{¨|n Ûp}~td{ _{m{¨p}_{ natural Q} T{=zeN{p{¨|n try T¶u}d{¨.And stumbled upon another interesting fact. There is NO difference

between the two patterns, except for the initial Q{¨m{¨p{¦ (U) of D_{Õnp{¨|n becoming two nzR¨p{¦n¨ (I I) in T{=zeN{p{¨|n.

On further investigation I realized that the p{¬Ð_}n¨ of T{=b{zt¨âhave been grouped into pairs such that the beginning Q{¨m{¨p{¦ (U) of one is made into 2 nzR¨p{¦n¨ (II) in the other, the l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨remaining the same.

The co - p{¬Ð_{p+¨ of D_{Õnp{¨|n is T{=zeN{p{¨|n.

So while D_{Õnp{¨|n is

_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}

T{=zeN{p{¨|n ( d{ V k{ V V V m{ )is

_{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}| l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{p+¨

(for the Doubting Thomases :-) :-

d{ V k{ V V V m{ I I I I U I U I I I U I I U I I U I U I U _{d{d{ d{_}d{ _}d{_{ d{d}_{ d{d}_{ d{d}_{ d}_{d} | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{p+¨

)

the yati sthAnaM is not disturbed.

Similarly the patterns for p{¨Ð_¶k{p+¨ and q}Òm{ªnp+¨ are :

u}Òm{ªnp+¨ : p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{

\{=\{=\{p+¨ \{\{ \{=\{ \{=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{=\{=\{ \{=\{=\{ \{p+¨

p{¨Ð_¶k{p+¨ : zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{

\{\{ \{=\{p+¨ \{\{ \{=\{ \{=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{=\{=\{ \{=\{=\{ \{p+¨

Again the co-vRttAs p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n and _{m{np+¨ are :

p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n : m{ zt V V k{ m{

p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n N¾N¢o|

_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d}

_{m{np+¨ : d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{

_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d}

So I made myself out these patterns and started reading poems

breaking the syllables according to these patterns I made.

Thus I can now recognise whether or not a zeb{Ú f}b{p+¨ is "CandO" tically correct by testing it against the pattern as I

read it.

I am not saying that this is the only method to gain mastery over

padya naDaka but this is the one I discovered. I would like to

know if anybody else made a conscious effort like I did (or were

they fortunate enough to develop a feel for the poems without any

such conscious effort ?) and if so what technique they used.

If you liked this I will write next time about the other metres -

£tzt, Q¥_{, @=b+ N{=b{ .

Thanks for y’alls attention.

--

q{=N{m{p+¨

_²n¨Q{¨ U{=b{zt¨â - 101 N¼=_{ N{ø_}p¶q{= N{öQ¢, zeb}Ún¨ m}l{¨|nd{¨N¼=Z¨d{Ô p{¨| T²Þo²n¨, _{d{N{¨ _²n¨Q{¨ U{=b{zt¨â øp{m¢Ðztª DÐ_{m{= m}l{¨p{¨=b¢. d}N{¨ Q{¨Ðm{¨d{Ô=_{ p{m{N{¨ U{=b{zt¨â ztªÛ_}nð, d¶d{¨ zeb}Ún d{\{N{ d¶m{¨ÆN¼d{Ô ïm{¨d{©, ztø¨Ùý_{= T¶~t KN{ çd{Ô p}Úzt= m}l{¨|nd{Ô d} çm{N}n N¾m¢N{ Bo| ïm¢=b¢.

Bb¢ m}l{¨Z=o¾ p²¨¨Ð_{=Q} d} ÊW|zeN{q{ÐN¢ ¹±ed¶ Ac}m{zeÍ\}d{¨. @=b{¨p{Þn B=b{¨o¾ N¼ðÔ _{ze¦Õn¨ b¼Þm¢ D=\{ p{T{¨Æ. @l¨d}, Dd{Ô _{ze¦Õn¨ "l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm}n¨", "N{=b{ zeb{Ú= ztªÛ_}n¨" @d¶ @=q}Þo¾d¶ @ð d} d{p{¨ÙN{=. ù¨N{¨ C p}Úzt=o¾ N{ð~e=çd{ b¾s}n¨, p{¨¨Ûb} m}x{u}n¨ ztzv¬b{l{¨_{_¾ d}N{¨ _²öl{¨ zem¢Ðµt, b¢Òb{¨N{¨=Z|d{¨.

BÞZ¨

k{p{b¥l{¨¨\{¨,

zt=N} m}p{¨N{¬Ïzr

(m{â=N{Dzt.d²_+)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------nzR¨p{¦: IN{ p{¨|Û_} N}n=o¾ DT{Æm¢=T{ i\¶b¢ nzR¨p{¦. b¥ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ "C". u}c}m{^=Q} Ûzvu}ßn¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_}l¨. C C C C Db}: _{, d{, b¢ß, ÞN{

Q{¨m{¨p{¦: b¢ß p{¨|Û_} N}n=o¾ DT{Æm¢=T{ i\¶b¢ Q{¨m{¨p{¦. b¥ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ "E". u}c}m{^=Q} b¥Äm}n¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦np{¦_}l¨. E E E E E Db}: N¾, zt=, ¹N², o|, l²¨o+

Q{¨m{¨, nzR¨ ðÏm{l{¨= T¶µtZze¦Õ\{¨ u}c}m{^=Q} ¹±e Db}zvm{^no¾T{ª~eÕd{ËZ¨ @x{m}n ¹±ed{ p}Z¡ Q{¨Ðm{¨n¨=T{¨_}m{¨.

zt=l{¨¨ÐN}x{m}n¨ (Db}: Û_{, ÞN{¨ p{=Z¡ø), b¢ß_}ßn¨ (Db}: Ð_{, ze¦Õ p{=Z¡ø)p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¦d{Ô @x{m}ðÔ Q{¨m{¨p{¦d{¨ T¶Ðu}l¨.

Db}: "ø¨Û_{" @d¶ zeb{=o¾ ø\¢Q} T{ªÐµt "ø¨" ð nzR¨p{¦Q} Q{¨Ðm¢=çd}"Û_{" @d¶ zt= l{¨¨ÐN}x{m{= p{¨¨=b{¨ D=\{Z= p{nd{ @b¢ Q{¨m{¨p{p{¦_{¨=b¢.

@o|Q¶ "_{ze¦Õ" @d¶ zeb{=o¾ "ze¦Õ" @d¶ b¢ß_}ßx{m{= p{¨¨=b{¨ D=\{Z=p{nd{ "_{" Q{¨m{¨p{¦ @p{¦_{¨=b¢.

C ztªÛ_}ðN¢ N}m{^= "ø¨Û_{", "_{ze¦Õ" @d¶ zeb}nd{¨ DT{Æm¢=T¶Zze¦Õ\{¨ "ø¨_+ m{", "_{*e ze¦" Q} øð~e=T{Z= N}p{T{¨Æ.

E C E C @=b{¨p{Þn ø¨Û_{ _{ze¦Õ @ð Q{¨Ðm¢=T}ö.

Q{^}n¨: Ûzeî zeb{Ú m¥îN¥ KN{ øúËzr¹p²¨d{ nl{¨ p{¦=Z¨=b¢. A nl{¨d{¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, nzR¨p{¦n pattern _¾ ztªç=T{ p{T{¨Æ. @l¨_¶ C nl{¨d{¨ zt¨nk{=Q}

ztªç=T{Z= N¾zt= N¼ðÔ u}p{¨d{Ú¹p²¨d{ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, nzR¨p{¦ combinations ð "Q{^}n¨"Q} Im{Õm{T}m{¨. u}c}m{^=Q} KN{ Q{^=o¾ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨ p{¦=Z|l¨.

l{¨: C E E k{: E C C p{ : C E (b¥ðð nQ{= @ð N{ª\} @=Z|m{¨) m{: E C E V: C E C zv : E C _{: E E C zt: C C E n : C p{¨: E E E d{: C C C Q{ : E

C Q{^}nð Q{¨Ðm{¨ ±eËZ¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ m²=\{¨ çZ|Án¨d}Ôl¨.

1. C d}n¨Q{¨ ztªÛ_}nð N{=[{Ñzt= T²l{¨Ú=\¢: @) Ab¢ p{¨c{Ú @=_{Ú nzR¨p{¦n¨ - l{¨ m{ _{ - n¨ A) Ab¢ p{¨c{Ú @=_{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ - k{ V zt - n¨ B) ztm{ß nzR¨p{¦ - d{ - Q{^= C) ztm{ß Q{¨m{¨p{¦ - p{¨ - Q{^=

p²¨¨b{Z¡ m²=\{¨ ztªÛ_}nd{¨ Bo| @d{ßl¨=T{¨N¾p}ö: Ab¢ nzR¨p{¦ l{¨ Q{^= : C E E (@=Z· p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= nzR¨p{¦ - ø¨Q{_} m²=\{© Q{¨m{¨p{¦nð @Ñm{=) p{¨c{Ú nzR¨p{¦ m{ Q{^= : E C E @=_{Ú nzR¨p{¦ _{ Q{^= : E E C @o|Q¶ Ab¢ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ k{ Q{^= : E C C p{¨c{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦ V Q{^= : C E C @=_{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦ zt Q{^= : C C E

2. B=N¼N{ zeÓb{î Iø¨Z=Z· "l{¨ p{¨| _} m} V k} d{ zt n Q{=" @d¶ phrase ð N{=[{Ñzt= T²l{¨ÚZ=.

B=b{¨o¾ Bze¦Õ\{¨ I Q{^= N}p}n=Z· A @x{m{= b{ÃQ{m{ p²¨¨b{n¨ ±eËZ¡ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}nd{¨ ïzt¨N¼ð nzR¨p{¦ Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T}ö.

Db}: l{¨ Q{^= : "l{¨ p{¨| _}" @=Z· C E E@o|Q¶ zt Q{^= : "zt n Q{=" @=Z· C C E

ù¨N{¨ I zeÓb{î _¶öN{Q} @ð~eеt A zeÓb{îð @d{¨ztm¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ.

l{¨î - Ûf}zt:

_²n¨Q{¨ N}p}Úno¾ Dzel²©Q¢=T¶ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨Þo¾ T}o| p{m{N{¨ zt=ztÁ¬_{= d{¨=ç b¢Q{¨p{¨î T¶zt¨N¼d{Ô p{¬Ð_{ m¥_{¨o¶. "D_{Õnp{¨|n", "T{=zeN{p{¨|n", "p{¨Ð_¶k{=", "q}Òm{ªn=" ùZ¡o¾ Ûzep{¨¨O¹p²¨d{ø. @l¨_¶ _²n¨Q{¨N{¨ Ûze_¶ÚN{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨n¨ o¶N{ f½o¶b{¨. @T{Æ=Q} _²n¨Q{¨N{¨ T²=b¢d{ø "N{=b{=", "£tzt=", "Q¥_{ zeb}Ún¨ : _¶ZQ¥î - AZp²nb¢".

