Encyclopedia of

Information Science and

Technology, Third Edition

Mehdi Khosrow-Pour

Information Resources Management Association, USA

Volume VIII

Categories: Mat-Net

I Information Science IREFERENCE

An Imprint of IGI Global

Volume VIII

Category: Materials Science

A Contribution to Better Organized Winter Road Maintenance by Integrating the Model in a

Geographic Information System 5431

Tomai Kramberger, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Modeling and Experimental Study of Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactor 5442

NayefGhasem, United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Mohamed Al-Marzouqi, United Arab Emirates University, UAE

Category: Mathematics

Hardware Design for Decimal Multiplication 5455

Mario P. Vestias, INESC-ID/ISEU1PL, PortugalHordcio C. Neto, 1NESC-ID, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

Category: Medical Engineering

Flow Cytometry Data Analysis 5466

Phuc Van Pham, VNU-HCM University of Science, Vietnam

Human Ear Recognition System 5475

Durgesh Singh, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India

Sanjay Kumar Singh, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India

Telesurgical Robotics 5482

Sajid Nisar, School ofElectrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National

University ofSciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan

Osman Hasan, School ofElectrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National

University ofSciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan

Category: Medical Ethics and Law

Ethics of Biomedical and Information Technologies 5492

Maria Teresa Russo, Institute ofPhilosophy ofScientific & Technological Activity, CampusBio-Medico University ofRome, Italy

The Aftermath of HIPAA Violations and the Costs on U.S. Healthcare Organizations 5500

Divakaran Liginlal, Dietrich College ofHumanities & Social Sciences, Carnegie Mellon

University, USA

Category: Medical Technologies

Clinical Monitoring and Automatic Detection of Venous Air Embolism 5515

Rita Tedim, University ofPorto, PortugalPedro Amorim, Hospital de Santo Antonio, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, PortugalAna Castro, University ofPorto, Portugal

Computational Intelligence in Detecting Abnormal Pressure in the Diabetic Foot 5523

Linah Wafai, Victoria University, Australia

Aladin Zayegh, Victoria University, Australia

Rezaul K. Begg, Victoria University, Australia

John Woulfe, Boronia Podiatry, Australia

Epilepsy Recognition by Higher Order Spectra Analysis of EEG Signals 5534

Seyyed Abed Hosseini, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Feasibility Study of Using Microsoft Kinect for Physical Therapy Monitoring 5542

Wenbing Zhao, Department ofElectrical and Computer Engineering, Cleveland State

University, USA

Deborah Espy, Cleveland State University, USA

Ann Reinthal, Cleveland State University, USA

Hai Feng, Cleveland State University, USA

Feature Selection Methods to Extract Knowledge and Enhance Analysis of Ventricular

Fibrillation Signals 5555

Juan Caravaca, University ofValencia, SpainAntonio J. Serrano-Lopez, University of Valencia, SpainEmilio Soria-Olivas, University of Valencia, SpainJose M. Martinez-Martinez, University of Valencia, SpainPablo Escandell-Montero, University of Valencia, SpainJuan F. Guerrero-Martinez, University of Valencia, Spain

Interventions Strategies to Promote Adaptive Behaviors by Persons with Acquired Brain

Injuries 5564

Claudia De Pace, University ofBan, ItalyFabrizio Stasolla, University ofBari, Italy

Mapping the Chromosome through a Novel Use of GIS and Spatial Analysis 5573

Jane L. Garb, Baystate Health, USA

D. Joseph Jerry, University ofMassachusetts, USA & Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute,USA

Mary J. Hagen, University ofMassachusetts, USA

Jennifer Friderici, Baystate Health, USA

Medical Simulation as a Tool to Enhance Human Performance Technology in Healthcare 5584

Jill E. Stefaniak, Old Dominion University, USA

Microarrays 5593

George I Lambrou, University ofAthens, Greece

Maria Braoudaki, University ofAthens, Greece

Emmanouil Sifakis, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden

Apostolos Zaravinos, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden

Mobile Health (mHealth) 5607

Muhammad Anshari, Continuing Education Centre, University ofBrunei Darussalam,Brunei Darussalam

MohammadNabil Almunawar, School ofBusiness and Economics, University ofBrunei

Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam

Symmetry Detection in Brain Image Analysis 5615

Surani Anuradha Jayasuriya, School of Information and Communication Technology,Griffith University, Australia

Alan Wee-Chung Liew, School ofInformation and Communication Technology, Griffith

University, Australia

Phillip Sheridan, School ofInformation and Communication Technology, Griffith University,Australia

Team Neurodynamics 5624

Ron Stevens, The Learning Chameleon, Inc., USA & UCLA School ofMedicine, USA

Technology and Tools Appropriation in Medical Practices 5633

Manuel Santos-Trigo, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico

Ernesto Suaste, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico

Paola Figuerola, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico

The Serious Games Applied for Health 5641

Grassyara Tolentino, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil

Alam Ventura, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil

Lorena Cruz, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil

Samuel Vidal, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil

Ritielli Valeriano, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil

Claudio Battaglini, University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA

Ricardo Jaco de Oliveira, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil

Category: Mobile and Wireless Computing

Context Awareness in Mobile Devices 5652

Donna Moen, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland

Nigel McKelvey, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute ofTechnology, Ireland

Kevin Curran, School ofComputing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Northern