@l¨_¶ Bo| zt=ztÁ¬_{= d{¨=\¢ ÛQ{~v=çd{ p{¬Ð_}nd{¨ N{ª\}, _²n¨Q{¨ _{d{ Ûze_¶ÚN{_{nd{¨ Af}b¢=T¶ £tßN{m¢=ç=b¢. zt=ztÁ¬_{ p{¬Ð_}nN{¨ _²n¨Q{¨ T¶m¢Æd{ øq¶s}n¨ "l{¨î", "Ûf}zt" ðl{¨p{¨|n¨.

l{¨î: l{¨î @=Z· øm}p{¨= @ð @Ñm{=. nl{¨iÓb{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú d{\{N{o¾ ztzvV=Q} p{T¶Æ pause (øm}p{¨=) ð l{¨î Ñu}d{= @=Z|m{¨. _²n¨Q{¨ zeb}Úno¾ C l{¨î Ñu}d{=o¾ D=\¶ @x{m{= f}b{= p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾ "l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî" o¾ D=\}nd¶b¢ ðl{¨p{¨=.

C ÛN¢=b¢ @x{m{ p{Ãm}no¾ KN{ p{Ãm{=o¾ð @ðÔ @x{m}nª zem{ztÕm{= l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûîo¾ D=Z|l¨.1. @, A, J, M, zv, l{¨, @=, @> 2. B, C, H, I, F3. D, E, K, L 4. N{, O, Q{, zR, Y, x{ 5. T{, U{, V, m{X, q{, zr, zt, S6. Z, [{, \{, ]{, ^ 7. _{, a{, b{, c{, d{ 8. ze, zg, i, k{, p{¨, p{ 9. ^, d{ 10. m{, y, n, w{ zvÞn¨n l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî f}Z¡=T¶Zze¦Õ\{¨ p}Z¡_¾ N{ª\¢d{ @T{¨ÆnN{¨ N{ª\} l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî f}Z¡=T}ö. @=Z·: "T{", "V" KN¶ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm{=o¾ Dd}Ô "T{" N¢ "ë" _¾ ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m{b{¨.

zt=l{¨¨ÐN}x{m}n¨ p{çÆd{ T¾Z, l{¨î N¾zt= I @x{m}¹d²Ôd} Q{^¡=T{p{T{¨Æ.Db}: "ÛN¼" p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= @d{¨N¾=\¢. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî N¾zt= b¥ðÔ "N¼" Q} Q}ñ "m¼" Q} Q}ñ k}ø=T{ p{T{¨Æ.

Ûf}zt:

zeb{Ú f}b{=o¾ð m²=\¾ @x{m}ðÔ Ûf}u}x{m{= @=Z|m{¨. _²n¨Q{¨o¾ p{¬Ð_}no¾, N{=b{ zeb{Ú=o¾ @ðÔ f}b}no¾ Ûf}u}x{m{= KN{ÁZ· D=\}nd¶b¢ ðl{¨p{¨=. Ûf}u}x{m{= @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© KN¶ Q{¨^¡=_{=o¾ D=\{d{N{Ám{o¶b{¨.

p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¨¨=b{¨ øp{m¢=T{j¾l¶¨ zeb{Úm¥_{¨n Db}zvm{^no¾ C ðl{¨p{¨|nd{¨ Q{p{¨ð=T{ p{T{¨Æ.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------p{¬Ð_}n¨

D_{Õnp{¨|nC p{¬Ð_{= d{\{N{ Bo| D=Z¨=b¢:

"_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾

b¥ðð p{¨©\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨Q} øk{ë=ç Q{^}n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢Ðµt

k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{E C C E C E C C C E C C E C C E C E C E_}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _}

@=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|n p{¬Ð_{=o¾ "k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{" Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨10 p{ @x{m{= _¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî @ð T²zeÕp{T{¨Æ.

Db}: (b¥ðð - ù¨N{¨ _²ö~td{ B_{m{ D_{Õnp{¨|n zeb}Únd{¨ - ¹±ed{ T²~eÕd{ d{\{N{ ïm{¨o¾ T{b{p{Z= @np}Z¨ T¶zt¨N¼=Z· zeb}Ún¨ I p{¬Ð_}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{p¾ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z=, zeb{Ú= N{=[{Ñzt= T¶l{¨Z=, m}l{¨Z= zt¨n¨p{p{¦_{¨=b¢)

_¼=\{p{¨¨ d¶N{ b{=_{p{¨¨d{¨ _¾m{ze¦ j¼ÈVl{¨¨ p}p{¨ zvÐztp{¨¨d+p²¨=\{¨Q{ Ûp²©l{¨¨ Q{ÈW³n¨d{¨ p²¨Þnð T{ªze¦n¨ p{¨=b{üztp{¨¨d+N¼=\¼N{ Q{¨Èí m{ªzep{¨¨d{ N¾m¢d{ øb{ÚnN²Þn d¼ÈV¹p²l{¨¨=\²\¢ f}m{ßï _{d{l{¨ l²©l¨ Q{^}c¢ze ñN{¨ Ûp²¨¨N²Áb{d+

¹±e zeb{Ú=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b}ðÔ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ ztªç=çd{ d{\{N{ ÛzeN}m{=

N¼=T²= ø\{ b¥~t m}еt:

_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}_¼=\{p{¨¨ d¶N{ b{=_{ p{¨¨d{¨ _¾m{ze¦ j¼ÈVl{¨¨ p}p{¨ zvÐzt p{¨¨d+

T{ªq}m} C zeb{Ú=o¾ zeb}n @ÞöN{ p{¨d{= m}zt¨N{¨d{Ô d{\{N{N¢ H=_{ b{ÃQ{m{Q} D=b¾?!(C zeb{Ú= Db}zvm{^Q} ïzt¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ Bb¼N{ N}m{^=!) @ðÔ zeb}ÚÞo¾ B=_{ b{ÃQ{m{ N{nl¨N{ D=\{N{f½p{T{¨Æ. C zeb{Ú=o¾d¶ d}n¨Q¾ f}b{= T{ª\{=\¢:

_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}l{¨¨=\²\¢ f}m{ß ï_{ d{l{¨ l²©l¨Q{ ^}c¢ze ñN{¨ Ûp²¨¨N²Á b{d+

zeb}n øm{¨ze¦ N¼=T²= @ztzvV=Q} D=Z¨=b¢. @l¨d} zeb}Ún d{\{N{ zeËZ¨i\}n=Z· N¼=_{ N}n= zeb}Únð Bo| T{b{p{N{ _{zeÕb{¨. d{\{N{ N¼=_{ zeËZ¨ çN}ÁN{ Bo| øm{p{N{¨=\}d¶ zeb}ÚðÔ T{b{p{T{¨Æ.

B=N¾ Q{p{¨ð=T{ b{ÃQ{ øq¶zr= Iø¨Z=Z·, p{¨d{= m}zt¨N¼d{Ô d{\{N{o¾, m²=\¾ u}m¢ "_}d{d{" p{T¶Æ p{¨¨=b{¨ N¼=T²= pause p{çÆ "_}d{d{" _}w{=o¾ b²i× o|Q} p{¨=ç Eze¦_¾ p{Ðzt¨=b¢. C _}d{d{ o¾ "_}" l{¨î Ñu}d{= N}p{Z= l{¨|b{¬çÇN{= N}b{¨. T²f»ÕT¶Æb¶ø¨Z=Z· zeb}ÚðÔ p{¨d{= m}zt¨N{¨d{Ô d{\{N{o¾ T{b¢ø_¶ l{¨î Ñu}d{= b}d{=_{Zb¶ _²n¨Ðzt¨=b¢ - @x{m}n¨ o²N¶Ázt¨N¾p{n~td{ zeð o¶b{¨.

Bze¦Õ\{¨ formal Q} Q{^øk{Vd{ T¶~t T{ªÒb}=:

k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ E C C | E C E |C C C|E C C | E C C|E C E| C E N¼=\¼N{ Q{¨Èí m{ªzep{¨¨d{ N¾m¢d{ øb{ÚnN²Þn d¼ÈV¹p²

"b¢ß_{ß= / zt= l{¨¨ÐN{= p{¨¨=b{m{ @x{m}nd{¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ T¶Ðu}l¨" @d¶ ztªÛ_{= p{Þn "Q{¨Èí", "øb{Ú", "N²Þn", "d¼ÈV" nd{¨ "E C" Q} Q{¨Ðm{¨ ±eËZ|p{¨¨.

Ûf}zt @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© ò=b{¨ ze«m{ßN{ "\{" ztm¢f½l¨=b¢.

l{¨î : 1p{ @x{m{= "N¼=" - "N¾" 10p{ @x{m{= ztm¢f½l¨=b¢.

T{b{¨p{m{¨n¨ @ðÔ f}b}nd{© Bo|Q¶ øk{ë=ç ztm¢ T{ªzt¨N¾p{T{¨Æ.d{\{N{ ÛzeN}m{= T{b{¨p{¦_{ª l{¨î Ñu}d}ðÔ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{=, zeb{Ú=o¾

@ðÔ Q{^}nª ztm¢Q} N{¨b¢m¢=b¥ o¶ðb¥ N{ð±eËZZ= u}c{d{ T¶l{¨|ö. zeb{Ú=o¾ @N{Á\{N{Á\} @x{m}nð p{b¢ö HN{Á\{ zeb{Ú= d{\{N{ _{~eÕ=b¥ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{= zeb{Ú d{\{N{ @np{\{Z=o¾ p{¨=ç u}c{d{ðÐzt¨=b¢.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

T{=zeN{p{¨|n

Bb¢ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ ztzv-p{¬Ð_{= @ð T²zeÕp{T{¨Æ. b¥ðN¥ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¥ Dd{Ô KN{ÁZ· _¶\} I=BZ=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|no¾ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, T{=zeN{p{¨|no¾ m²=\{¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_{¨=b¢.

@=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|n d{\{N{ "_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" @l¨_¶ | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾

T{=zeN{p{¨|n d{\{N{ "_{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{= _¾

(zrm}: ù¨N¢Ëzr¹p²¨_¶ b¥d¶Ô "c¢m{d{d{ c¥= d{ _¾= d{ d{d{ c¥= _{N{ _¾= _{N{ c¢N{¨Á c¢N{¨Á c}" @ñ m}zt¨(d¶m{¨Æ)N¾p{T{¨Æ)

C d{\{N{d{¨ N{ª\} p{¨©\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨Q} øk{ë=ç Q{^}n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢Ðµt

d{ V k{ V V V m{ C C C C E C E C C C E C C E C C E C E C E _{d{d{ d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{ d{ _}d{ d{ _}d{ d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}

Z©N¥Q} T²f}Õn=Z·: T{=zeN{p{¨|n o¾ 4 f}b}no¾d{© "d{ V k{ V V V m{" Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨, 11p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî.

Db}: @n¨Q{¨Z l¶¨ l²¨y¨=Q{ð p{¨ü p{¨~v_}_{¨Ù\{W|_{ q{_{¬p¶ l{¨öQ¢d{ d}\{¨ u}Q{m{p{¨¨nðÔl{¨¨ d¶N{p{¨¨ N}N{ f½p{¦ N{ Ïm{¨n¨ zeb¢p¶p{¦¹m²d{ d{ð d¼Ð_{¨m{¨ T{Ð_{¨m{¨ m}V m}V d} zen¨N{¨n øq{ß~t=ze¦p{¨¨ øzed{¨Ôn d}Ðm{¨n Q}p{¦p²¨Þo²\{d+

(Bb¢ îm{¨zeî p¶=N{Z N{p{¦n "f}=\{p¾b¾ÚQ{ øVl{¨|n¨" o¾ðb¢. NÀm{p{ ztk{o¾ m}l{¨j}m{ zt=b{m{Ø=o¾ N{¬Ïzr¨\{¨ c{¬_{m}ËÛzr¨ð_¾ T²~eÕd{b¢.)

¹±e zeb}ÚðÔ T{=zeN{p{¨|nN¢ T²~eÕd{ d{\{N{o¾ T{b{¨p{¦N¼ð ztm¢Q} Dd{Ôb¾ o¶b¾ T{ªzt¨N¾=\¢. A _{m{¨p}_{ @ðÔ f}b}nd{© Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶~t Q{^}n¨ ztm¢f½l{¨|l²© o¶b¾ Q{p{¨ð=T{=\¢.

Ûf}u}x{m{= : n (d}n¨Q{¨ f}b}no¾ p{m{¨ztQ} "n¨, ö, n¨, n¨") l{¨î: (p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¥ 11p{ @x{m}ðN¥ T{ªÐµt: ) 1. "@" -- "ü" 2. "l{¨" -- "n" Bø m²=\{¨ N{ª\} ðW|ðN¢ KN{ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{ø N}p{¦. N}ñ Q{p{¨ð=ç T{ªÐµt Bø m²=\{© zt=c¢ p{Þn p{¨|m{¨m{ªze=o¾ Dd{Ô "@" n¨. "l{¨öQ¢d{" = "l+¨ + @öQ¢d{" , "nðÔl{¨¨" = "n¨ + @ðÔl{¨¨" N}iËZ¡ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî "@" -- "@" N¢ ztm¢f½l¨=b¢. 3. "Ïm{¨" -- "d¼" "Ïm{¨" o¾ð "^¨" ÛQ{~vеt l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî _¶öN{Q} N{ð~eÐzt¨=b¢. Q{p{¨ð=T{b{ÃQ{ øzrl{¨= Iø¨Z=Z· "^" N¢ "d{" N¢ ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m{Zp¶¨ N}N{, p}Z¡ð @=Z¡ Dd{Ô @T{¨Æn¨ "D" N¢ "K" N¥ N{ª\} ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b¢m¢=b¢. 4. "ze" -- "ze"

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

q}Òm{ªn= b¥ð d{\{N{: "_}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 13 p{ @x{m{=

B=N¾ m{N{=Q} m}еt: "_{Ób¢Ð_¾= _{N{ _¾= d{ _¾= d{ c¢m{d} _{Ób¢N{¨Á _{Ób¢N{¨Á _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 13 p{ @x{m{=

Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶Ðµt

p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{ E E E C C E C E C C C E E E C E E C E _}d} _} d{d{ _} d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}

Z©N¥Q}: q}Òm{ªn= zeb{Ú= 4 f}b}no¾

"p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{" @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. 13p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî.

Db}: V=\}¹±e N{~e m}í p{¨¨=b{¨ ~t_{ p}ëÛq¶^¡ðd+ Q{ªm¢Æ d¶ b{=\{=i¨d+ Q¼ð b¾n¨ ztÚ=b{d{p{¨¨ ù¨b{d+ d}m¢ u}m¢=T{¨T{¨d+ Q}=\¥p{p{¨¨Ù c{m¢=ç zgÃn¨^¨\{¨ p{¨©N{= W³=\{¨ T{¨d{Ôze¦Õ \¼ N{Á=\{¨ñÔ p²¨¨m{ d}nN¢=ze\{¨ N{¨m{¨x}Ù d}a{ zt=c¢=zeQ}d+

(C zeb{Ú= N{ª\} "f}=\{p¾b¾ÚQ{ øVl{¨|n¨" o¾ m}l{¨j}m{ zRËZ=o¾ðb¶) b¥ðð d{\{N{ d{d{¨ztm¢=ç T{b{p{Z=, Q{^ øk{Vd{, l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt= N¢=b{ p{b¢ö ±e\{¨_{¨d}Ôd{¨!

Ûf}zt øzrl{¨=o¾ p{¨|Û_{= m²=\{¨ çd{Ô øzrl{¨|n¨ ztªçÐu}d{¨. 1. f}b{=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=o¾ Q{d{N{ zt¨d}Ô p{еt, b}ðN¢ N{ª\} Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨p+¨ p{Ðm¢Ðzt¨=b¢. @=Z· p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b{=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= Q{d{¨N{ ò=b{¨ ze«m{ßN{¹p²¨d{¹b²_¶ ø¨Q{_} p{¨©\{¨ f}b}no¾ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}n¨ N{ª\} ò=b{¨ l{¨¨ÐN{¹p²¨d{p¶ @l¨ D=\}ö. (C ztªÛ_{= D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ BçÆd{ Db}zvm{^o¾ T{ª\{ p{T{¨Æ.)2. p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b{=o¾ Ûf}u}x{m{= Q{d{¨N{ zt= l{¨¨ÐN{=, b¢ß_{ß=, o¶N{ f»\¢ @x{m{¹p²¨_¶ @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© @o|Q¶ zt= l{¨¨ÐN{= , b¢ß_{ß=, f»\¢ @x{m{= Q}d¶ D=\}ö.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------p{¨Ð_¶k{=

Bb¢ q}Òm{ªo|ðN¢ "ztzv-p{¬Ð_{=". ðW|ðN¢ T}o| p{¬Ð_}n¨ Bo| V=ZQ} D=Z|l¨. KN{ b}ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ m²=\¾ b}ðo¾ m²=\{¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_{¨=b¢.

@=b{¨ p{Þn b¥ð d{\{N{: "_{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 14 p{ @x{m{=

B=N¾ m{N{=Q} m}еt: "_{N{ c¢Ð_¾= _{N{ _¾= d{ _¾= d{ c¢m{d} _{Ób¢N{¨Á _{Ób¢N{¨Á _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 14 p{ @x{m{=

Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶Ðµt

zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{ C E E E C C E C E C C C E E E C E E C E

_{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _{d{ d} _}d} d{ _}d} d{ d}

Z©N¥Q}: p{¨Ð_¶k{= zeb{Ú= 4 f}b}no¾ "zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{" @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. 14p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî.

Db}: @n ¹p²N{¨=[{ ze¦m{=i¨o¾ d{Q{m¢o¾ d} p{¨©n u¿c{=i¨ b} zen p{¨=b}m{ p{d}_{m}p{¨¬_{ ztm{> Ûf}=_¶=b{¨ N}=_¾zeo¾ _{Õn zem{Ú=N{ m{p{¨| ød¾b¢ l{¨Q{¨ d}zed{Ô > Ûzeztd{¨Ô=\{¨ ø zvßn d}Q¶=Ûb{p{¨¨ f}~v f}~v l{¨d{ Q{¨l{¨|Úö=ç zt=m{=ô¹l²¨

(C zeb{Ú= f½_{d{ øm{ç_{ "Ûûp{¨b}=Ûc{ p{¨ük}Q{p{_{=" o¾ð Q{W·=Ûb{ p²©x{= zRËZ=o¾ðb¢)

b¥ðð d{\{N{ d{d{¨ztm¢=ç T{b{p{Z=, Q{^ øk{Vd{, l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt= N¢=b{ p{b¢ö ±e\{¨_{¨d}Ôd{¨!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------B=N} T}o| m{N}n p{¬Ð_}n¨d}Ôl¨. N}ñ B=N¾ m²=\{¨ p{¨|Û_{= N¼=_{ Ûzep{¨¨O=Q} p}\{ iÍ\}l¨.

Bø "p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n" , "_{m{np{¨¨" @d¶ V=Z p{¬Ð_}n¨.

p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n d{\{N{ T}o| zt¨nk{=Q} p{¦=Z¨=b¢: "p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n N¾N¢o|" "_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{=

b¥ðo¾ Q{^}n¨ : "m{ zt V V k{ m{"

T{b{¨p{m{¨n¨ E~v=çd{ËZ· "_{m{np{¨¨" d{\{N{ "_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 12 p{ @x{m{= b¥ðo¾ Q{^}n¨ : "d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{"

p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n Q{^}n¨ m}~t T{ªÐµt @b¢ l²¨=_{ "symmetric" Q} D=b¾ @Ñm{p{¨p{¦_{¨=b¢. N¼=T²= d¶m{¨ÕQ} m}еt C p{¬Ð_{=o¾ "palindromes" m}l{¨ p{T{¨Æ!

p{¬Ð_}n d{\{N{, Q{^}n¨, l{¨î Ñu}d{= D_{Õnp{¨|n _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _} k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ 10 T{=zeN{p{¨|n _{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _} d{ V k{ V V V m{ 11 q}Òm{ªn= _}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{ 13 p{¨Ð_¶k{= _{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{ 14 p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} m{ zt V V k{ m{ 11 _{m{np{¨¨ _{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{ 12

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------_²n¨Q{¨ zeb}Ún¨BN{ @T{Æ _²n¨Q{¨ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨nN{¨ p{еt p{¨¨=b{¨Q} N¼ðÔ N¼Ð_{ Q{^}n¨ d¶m{¨ÆN¾p{n~t D=Z¨=b¢. k{l{¨ze\{N{=\¢, Bø p{¨d{N{¨ zem¢T{l{¨¹p²¨d{ f}_{ Q{^}n d{¨=T¶ Im{ÕÍ\}l¨.

B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨: d{n, d{Q{, ztn, k{, m{, _{ d{n : C C C Cd{Q{ : C C C Eztn : C C E C k{ : E C C m{ : E C E _{ : E E C

ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨: Q{n, d{ Q{n : E C d{ : C C C

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

£tzt zeb{Ú=

£tzt zeb}ÚðÔ KN¶ o|Q} D=\¶ d}n¨Q{¨ ±eÒb{ f}b}n¨Q} N}ñ (1, 1, 1, 1), C KN¾Á ±eÒb{ f}b}ðÔ m²=\{¨ çd{Ô f}b}n¨Q} (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2) p²¨¨Ð_{= Hðø¨b¢ f}b}n¨Q} N}ñ øp{m¢=T{p{T{¨Æ. £tzt zeb{Ú=o¾ k}Q{= N}N{ f½l¨d} u}c}m{^=Q} £tzt zeb{Ú= _{m{¨p}_{ KN{ Q¥_{ zeb{Ú= ("AZp²nb¢" o¶b} "_¶ZQ¥î") p{Ðzt¨=b¢.

1. KN{ ±eÒb{ f}b{=o¾ p{m{¨ztQ} 6 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨, 2 ztªm{Ú Q{^}nª p{Ðu}l¨. 2. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= o¶b{¨. 3. l{¨î 1p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ 3p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾d{©,

5p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ 7p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾d{© ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m}ö. 4. Ûf}ztl{¨î D=\{ p{T{¨Æ. @=Z· ¹±e ztªÛ_{=o¾ T²~eÕd{ Q{^}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}nN{¨ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî ib{¨n¨ m²=\¾ @x{m}n¨ Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= f}Z¡Ðµt T}n¨ - @=Z· KN¶ @x{m{= @l¨ D=\}ö (I Q{¨^¡=_{¹p²¨d} ztm¶).

C @T{Æ _²d{¨Q{¨ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨no¾ OçÆ_{¹p²¨d{ Q{^}n¨ T²zeÕN{ f½p{Z= p{Þn @ðÔ zeb}Ún¨ (@=_²=b{¨N{¨ KN{ zeb{Ú=o¾ð @ðÔ f}b}nª) KN¶ nl{¨o¾ D=\{d{p{ztm{= o¶b{¨. N}ñ ùZ¡ nl{¨d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{= @=_{ N{Ëzr= N}b{¨. zeb}Ún¨ ¹±eN¢ T{b{¨p{¦_{ª D=Z· nl{¨ b}d{=_{Z @b¶ @p{Q{_{= @p{¦_{¨=b¢.

Db}: £t. o¾N}n èN{ÞZ¨ f½N}m{Õ m{øT{=Ûb{ b¥f}n¨ Q{Q{d}d{ ÛîzeÕo¶N{ VQ{î¹±e i\{p{T{¨Æ Vnm}ú N²m{Z|n¨ p{¨|p{¨©n¨ p¶¨m{N{¨ p{¨\{p{o¶N{ zeð p{¨|ö Ûzeîm¾í Ûf}^¡N¾Z¨n Q{¨=\² Q{\¢l{¨|m{p{¨¨n N¥n¨ N{b{zeo¶N{ @=b}n¨ ç=b{ ño|N}q{ p¶b¢¹±e T{¨N{Án Ûp{¨¨ÃQ{¨n¨ T²N{Áo¶N{

_¶.Q¥ H=_{ Ûq{p{¨ d¼=b{¨T{¨=Z¡p¾ l¶¨p²¨¨ u}ßø¨! @\{¨Q¢\¢î p²ÞZ¼ d¶\{¨ p{¨| Q{\{zeo¾d{; Q{¨=\² N{¨b¢ö=ç ñ p{¨¨=b{¨ N{¨zeÕp¾_{¨ @=b{¨N¾p{l{¨Ú zv¬b{l{¨ ze¦s}Õ=Vn¨nd{¨

(@ôd{p{ f½_{d{ - N{m{¨^Ûû - V=c}Ún f}zel{¨Ú q}#~t Q}m{¨ p{¨c{¨m{ p{¨c{¨m{=Q} k{Q{p{=_{¨ð N{m¢Õ=çd{ zv¬b{l{¨ ze¦s}Õ=Vö Bb¢!)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _{ _{ _{ ztn _{ ztn Q{n Q{n E E C E E C E E C C C E C E E C C C E C E C E C o¾N}n èN{ÞZ¨ f½N}m{Õ m{øT{=Ûb{ b¥f}n¨ Q{Q{d}d{ ÛîzeÕo¶N{ |Ûf}ztl{¨î| | l{¨î|

¹±e Db}zvm{^o¾ Ûf}zt l{¨î Dd{Ô @x{m}nN{¨ Ûf}zt_¾ j}Z¨ l{¨î N{ª\} N{¨b¢m¢=b¢.Ûf}zt l{¨î @x{m}nN¢ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî @p{ztm{= o¶b{¨. B=N¼N{ Db}zvm{d+’@ T{ª\{=\¢.

d{Q{ ztn d{Q{ m{ d{n _{ d{ d{I I I U I I U I I I I U U I U I I I I U U I I I I I I I

N{öN¢ p²d²Ônnªm{¨ T{n¨p{ b¾~tw{ä_¾ n_{nN{¨ p{¨|m}N{¨ nîN¢ l{¨îN¢ |Ûf}zt l{¨î| |l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî|

BN{Á\{ Ûf}zt l{¨î Dd{Ôb¢ N}ñ "ö" N¢ "n¨" N¢ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî o¶b{¨.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------_¶ZQ¥î - AZp²nb¢C m²=\{¨ zeb}Ún Q{^}nd{¨ KN{ AZp²nb¢ zeb{Ú=o¾ T²Ðf}m{¨:

ztªm{¨Ú\¼N{Ám{¨=\{¨ zt¨m{m}íöÒb{m{¨ b¢d{N{m{ b{ßl{¨=i¨ _¶ZQ¥î Bd{ Q{^ Û_{l{¨=i¨ B=Ûb{ b{ßl{¨=i¨ zv=zt ze=T{N{=i¨ AZp²nb¢

_¶ZQ¥î: @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© 1 ztªm{Ú Q{^=, 2 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨, 2 ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨.

AZp²nb¢: 1,3 f}b}no¾ : 3 ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨, 2 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨ 2,4 f}b}no¾ : 5 ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨

Q¥_{ zeb}Ún¨ m²=\¢Z¡N¥ common ztªÛ_}n¨ 1. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= o¶b{¨ 2. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢, 4p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ D=\}ö.3. Ûf}zt l{¨î D=\{p{T{¨Æ. p¶p{¨d{ zeb}Ún¨ @ñÔ AZ p²nb¢ zeb}Ún¨. ¹±ed{ Db{zvm¢=çd{ £tzt zeb{Ú= çp{m{ Dd{Ôb¢ KN{ _¶ZQ¥î zeb{Ú=.

_¶ZQ¥î - B=N¼N{ Db}zvm{^: îøm¢ Bzt¨p{¨¨d{ ¹_²n=i¨ ïl{¨ p{T{¨Æ, b{øö p{¨¬Q{_{¬Ïzro¾ ñm{¨ Û_}Q{ p{T{¨Æ, îm¢Q¢ N{¨=b¶Z¡ N¼p{¨¨Ù u}c¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ T¶m¢ p{¨©Âm{¨ð p{¨d{zt¨ m{=ë=ze m}b{¨

(Bb¢ ¹±e\¢f}Z¡ "Id{¨Q{¨" nx{Ù^ N{ø _²ðQ¢=çd{ k{Ðm{¬zvm¢ zt¨k}~r_}n o¾ðb¢)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

N{=b{ zeb{Ú=

N{=b{ zeb{Ú= @=b{= B=_} @=_} N}b{¨. @î zt¨=b{m{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨no¾ N{=b{= KN{Z¡.

1. N{=b{ zeb{Ú=o¾ "Q{Q{"(EE), "k{" (E C C), "V" (C E C), "zt"(C C E), "d{n" (C C C C) @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. Q{p{¨ðеt @ñÔ 4 p{¨|Û_{n¨ N{n Q{^o¶!

2. N{=b{=o¾ 1,3 f}b}no¾ 3 Q{^}n¨, 2,4 f}b}no¾ 5 Q{^}nª p{¦=Z|l¨.

3. j¶~t (@=Z· odd number) Q{^= "V" Q{^= N}m}b{¨. @=Z· 1,3 f}b}no¾ 1,3 Q{^}n¨, 2,4 f}b}no¾ 2,4 Q{^}n¨ "V" Q{^= N}N{ª\{b{¨.

4. 2,4 f}b}n @=_{=o¾ "Q{¨m{¨p{¦" D=\}ö. @=Z· C f}b}no¾ 5p{ Q{^= "Q{Q{" o¶b} "zt" @l¨ D=\}ö.

5. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= f}Z¡=T}ö. Ûf}ztl{¨î zeðN¢ m}b{¨.

6. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî 2,4 f}b}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¥, d}n¨Q¾ Q{^= p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾ N{¨b{m}ö.

7. @ðÔ f}b}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}n¨ @ñÔ Ûzvu}ßn¨ Q}ð, @ñÔ b¥Äm}n¨ Q}ñ @l¨ D=\}ö.

8. 2,4 f}b}no¾ 3p{ Q{^= "V" N}ñ "d{n" N}ñ @l¨ D=\}ö.

T{ª\{Z|ðN¢ T}o| strict Q} @ð~e=çd}, N{=b{=o¾ð Q{^}nñÔ d}n¨Q{¨ p{¨|Û_{n Q{^}n¨ N}p{Z= p{nd{ zeb{Ú= nl{¨ zeËZ¨N¾p{Z= T}o| _¶öN{. KN{ u}m¢ N{=b{ zeb{Ú= nl{¨ @np{\¢_¶ zeb}Ún¨ p}Z=_{Z @p¶ C ztªÛ_}nN{¨ @d{¨Q{¨^=Q}d¶ p{Ðu}l¨. zt¨p{¨ï q{_{N{ zeb}Ún¨ @ñÔ N{=b{ zeb}Úo¶. ù¨N{¨ p{çÆd{ zeb}Únd{¨ d²p{¨m{¨ p¶Ðztª nl{¨ iÓb{=Q} T{b{p{Z|ðN¢ ¹±eN¢ T{b{¨p{¦_{ª u}c{d{ T¶Ðµt zeb}Ún¨ T{b{p{Z=, m}l{¨Z=, Q{¨Ðm{¨=T{¨N¾p{Z=_¶öN{ @p{¦_}l¨!

Db}:

inp{=_{¨\{ d}N¶p{¨ðzen¨p{¦m{_¾ ðÛQ{~v=ç zen¨N{¨Z p¶¨o| ?!inp{=_{¹p²¨d{ ztm{Õp{¨¨T{ö èp{¨n T¶_{ çN¢Á T}p{b² zt¨p{¨ï ?!

zt zt k{ C C E |C C E|E C C inp{=_{¨\{ d}N¶p{¨ð

d{n Q{Q{ V d{n Q{Q{C C C C|E E|C E C | C C C C | E Ezen¨p{¦m{_¾ ðÛQ{~v=ç zen¨N{¨Z p¶¨o|

ø¨Q¢öd{ m²=\{¨ f}b}n Q{^øk{Vd{ T¶l{¨\{=, @ðÔ ztªÛ_}nª ztm¢ T{ªzt¨N¾p{\{= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt=!

=Km² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ h»m+ p{¬Ð_}n¨[¢*t b¼T{¨p²¨=_+ B*t i±tb+ Kd+ @ f»Ð*t C m²ÛîHp²b+ Ûh»p+¨ a² _²n¨u} @m¢Æp²*tf»Ð±tb+ j+Ú Ûú Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn (@*t zeÐm+ K*g @ 3 f»Ð*t ±tm¢H*t Kd+T{=b{zt¨â) öÐ~t=Q+ a² Q{^}n¨ K*g a² p{¨W¼m+ p{¬Ð_}n¨. C ÛîHb+ _¼ Bb²=î*gÚa² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ K*g a¼±t p{¬Ð_}n¨ @=b+ p{¨m+Á a²p+¨ Bd+ I*tÚ _¼ m¶b+ ãÑm+ÚÙ Dð_+â.C @o¼â ÛîHb+ _¼ Q¢p² @_+ o¶Ð*t Kd² Hx{=Þ±e h»m+ IT+ - HBa²m+ @ f»ze¦nm+ zt=Û~tÁ_+/_²n¨Q{¨ p²m²â Km+ ~go+Ù u»=Q+ ò_+ Km+ @ öd²(*t) C p{¨b² D*e _¼ ~g_+ a¼±t zeÐ_²m+Ôâ. Ld+ p+¨Ú ~gÐm+â ze*tâ C p{¨b² a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ B=_{¨Bîp²o+Ú; C a²d+p{¨b² @ ±tT¼=b+ ze*tâ ÛaÀ*R _¼ £t B*g a² "l{¨î" Ñu}d{= B*t ÞT¶m+ Ûh»p+¨a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ô C p{¨b². C zvb+ _¼ m²Ûø_² a² zeÐ_²m+Ô Kd+ @ ±gp+ KT{Æ~tK=*tKd+ a¢*t ±tT¼=b+ ze*tâ. [² Hx{=Þ±e*t b¼ d¼_+ d²T²ztâm¢o+Ú ztî*tÖÚ l{¨î.

[² ¹p²¨d+ Jp+¨ K*g a¢*t Hx²m¢Æ±t B*t E^+ Bd+ Bb²=î~gÚ=Q+ @ zeÐ_²m+Ô M_+ K*g @Þo+ a¼±t l{¨-m{-_{-k{-V-zt-p{¨-d{ Q{^*t; Bb²=î~gÚ=Q+ a² d{p²¨*t K*g u»p²¨p²Þo+ N¼Ôp+Ô zeÐ_²m+Ôâ @=b+ Bd+ T¼ø¨=Q+ D*e øa+ Hx{=Þ±e*t Ûh»p+¨ ~go+Ù u»=Q+â h»m+u»p²¨ K*g a²±t zeÐ_²m+Ôâ. ±v§±e l{¨À zvp² @_+ o¶Ð*t zvo+Ö @*t p{¨¨T+ zg¦d+ øa+ a¢*t@*t C zvb+ Bd+ p{¨N¢=Q+ a²±t D*e.

I=W¼l+¨,

F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ q{=N{

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- øb{¨Úd}Ùn p{¨-p{¨-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 5 U U U - U U U - U U

_}d} _}d} _}d} _}d}f½_¶ f½ñ p{еt m}ñ

k{Ûb{N{p{¨¨ m{-zt-p{ l{¨î: - U I U - I I U - I U

_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}N{=T{¨ Q{=Zn¨ Ûp²©Q²m}

p{¨^¡ m{=Q{p{¨¨ m{-zt-zt-Q{ l{¨î: 6 U I U - I I U - I I U - U

_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}d}N{¨ d{çÆd{ b}ðð d¶d¶/±eýä T¶zt¨N{ p{Ð~tð d}d}Ô

B=Ûb{ Ûp{V _{-_{-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 8 U U I - U U I - I U I - U U _}d} _{d}d} _{d{d} _{d}d}N}p{¨| _{¨m}^}= d{ k{l{¨= d{ nÈW| AÐm} øzrÏ^} úa¢o|q{Æ m{ªf}

Dµe=Ûb{ Ûp{V V-_{-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 8 I U I - U U I - I U I - U U

_{d} _{d}d} _{d{d} _{d}d} _{ßp¶¨p{ p{¨|_} T{ ~e_} _{ßp¶¨p}

m{a¾c{_{p{¨¨ m{-d{-m{-p{ l{¨î: 7

U I U - I I I - U I U - I U

_}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}m¢p{¦ß m¢p{¦ß p{¨ð j}^p¶¨±tm}/ëp{¦ß ëp{¦ß p{¨ð o|Q{ u}Q²m}

u}ßQ{_{p{¨¨ m{-d{-k{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 7 U I U - I I I - U I I - U U _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}m{=\¢ m{=\¢ p{¨d{ ø¨=Z¡N¢ f½b}=N}p{¦ N}p{¦ p{¨ð N}N{¨n¨ N{ªÐu}l+¨

_¾p{N{p{¨¨ k{-k{-k{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 7 U I I - U I I - U I I - U U

_}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}ÛizvÙ p{¨¨m}m¢ zt¨m}m¢Æ_{ ö=Q{=/ðm{Ùn k}~t_{ q¾ô_{ ö=Q{=

k{¨V=Q{ Ûzel{¨|_{p{¨¨ l{¨-l{¨-l{¨-l{¨ l{¨î: 8 I U U - I U U - I U U - I U U _{d}d} _{d}d} _{d}d} _{d}d}@zeÏm} N{w{Û_{= ztb} ztT{Æm¢Û_{=/úp{= q{=N{m{= q{=k{¨ ù¨q} d{ù¨\¶çb}d{=b{ m{ªf} úp¾zv= úp¾zv=d{p²© k{ª_{ d}a} d{p²© k{ÐN{ f}o|

B=Ûb{ p{=q{p{¨¨ _{-_{-V-m{ l{¨î: 8 U U I - U U I - I U I - U I U _}d} _{d}d} _{d{ d}d{ _}d{d}

p{=q{Ðztp{¨¨ V-_{-V-m{ l{¨î: 8 I U I - U U I - I U I - U I U _{d} _{d}d} _{d{ d}d{ _}d{d}N{ø= N{ùd} p{¨¨zep{Ûq{p{Ðztp{¨=

ÛztQ¢ß^¡ m{-m{-m{-m{ l{¨î: 7 U I U - U I U - U I U - U I U _}d{d} _}d{d} _}d{d} _}d{d}

@=b{¨o¾d¶ N{b} d}N{¨ Ad{=b{p{¨© u}zvzt= d} zea{= m}Vzt= d} m{a{= / u}Q¢_¶ AzeZ= q{N{Úp{¨| .....

Ûb{¨_{ øn=ò_{p{¨¨ d{-k{-k{-m{ l{¨î: 7 I I I - U I I - U I I - U I U _{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _{d} _{d}p{d{p{¨¨n=b{¨d{ f}\²\¢ N¾l¨o| / N{ø_{ l{¨=b{¨d{ N{ªl{¨p² ñøo|

_¾ZN{p{¨¨ 4 zt l{¨î: 9 I I U - I I U - I I U - I I U

_{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d}@p{ñ _{d{l{¨| N{p{¨ñl{¨ N{m{= / øVl¨|k{p{ p¶=N{Z ¹q²nze_¶

_¾b{N{p{¨¨ d{-V-V-l{¨ l{¨î: 8 I I I - I U I - I U I - I U U _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}@_{ðN¢ d{çÆd{ b}ðð d¶ d} / p{¨d{zt¨N{¨ d{çÆd{ p}\{_{\¶d¶

p{d{ p{¨l{¨©m{p{¨¨ k{-V-zt-d{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 9 U I I - I U I - I I U - I I I - U U _}d{_{d{ _}d{_{d{ _}d{_{d{ _}d}p²=Zi\¢ N}p{¦p{¨ð p¶\{¨N¼ð d{=_{d+

p{zt=_{ înN{ _{-k{-V-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 8 U U I - U I I - I U I - I U I - U U

_}d} _{d}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d}Io| np{=Q{ zRd{ u}m{ zt¨Q{=c{ ïÑm{=

p{¨b{d{ _{-k{-V-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 9 U U I - U I I - I U I - I U I - U U

_}d}d{ _}d{ _{d{_} _{d{ _}d{ _}d} Ûû p¶=N{Z|T{n ze_¶ _{p{ zt¨Ûzek}_{=

p{¨|öð d{-d{-p{¨-l{¨-l{¨ l{¨î: 9 I I I - I I I - U U U - I U U - I U U

_{d{ d{d{ _{d{ _}d} _}d{ _}d}d{ d}d}p{¨d{N¼ztQ¢ øk}VÚ= p}w{§ä T{ªµtm{¨ T¾b{Ú=

ztm{u}=N{p{¨¨ zt-V-zt-zt-l{¨ l{¨î: 10 I I U - I U I - I I U - I I U - I U U

_{d{d} _{d}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}d}p{m{ p¶=N{Z|T{n ze_¶ _{p{ zt¨Ûzek}_{=

zt¨Q{=c¢ zv-zv-zv-zv-zv-zv-zv-Q{ l{¨î: 9 U I U - I U I - U I U - I U I - U I U

_}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}D=\{ p¾l¨ d}N{¨ d{¨p{¦ß @=\{Q} zt±v©b{m}

ze=T{ T}p{¨m{p{¨¨ V-m{-V-m{-V-Q{ l{¨î: 10 I U I - U I U - I U I - U I U - I U I - U

_{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d}VZ|Zù Q{nÉVn Ûzep}zv f}ø_{Ñzto¶

úÛP¡^¡ l{¨-p{¨-d{-zt-k{-p{ l{¨î: 13 I U U - U U U - I I I - I I U - U I I - I U

_{d}d} _}d} _}d{d{ _{d{d{ _}d} _{d{ _{d}zem¶s}d+ Jf½ N{ª\{b{¨ _²n¨zt¨N¾ k}l+¨ _²n¨zt¨N¾

ze¬c¢ß V-zt-V-zt-l{¨-p{ l{¨î: 9 Km+ 12 I U I - I I U - I U I - I I U - I U U - I U _{d}d{ _{d{d} _{d}d{ _{d{d} _{d} d} _{d} p{¨m}w{ Q{p{¨d{= p{¨l{¨©m{ d{Zd{= N{b} ñ zeb{=

_{d}d{ _{d{ _}d{d} _{d{d{ _}d{d} _}d{d}p{¨l{¨©m{ d{Zd{= N{b} ze\{î f}b{ zt=T}nd{=

p{¨=b}ÛN}=_{ p{¨-k{-d{-_{-_{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 11

U U U - U I I - I I I - U U I - U U I - U U _}d} _}d}d{ _{d{d{d{ _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}d}B=N} m}b¶ø¨ p{¨m{^p{¨¨ BÞZ¡=N{ d¶ _}w{ W|nd+

_}d} _}d} _{d{d{d{ _{d} _}d{d} _}d{ d}d}B=N} m}b¶ø¨ p{¨m{^p{¨ü B=N{ d¶ _}w{ W|nd+

p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n m{-zt-V-V-k{-m{ l{¨î: 11 U I U - I I U - I U I - I U I - U I I - U I U _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}@=T² n=T²n¨ o¶ð p²©x{p{¨¨ T}n N{Ëzrp²¨ k}ø¨ñ

_{m{ö k{-zt-d{-V-d{-m{ l{¨î: 11 U I I - I I U - I I I - I U I - I I I - U I U

_}d{d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ _}d{ d}H=b{¨N{¨ k{l{¨p²¨=b{¨N{¨ iîN¶=b{¨N{¨ zeb{ u½b{m}

q}Òm{ªnp{¨¨ p{¨-zt-V-zt-_{-_{-Q{ l{¨î: 13 U U U - I I U - I U I - I I U - U U I - U U I - U

_}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ _}

_{m{np{¨¨ d{-k{-m{-zt-V-V-Q{ l{¨î: 12 I I I - U I I - U I U - I I U - I U I - I U I - U

_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d} p{¨d{zt¨ p{¨|m²d{¨ p{¨Àd{ ù^Q{ f}Zo¶ Q{î f}\{¨d¶?

p¶¨zR øztªÖÈm¢_{p+¨ l{¨-p{¨-d{-zt-m{-m{-Q{ l{¨î: 13 I U U - U U U - I I I - I I U - U I U - U I U - U _{d}d} _}d} _}d{d{ _{d{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d}ztm¶o¶ f½ñ o²p{¨Ùð p{b¢ö p¶Ðµt Bb¶d} Ûze_}ze=

_{d} _}d} _}d} _{d{d{d{ _{d} _}d{d} _}d{ d}d}p{¨d{= T¶Ðµt Q}ñ Vm{Q{b{¨ N{b} p}\{o| ñÃn¨_}\¶=

T{=Ûb{N{w{ m{-zt-zt-_{-V-V-Q{ l{¨î: 11 U I U - I I U - I I U - U U I - I U I - I U I - U _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d} _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}H=b{¨N¾ p{¨m¢ _¼=b{m{ T¶Ðztª p{¨¨=b{¨N{¨ b{ªN{¨_{¨ D=b¢m}

p{¨Ð_¶k{p{¨¨ zt-k{-m{-d{-p{¨-l{¨-p{ l{¨î: 14 I I U - U I I - U I U - I I I - U U U - I U U - I U _{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ _}

D_{Õnp{¨|n k{-m{-d{-k{-k{-m{-p{ l{¨î: 10 U I I - U I U - I I I - U I I - U I I - U I U - I U _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}

@=i¨m{¨zvp{¨¨ k{-k{-k{-k{-m{-zt-p{ l{¨î: 13 U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I U - I I U - I U _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}_¼=b{m{ zeÍ\{b¢ çd{Ôb¢ f}zep{¨¨ _¾Zo¾ _{d{ j}p{_¾

T{=zeN{ p{¨|n d{-V-k{-V-V-V-m{ l{¨î: 11 I I I - I U I - U I I - I U I - I U I - I U I - U I U _{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}

ÛztÓQ{m{ p{¨-m{-k{-d{-l{¨-l{¨-l{¨ l{¨î: 8, 15 U U U - U I U - U I I - I I I - I U U - I U U - I U U _}d} _}d}d{ _}d} _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d}I=Z¤ B=b}N{ d}_¾ Bb¢ N{¨b{m{b{ñ Bze¦Õ\¶p²© Bo|Q} ?!

p{¨ü ÛztÓQ{m{ zt-_{-_{-d{-zt-m{-m{-Q{ l{¨î: 9, 16 I I U - U U I - U U I - I I I - I I U - U I U - U I U - U _{d{d} _}d} _{d}d} _{d{ d{d{ d{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d} Bb¢Q¾ B=b}N{ d}_¾ Bb¢ N{¨b{m{b{ñ Bze¦Õ\¶p²© Bo|Q} ?!

p{¨|ðð 7 k{-Q{ l{¨î: 7, 13, 19

U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}ze¦d{Ôø¨ T{=b{¨m{¨ N}=îð T{ªçd{ ze«çd{ N{nßn p{¨|b¢m¢Q}JQ¢m¢ d{=b¢ð d{=b¢_{ p²©b¢ð øq{ß ød¾b¢ð øÏzr¨ d{¨_¶

_{m{w{p{¨¨ 7 d{-Q{ l{¨î: 13 I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - U _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ d}@_{n ø_{n N{¨_{n _{np{¨¨ nb¢m¢ ze\{Q{ zem{¨Q¢\²d+

N{øm}V øm}ë_{p+¨ d{-6 V-p{ l{¨î: 8, 14, 20 I I I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}@_{ðð ø¨=çd{ zt¨=b{m{¨ \¢=N¼N{ \}p²¨d{¨ T¶m²d{¨ A_{¬_{ _¾øN{~t_{ ò=ize¦ T{=Ûb{¨ð N}=çd{ øçÆd{ N{nßn p{¨|b¢m¢Q}

ÛNÀ=T{ zeb{ k{-p{¨-zt-k{-d{-d{-d{-l{¨ l{¨î: 11, 19 U I I - U U U - I I U - U I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I U U _}d{d{ _}d} _}d{d{ _}d} _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d}ðd{ÔN{¨ d¶¹\² d¶Z¡N¢ m¶¹±e Hp{m¢N¢ b¼m{N{ð ztp{¨l{¨p{¨¨ d¶¹d²

u}c¢ß k{-d{-V-d{-zt-d{-d{-k{-Q{ l{¨î: 8, 15, 22 U I I - I I I - I U I - I I I - I I U - I I I - I I I - U I I - U _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ d}c¥=_{N{ b¢m¢N¢Z _¾=_{N{ _{m¢N¢Z d{=_{N{ _{m¢N¢Z c¥=_{N{ a}d} p{¨b¢ zem{¨Q¢\{¨ p¶l¨ øc{p{¨¨nd{¨ d}øN{¨\{¨\¢Q¢d{ d}p{ p{o²d+

Ûzek{¨ 3 d{-5 V-p{ l{¨î: 9, 15, 21 I I I-I I I-I I I-I U I-I U I-I U I-I U I-I U I-I U _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d}N{np{m{ ze\{N{¨p{¨¨ nnd} p{¨Q{¨p} N{d{¨nd+ _{\¢ W·l{¨N{¨ p{¨|d{ zt¨p{¨|!

p{¨nl{¨Vp{¨¨ d{-V-d{-zt-d{-d{-k{-d{-p{ l{¨î: 8, 15, 22 I I I-I U I-I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-U I I-I I I-I U

_{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}_{m¢N¢Z c¥=_{N{ c¢m¢N¢Z _¾=_{N{ _{m¢N¢Z d{=_{N{ îm¢N¢Z a}d{m{zeî Q¼n¨ÆT{¨ i_{¨N{¨Z N{=Z³d{¨ d{m{zvm¢ ç=_{d{ p{m{p{¨¨ N{b}

p{¨=Q{w{ p{¨üÛû k{-V-zt-d{-k{-V-zt-d{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 9, 17 U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U U _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d}b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z d{=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z _¾=_¾=@=b{p{¨¨d{ @zeâm{n ø¨=çd{b¢ C ze\{î d} p{¨d{zt¨ b¾çd{b¢ Cp¶¨

o|x{^¤ p{¬Ð_{ k{-d{-d{-d{-d{-k{-d{-d{-zt l{¨î: 16 U I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-U I I-I I I-I I I-I I U ze=zem{ zem{zem{ - zem{zem{ zem{zem{ - ze=zem{ zem{zem{ - zem{zem{ ze=q{=N{m{ p{¨¨m{zvm{ k{p{ zvm{ úp{ úp{ q{=N{m{ zvm{ zvm{ zem{p{¨ úp}

m{p{¨^N{ p{¬Ð_{ 9 d{-p{ l{¨î: 9, 17, 25 I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I U _{m¢N¢Z b¢m¢N¢Z _{m¢N¢Z b¢m¢N¢Z _{m¢N¢Z b¢m¢N¢Z _{m¢N¢Z a}p{¨_{p{¨¨n p{¨_{ni¨ _²öl{¨ð ÛzeVnN{¨ p{¨_{ Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ zt_{p{¨_{ p{¨p{m¶

nl{¨ÛQ}~v k{-V-zt-d{-k{-V-zt-d{-k{-l{¨ Ûf}zt l{¨î: 9, 18, 27 U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U I I-I U U

_}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d}b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z d{=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z d{=_{N¢Z _¾=_¾=

nl{¨øk}î d{-zt-d{-d{-zt-d{-d{-zt-d{-d{-zt-Q{ Ûf}zt l{¨î: 10, 20, 30 I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-I I U-U

_{d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d{-_{d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d{-_{d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d{-_{d{d{ _{d{d} d}

U{=b{zt¨â (1 K*g 3)

zv_+ B*t ’T{=b{ztªâ? ±v§p+ B*t B_+ Ûzgp²¨b+? (T¼=~gð=Q+ _¼ _²n¨Q{¨ n=Q{ªQ² K=o+Ú)

’T{=b{ztªâ p{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t a² Kd² a{_+ b²~tQ+Ôâ a² #zt¨ÐT{¨m{o+µg_{¨m²*t K*g ’f½Û_+Ú’.

C*g u» ãp{_+ B*t ’f½Û_+Ú’?

h½Û_+Ú p{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t a² ’p²¨¨òöB=Q+ ö_²m{_{¨m² ãøo² B_²âo+Ö N¥*eâp²¨¨ø=Q+’. (N{b{n¨_{ª, N{b{ö=T¶ u}~v_{Úp¶¨ N{ø_{ßp{¨¨).

\¾*tÔ’_+ ’Ûf»µt p²¨¨p²? U{d+’_+ B_+ p²¨¨òöH?

q{¨m² B_+ b¾*t. k{¨_+, T²Ðºm²=o+Ú d¼_+ @*t ÛQ{T²zg¦Þo+Ú, @µeÕö=ÞQ+Ú, p²¨p²¨¨m{Þj+Ú @=b+IѱtîT{Þo+Ú @*t ’f½Û_+Ú’ b¾*t @*t Hp²m¼Úd² N¼Ôp+â. C_+ B*t I*tÚ _¼ £go+ m{a²m+a{d+ _¼ HÞºx²Õd+.

zv_+ p{¨N²*t a¢*t b¢±gÖm²=T²? C*t B_+ ’T{=b{ztªâ?

’T{=b{ztªâ K=o+Ú b¶o+â øa+ a² #zt¨ÐT{¨m{o+ µg_{¨m²*t K*g f½Û_+Ú. Z¼ j² p²m+Ú±tÕç~gT+ B_+ Q²d²m{_²*t a² ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ K*g a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ K=o+Ú. [Þµg±t BQ¼Ôm²a² _²m+Ù ’ãm¶ÚÙBd+ a¢*t T¼=_²Ðx+. #úÐÞT+Ú µtÕN¢=Q+, ’ãm¶ÚÙ s¿Òo+ j²T¼=~tb²m²b+ Bd+ ~gQ{¨m²*t K*g £tÕT²*t (Û±eç±to+Ú, q{Òj}n=N}m}*t) i¨_+ d¼_+ Bd+’T{=b{ztªâ.] ’T{=b{ztªâ s¿Òo+ d¼_+ j² ø¨zt¨=b²Ðm{ªâb+ @*t a² m²Û±e±t=_{îKd+K*g ’f½Û_+Ú’ @*t p{¨d+Ú ±eKÞ±e _²=b+ _¼ b¼ u». T{=b{zt¨â B*t K=o+Ú @ b²~gd{Þj²@±tÕÐT+ K*g p{¨d+Ú b²~gd{Þj² @=b+ B=b²~gd{Þj² @±tÕÐT+â K*g f½Û_+Ú.

*vÚ B*t ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ u» B=f»Ðm{=_+ h»m+ ’f½Û_+Ú’? \¾*t a{_+ Ûò=Q+ a² Bðïo+j¶D_+Ú _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶? U{d+’_+ a¢=Q+â Hx¢Ð*t øaÀ_+ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ @=b+ Ð~tÞo+ j²j¶Dîzg¦o+? C ø*r ±eKÞ±e p{¨l+¨ d¼_+ @*tÁ a¢*t DHÐ~tKd+. Km+, a² p²m+Ú Hx¢Ðzt=T² K*g a²Dðp²m²â B_²âo+Ö B*t b{¨H _¼ a² ’Ñm¢ÚÙU+ p²¨¨îKd+ K*g a² Þzed²_+â @mÀ=b+ a²q{¨d+. k+Ú a² p²m+Ú Ñm¢ÚÙT+ m¼_{îKd+ @mÀ=b+ B_²âo+Ö @=b+ a² q{¨d+, a² IÑm+ B*tm²zt¨Ðö=Q+ Bd+ a² b¢Ð~t=ÐçKd+ K*g îp²¨ B=_¼ b{l+¨â, ðÐ*Râ @=b+ l¶¨m+â. C*g a¢*tÑm+ÚÙ Bd+ a² Dðp²m²â B*t @j²â=_+/b¢Ðzt¨m²×b+ h»m+ @d+Ú m¶u»d+, a² p¼ÞÒm+ p{¨l+¨ d¼_+p{¨N² @d+Ú ±t=±t. Ip²d+ zv§p{¨=*t, h»m+ a{_+ p{¨Ð_²m+ @Þo+ a² öø=Q+ j²B=Q+â b¼ N¥*e¹p²¨=¹_²ð=Q+ Ñm+ÚÙâ b{¨m¢=Q+ a² ¹b²o+Ú ö±g @*t p²Þo+ @*t a² ö±g ztÕd+ (ãøT+@m² ’òo¼Q¢T{o+ Ñm+ÚÙà). AzeÕm²=Þ_+Ú, Hp²Ñm¢Ú=Q+ Bd+ a² Dðp²m²â B*t Ñm¢ÚÙT+,HBa²m+ Bd+ m²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² Km+ DÛd²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² p{¨d²Ôm+. U¼ø¨=Q+ _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶,Hp²d+ ’Ûf»µt B*t Ñm¢ÚÙT+ Bd+ @d+ B=ø~tÞj² p{¨d²Ôm+ b{¨H _¼ ÛQ{p{¨Ùm+, øaÀ_+

ãøT+ @ ±t=_²=T² j²T¼p²¨*t @ zvzg@ÒmÀ*t T¼Þo²ÐçKd+ K*g p¼Òm+â, ãøT+ b¾*tÔ’_+p{¨N² @d+Ú ±t=±t. ±v§p²p²m+, a¢*t ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ j²B=Q+ p²m+Ú H±tâ=ïo+ (±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+Km¢H=_²b+) B*t d²p²m+ T¼=~tb²m²b+ @*t @ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ @_+ @Þo+. Ûh»iÞj+Ú, ’T{=b{ztªâp{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t @ m²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ a{_+ B*t @Ûîi¨_²b+ _¼’ö_²m{_{¨m¶.

Cd+ H±tâ=T², Kd² T{d+ ztl+¨ Kd² b¾*tÔ’_+ öN² @ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ Bd+ zeÐm¢T{¨nm+, @=b+ B_+ B*tD=ø±t _¼ ztl+¨ a{_+ Ñm+ÚÙ B*t Dd²ÔT²ztâm+Ú.

zv§p{¨=*t ±em²ÆBp² B=h»m{ÙîKd+ ÛaÀ*R a² ~gp² ’±t=±tq+ (ø~tKd+, µvm¢=Q+,±tÙÞo+, _{бt @=b+ _ÀT+), ãøT+ @m² @~tâø¨n_²b+ j+Ú Ûºj²d+ DÐöp{¨_²o+Ú. C_+ B*tKбgd+ ¹±tb+ a{_+ ’ztm¶ß=Ûb¢l{¨|^}p+¨ d{l{¨d{p+¨ Ûzec}d{p+¨’ (Hl²¨/ø~tKd+ B*t a²j²Ð*t K*g @Þo+ a² ±t=±t*t.) ±v§p²p²m+, a²m² B*t d¼a¢=Q+ Bd+ a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ _¼Þµe±t a² ~gÚâT{o+ ’Hl¶¨. ý_²m{_{¨m² B*t zg¦=b{p²¨=_{Þo+Ú ±em²ÆBp²b+ j+Úöбtð=Q+ Km+ m¶b¢=Q+, ãp²m² a² ’IF @=b+ zt¨j²âDH=Þ_+Ú a² ’ø¨=\+ Þzel+¨ÛçîT{o+ m¼o²*t Bd+ D=b²Ðm{â=b¢=Q+/@Û±eÕèî=Q+ B_+. Ûh»iÞj+Ú, b{¨H _¼Bd²ø_{Þj² ~t_{ªîK=*t Bd+ a² zeÐ*t, ãp²m² m²ç_{îKd+ p{*t H±tâ=ïo+ j²TÀ±tK*g a² nT+Á K*g Û~e=î=Q+ @=b+ T¼~eÚ=Q+ zgçöîH*t, B_+ p{*t p²¨¨m² H±tâ=ïo+ _¼p{¨N² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ p²¨¨m² @µeÕö=Q+ j+Ú ’~gÚâT{o+ p¶¨=q+. q¼, @*t @ p{¨Ð_²m+ K*gÛ±eöø¨d{m+Ú @#_{ÐçKd+, a² #~tN¢=ÞQ+Ú Ñm¢ÚÙT+ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ a{_+ Jb+ a²’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ @m² Kбgd+ p²m+Ú zt¨T²Æzt¨âÖo+ Bd+ T{îÆ=Q+ a² Im+â K*g a² T¼p²¨¨Ùd+ze¦ÞòT+. A*t a² ’Ñm¢ÚÙT+ ö_²m{_{¨m¶ u¿=b+â öN² p{¨¨~tT+, B_+ T{d+ Ûb{Q+ a²@Ð_²=îKd+ K*g Hp²d+ a² Dð=_²m²Ð±tb+ Km+ a² b¢~t=_²m²Ð±tb+ @o¼â @_+ îp²¨*t @=b+p{¨N²*t B_+ o¼=Q+ nÐ~t=Q+ Bd+ a² ø¨=b+â _{ª. ±v§p²p²m+, @ Û_{¨o+Ú ±t=~tÞj²,Bd{¨B~tîp², @Ð_²=îp², b²b¢T{_²b+ @=b+ Ûf»ò=Q+ u¿o+ @nßl+¨â ÛQ{*tÕâ a²p²¨ztâQ² HEÞo+Ú Ûh»p+¨ @ d¼d+/o²*tâ Ñm¢ÚÙT+ @=b+ @ p²¨¨m² Ñm¢ÚÙT+ ö_²m{_{¨m² Bd+a² ztp²¨ p{¨d²Ôm+. h½Û_+Ú, KòßMÞ*tÚ, j²B=Q+ p{¨¨T+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ p²¨m² T{=b{zt¨â, @*t@ p{¨Ð_²m+ K*g zgÐT+, øa+ @Þo+ B_+â ø~tÞj+Ú Þh»ø=Q+ Þº±gm+ Kбgd+ Ðztl²¨b+@j¼p¶Ûf»µtBd+ B_+â @µeÕö=Q+ d{_{¨m². (_¼ j²T¼=îd{¨Hb+)

Ba+ m²Q{Òm+â,Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn

U{=b{zt¨â (2 K*g 3)

±v§p+ B*t ’T{=b{ztªâ Ûzgp²¨b+ (Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨)? ±v§p+ p{¨d+Ú _²ÚÕ*t B_+ B*t?

’T{=b{ztªâ B*t Ûzgp²¨b+ i±tb+ Kd+ a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g ’@x{m}q+ (ÞÞztÚÞj²*t) Bd+IT+ @=b+ Hp²m+Ú öd² (f}b{) K*g @ f½p+¨. A*t a² ztp²¨ öd²*t @m² m²µe_²b+

(Ap{¬Ð_{), a²±t @m² T{Þo²b+ ’p{¬Ð_}q+. C*g @Þo+ a² öd²*t Bd+ @ f½p+¨ h»Þo¼p+a² ztp²¨ ’_²ÚÕ*t K*g @x{m}q+, B_+ B*t T{Þo²b+ @ ’ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}. [²m² @m² 26_²ÚÕ*t K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ.

k²h»m² Q¼B=Q+ B=_¼ a² b¶îo+â K*g a²p+¨, ãp{_+ B*t @d+ ’@x{m}?

[²m² @m² _¼ß ±tzem{_² ’_²n¨Q{ª HDBp{o²=_+â h»m+ I=ÞQ¢*r p¼Òm+â ’o²Ð_²F @=b+’ÞÞztÚÞj¶. [² ~gÐm+â Kd² B*t ’p{Ïm{p{¨© (o²Ð_²m+). [¢*t B*t a² i~tT+ ’o²Ð_²FK*g a² n=Q{ªQ² (_²n¨Q{¨) Bd+ a² @nÖj²_+â, ±v=T², a² d{p²¨ ’p{Ïm{ztp{¨|p{¨|Ôl{¨p{¨©. [²±t @m² 56 Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨. ±v§p²p²m+, a² HDBp{o²=_+ h»m+ ’ÞÞztÚÞj¶ Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨ B*t ’@x{m{p{¨©. ’ÞÞq{ÚÞj¶ B*t Kбgd+ b²~gd²b+ @*t a²’Dð_+ K*g Ûf»dÀ=èîKd+ @_+ @ #±t_+Æ’ øa+ @ T¼Þo²ÐçKd+ K*g o²Ð_²m+â(p{Ïm}*t) Bd+ B_+. ±v§p²p²m+, a²m² B*t @ ÛçîT{o+ i¨_+ ÛzeÐçT{o+ b¢±gÖm²=T² Bd+’I=ÞQ¢*r’ @=b+ ’_²n¨Q{ª ±vm². Cd+ I=ÞQ¢*r @_+ o¶Ð*t Kd+ DB_² @ ±gp+ KT{Æ~tK=*t,@ ÞÞztÚÞj² p{¨l+¨ j² @ ’p¼Ím+ (B.H., Kd² ÞÞztÚÞj² p¼Òm+â, h»m+ HQ+., ±ed+, Q{¨d+,zg¦d+, zgd+, òÞo+, N¢Þo+, N¢T+Á, çT+Á, b{¨T+Á, ~eT+Á H_+Æ.) ±v=T², ±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+. k{¨_+ T²Ðºm²=o+Ú d¼_+ a{_+ Kбgd+, @d+ ’@x{m{p{¨© (ÞÞztÚÞj²) T{d+ j²’±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+’ (p¼Òm+) Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨. Z¼ p+¨Ú N¼ÔÞp²Ãb², ’Ûû, #£t, o¶!, f½!,m}!,è!’ @=b+ @ ±gp+ Ka²m+â p{¨l+¨ j² a² K=o+Ú p²m+Ú ±gp+ Hx²ÆÐ~eK=*t f»~tâÞj².Ao¼â, Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨ , Hp²m+Ú p{Ïm{p{¨¨ (o²Ð_²m+) B*t @d+ @x{m{p{¨¨ (ÞÞztÚÞj²), i¨_+Hp²m+Ú @x{m{p{¨¨ T{d+’_+ j² @ p{Ïm{p{¨¨. Km+ HQ+. ’@, A’ @m² j¼a+ p{m}Ô*t @=b+a²m²j+Ú @x{m}*t @o¼â. ±vm¶*t, Bd+ @ p¼Òm+ öN² ’ztßzeÔp{¨©, ’u}ß B*t @d+@x{m{p{¨¨ (ÞÞztÚÞj²), i¨_+ d¼_+ @ p{Ïm{p{¨¨ (o²Ð_²m+) @*t B_+ zv*t _¼ß ’p{Ïm}q+(zt @=b+ p{) Bd+ B_+. [²±t ’@x{m}q+ (ÞÞztÚÞj²*t) @m² b¢øb²b+ B=_¼’nzR¨p{« @=b+ ’Q{¨m{¨p{« i±tb+ Kd+ a² îp²¨ ±em¢Kb+ K*g Ûf»dÀ=èîKd+. ([²u»Æ±e K*g a² b¢zt¨Æ~tâKd+ K*g ’nzR¨p{« @=b+ ’Q{¨m{¨p{« b¢Ð~tÐçKd+ B*t j²l²¨¨=b+ a¢*t@Ðm¢ÞT².) [²±t ’@x{m}q+ (ztÚÞnÞj²*t, ãøT+ p²m+Ú Kбgd+ b¼d+’_+ p{¨N²T¼=Þ±e_² ±t=±t Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨) @m² a² zg¦=b{p²¨=_{o+ @±tÕÐT+â Bd+ b²~tQ¢Ô=Q+ a²’T{=b{ztªâ.

±v§p+ p{¨d+Ú _²ÚÕ*t K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ @m² a²m²?

(T{=b{zt¨â K*g ’W|_{¨n¨ @=b+ DzeW|_{¨nª K*g _²n¨Q{¨ ö_²m{_{¨m² B*t j²l²¨¨=b+ a²u»Æ±e K*g a¢*t @Ðm¢ÞT². T{=b{zt¨â K*g ’p{¬Ð_}q+ B*t K=o+Ú _ÀT²b+ Df»d+ ±vm².)

[²m² @m² 26 _²ÚÕ*t K*g T{=b{zt¨â. I@T+ ’T{=b{ztªâ B*t m²T¼Q¢ÔHb+ j+Ú a²d{¨=j²m+ K*g ’@x{m}q+ Û±e±t=_+ Bd+ IT+ öd² K*g a² f½p+¨. A*t @d+ ’@x{m} T{d+j² HBa²m+ @ ’nzR¨p{« Km+ @ ’Q{¨m{¨p{«, a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g p{m¥îK=*t f»~tâÞj² Bd+IT+ _²ÚÕ K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ h»Þo¼p+â @ ’òd{m+Ú Ð±tÚâp+¨’. [² d{p²¨*t /d{¨=j²m+â K*g’T{=b{ztªâ @=b+ a² d{¨=j²m+â K*g ’ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}q+ a{_+ T{d+ j² Q²d²m{_²b+ Bd+ IT+

p{m¢H_+Ú @m² @*t h»Þo¼p+â.

of chandassu Name K*g @x{m}*t of sama vRttas per each line possible

_______________________________________________________________

1 ukta 1 2

2 atyukta 2 4

3 madhya 3 8

4 pratisTha 4 16

5 suprstisTha 5 32

6 gaayatri 6 64

7 ushTikku 7 128

8 anusThuppu 8 256

9 bRhati 9 512

10 paMkti 10 1,024

11 trishTuppu 11 2,048

12 jagati 12 4,096

13 atijagati 13 8,192

14 Sakvari 14 16,384

15 atiSakvari 15 32,768

16 ashTi 16 65,536

17 atyashTi 17 131,072

18 dhRti 18 262,144

19 atidhRti 19 524,288

20 kRti 20 1,048,576

21 prakRti 21 2,097,152

22 aakRti 22 4,194,304

23 vikRti 23 8,388,608

24 sukRti 24 16,777,216

25 abhikRti 25 33,554,432

26 utkRti 26 67,108,864

_____________________________________________________________

Total K*g ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}*t Bd+ 26 T{=b{zt¨â*t B*t 134,217,726

qÀm²Æ h»m+ a² T{Ðm+: ’zt¨nx{^ u}m{p{¨© j+Ú ’ö=Q{p{¨Q{¨=Z îp{¨ÙN{ø.q{¨f»Õ±tÞb+Ú @ T¼=_²=f»m{m+Ú K*g ’_²d}ö m}p{¨N{¬Ïzr, u» j²o¼=Q+â _¼ 1550*t Km+u».

[² @p{¨B=Q+ f»B=_+ B*t, B=~tÕ_² K*g a² f»~tâÞj² Q²d²m{îKd+ K*g ø¨ÞöK=*t K*g’p{¬Ð_}q+ Bd+ 26 T{=b{zt¨â*t, a² T{=b}*v N{Ðm}*t b¢b+ d¼_+ b²~tQ{Ô_² p²¨¨m²a{d+ 200 p{¬Ð_}*t. [² m¶u»d+ B*t @d¼Úd¶*t Q{¨H*tâ. ^¼_+ a{_+ @Þo+ a²T¼=òd{îK=*t @x{m}*t øÞo+ Q²d²m{_² @ ±tÕç~gT+ Ñm+ÚÙ a{_+ zt¨B_+â @p¶¨ð=Q{¨Öo+ b¢u»Õ~tîKd+ K*g a² ’n=Q{ªQ¶ _¼ h»m+Ù a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶. [¢*tÛ_{¨o+Ú m²DBm²*t @ Q²ðD*t _¼ b²~tQ{Ô_² ãøT+ K*g a²±t h»m+Ùâ Km+ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ øÞo+zt¨B_+ a{_+ zeÐm¢T{¨nm+ ’n=Q{ªQ¶ (_²n¨Q{¨). C_+ m²DBm²*t o¼_+â K*g a¼mÀ*RN¼ÔÞp²Ãb² K*g a² n=Q{ªQ² @=b+ p{¨¨T+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ a{_+. L*g TÀm²â. B_+ B*t d¼_+N¼Ôp+Ô, ±v§p+ @=b+ ãp+Ú @ ÛîÞ±e_+ @x{m{ Dð_+ B*t T¼=~tb²m²b+ _¼ ±t_+ @ ’Q{^} _¼b²~tQ+Ô a² ±tDH=T² K*g @ T¼±td+ ’p{¬Ð_}.

C=~tÕ_² K*g 200 Û±eÛ~tÆj²b+ ’p{¬Ð_}q+, d¼_+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ 45-50 p²m² m²Q{¨nÞm+ÚD±tb+ Bd+ a² p{m¢M*t ’N}p}Úq+ Kp²m+ 1000 l¶¨m+â K*g _²n¨Q{¨ ö_²m{_{¨m².(_¼ j²T¼=îd{¨Hb+)

Ba+ m²Q{Òm+â,Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn

T{=b{zt¨â (3 K*g 3)

ýÐ*t K*g ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}q+

of aksharaas Names of vRttaas gaNaas yati

________________________________________________________________________

8 vidyunmaala ma-ma-ga-ga 5

bhadrakamu ra-sa-va ....

10 maNi rangamu ra-sa-sa-ga 6

11 indra vraja ta-ta-ja-ga-ga 8

upEndra vraja ja-ta-ja-ga-ga 8

rathOdhatamu ra-na-ra-va 7

svaagatamu ra-na-bha-ga-ga 7

tOvakamu bha-bha-bha-ga-ga 7

12 bhujanga prayaatamu 4 ya 8

indra vaMSamu ta-ta-ja-ra 8

vamSastamu ja-ta-ja-ra 8

sragviNi 4 ra 7

druta vilambitamu na-bha-bha-ra 7

tOTakamu 4 sa 9

tOdakamu na-ja-ja-ya 8

14 vana mayUramu bha-ja-sa-na-ga-ga 9

vasanta tilaka ta-bha-ja-ja-ga-ga 8

madana -------do---------- 9

15 maalini na-na-ma-ya-ya 9

sarasaamkamu sa-ja-sa-sa-ya 10

sugandhi 7 ha-ga 9

16 panca caamaramu ja-ra-ja-ra-ja-ga 10

17 SikhriNi ya-ma-na-sa-bha-va 13

pRdhvi ja-sa-ja-sa-ya-va 9/12

mandaakraanta ma-bha-na-ta-ta-ga-ga 11

18 matta kOkila ra-sa-ja-ja-bha-ra 11

tarali bha-sa-na-ja-na-ra 11

19 SaardUlamu ma-sa-ja-sa-ta-ta-ga 13

taralamu na-bha-ra-sa-ja-ja-ga 12

mEgha visphUrjitam ya-ma-na-sa-ra-ra-ga 13

candrakaLa ra-sa-sa-ta-ja-ja-ga 11

20 mattEbhamu sa-bha-ra-na-ma-ya-va 14

utpalamaala bha-ra-na-bha-bha-ra-va 10

amburuhamu bha-bha-bha-bha-ra-sa-va 13

21 campaka maala na-ja-bha-ja-ja-ja-ra 11

sragdhara ma-ra-bha-na-ya-ya-ya 8,15

22 mahaa sragdhara sa-ta-ta-na-sa-ra-ra-ga 9,16

maanini 7 bha-ga 7, 13, 19

taraLamu 7 na-ga 13

23 kaviraaja viraajitam na-6 ja-va 8, 14, 20

24 kraUnca pada bha-ma-sa-bha-na-na-na-ya 11, 19

25 saadhvi bha-na-ja-na-sa-na-na-bha-ga8, 15, 22

26 prabhu 3 na-5 ja-va 9, 15, 21

malayajamu na-ja-na-sa-na-na-bha-na-va 8, 15, 22

mangaLa mahaaSree bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ja-sa-na-ga-ga 9, 17

______________________________________________________________________

In addition to the above 45, there are 5 more frequently used vRttaas.

______________________________________________________________________

27 laakshaNee vRtta bha-na-na-na-na-bha-na-na-sa 16

29 ramaNaka vRtta 9 na-va 9,17,25

30 layagraahi bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ya

praasa yati at 9,18,27

34 layavibhaati na-sa-na-na-sa-na-na-sa-na-na-sa-ga

praasa yati at 10,20,30

danDakamu sa-na-ha- n(ta)--------ga or

n(ta)--------------------ga

All of it is considered as one ’paada’

without praasa and yati

_______________________________________________________________________

Merits and demerits of ’vRtta chandassu’:

While compilation of tremendous ’poetic’literature is the major merit, the

usage of ’vyardha padaas’ to suit ’chandassu’ (filler words) is the major

demerit. While ’chandO haters’ try to ’overplay’ this aspect, ’chandO

lovers’ overlook this. Keeping this unresolvable issue aside, one got to

accept that amazing skills of composing ’poetry’ were evident on quite a

few occasions in the telugu literature, where unparallel talents were

brought into existance to express human feelings comprising of ’nava

rasaas’.

While ’chandO haters’ think that ’gaNa’ oriented ’vRtta’ chandassu is a

hurdle, the ’chandO lovers’ feel that as a ’cherishable challenge’. While

creating rythm in the literature is the major function of ’chandassu’, a

maatraa chandassu, that is not bound by any ’sequences of gaNaas’ can also

be rythmic, which is also chandassu. However, it is unfortunate that both

the’chandO haters’ and ’chandO lovers’ totally ignore this aspect very

often.

By all means, ’chandassu’ should aid and enhance the beauty of the

’language’ and ’literature’ as an undercurrent. Poetry (not chandassu)

should reflect the brilliance and elegance of the poet, but not his/her

labour in creating poetry. Afterall, poetry is for ’appealing’, so it

shouldn’t created in an ’appaling’ manner.

With regards,

Prabhakar Vissavajjhala