Ireland

Nadarajah Subaginy, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster,

Northern Ireland

Context-Aware Multimedia Content Recommendations for Smartphone Users 5658

Abayomi M. Otebolaku, INESC TEC, Porto, PortugalMaria T. Andrade, INESC TEC Porto, Portugal & University ofPorto, Portugal

Essential Technologies and Methodologies for Mobile/Handheld App Development 5667

Wen-Chen Hu, University ofNorth Dakota, USA

Naima Kaabouch, University ofNorth Dakota, USA

Hung-Jen Yang, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan

Mobile App Stores 5679

Michael Curran, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology,Ireland

Nigel McKelvey, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland

Kevin Curran, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Northern

Ireland

Nadarajah Subaginy, School ofComputing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster,

Northern Ireland

Mobile Music Interfaces Evaluation 5686

Politis Dionysios, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Margounakis Dimitrios, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Aspiotis Vasileios, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki, Greece

Nakou Danai, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Kefalas Thomas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Mobile Technologies Support Effective LearningIris Reychav, Ariel University, Israel

Dezhi Wu, Southern Utah University, USA

5703

Positioning Methods and Technologies in Mobile and Pervasive Computing 5713

Dragan Stojanovic, University ofNis, Serbia

Billur Barshan, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey

Apostolos Papadopoulos, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki, Greece

Nico Van de Weghe, Ghent University, BelgiumChristophe Claramunt, Naval Academy Research Institute, Brest, France

Remote Access 5723

Diane Fulkerson, University ofSouth Florida Sarasota-Manatee, USA

Resource Allocation in OFDMA as an Optimization Problem 5730

Alvaro Pachon, Universidad Icesi, Colombia

Ubaldo Garcia-Palomares, Universidad de Vigo, SpainJuan Manuel Madrid, Universidad Icesi, Colombia

Security and Privacy on Personalized Multi-Agent System 5741

Soe Yu Maw, University of Computer Studies, Mandalay, Myanmar

Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithms for Wireless Communications and the Antenna

and Microwave Design Problems 5754

Sotirios K. Goudos, Department ofPhysics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

The Impact of Open Source Software on Smartphones Industry 5767

Mohammad Nabil Almunawar, School ofBusiness and Economics, University ofBrunei

Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam

Heru Susanto, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia

Muhammad Anshari, Continuing Education Centre, University of Brunei Darussalcim,

Brunei Darussalam

The Internet of Things 5777

Nigel McKelvey, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland

Kevin Curran, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Northern

Ireland

Nadarajah Subaginy, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster,

Northern Ireland

The Rise of the Tablet 5784

Paul O'Donnell, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland

Nigel McKelvey, Computer Science Department, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland

Kevin Curran, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Northern

Ireland

Nadarajah Subaginy, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster,

Northern Ireland

Virtual Communities

Antonella Mascio, University of Bologna, Italy

5790

Wearable for Health and Fashion 5798

Lambert Spaanenburg, Comoray, Sweden

Walter Jansen, RacePlan, The Netherlands

Wireless Grids 5806

Mahantesh N. Birje, Visvesvaraya Technological University, India

Sunilkumar S. Manvi, REVA Institute of Technology and Management, India

Manisha T. Tapale, Basaveshwar Engineering College, India

Wireless Sensor Networks 5815

Homero Toral-Cruz, University ofQuintana Roo, Mexico

Faouzi Hidoussi, University Hadj Lakhdar ofBatna, Algeria

Djallel Eddine Boubiche, University Hadj Lakhdar ofBatna, Algeria

Azeddine Bilami, University Hadj Lakhdar ofBatna, AlgeriaMiroslav Voznak, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic

Sergej Jakovlev, Klaipeda University, Lithuania

Category: Mobile Learning

A One Year Federal Mobile Learning Initiative Review 5826

Jace Hargis, Higher Colleges ofTechnology, UAE

Cathy Cavanaugh, Higher Colleges ofTechnology, UAE

Efficient Mobile Learning in Classroom Settings through MLE 5835

Nitzan Elyakim, School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Israel

Iris Reychav, Ariel University, Israel

Towards a Methodology for Semantic and Context-Aware Mobile Learning 5847

Fayrouz Soualah-Alila, University ofBurgundy, France

Christophe Nicolle, University ofBurgundy, France

Florence Mendes, University ofBurgundy, France

Category: Multimedia Technology

A Review of Image Segmentation Evaluation in the 21st Century 5857

Yu-Jin Zhang, Department ofElectronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China

Cloud and Mobile Web-Based Graphics and Visualization 5868

Haim Levkowitz, University ofMassachusetts Lowell, USA

Curran Kelleher, University ofMassachusetts Lowell, USA

Computational Color Constancy 5879

Simone Bianco, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ItalyRaimondo Schettini, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Direct Execution of Design Patterns

Birol Aygiin, Yeditepe University, Turkey

5887

Feature Extraction in Content-Based Image Retrieval 5897

Jacob John Foley, School ofScience and Technology, University ofNew England, Australia

Paul Kwan, School ofScience and Technology, University ofNew England, Australia

Half Century for Image Segmentation 5906

Yu-Jin Zhang, Department ofElectronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China

High-Level Features for Image Indexing and Retrieval 5916

Gianluigi Ciocca, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ItalyRaimondo Schettini, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ItalyClaudio Cusano, Universita degli Studi di Pavia, ItalySimone Santini, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain

Image Fusion Techniques with Multiple-Sensors 5926

Yu-Jin Zhang, Department ofElectronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China

Image Retrieval Practice and Research 5937

JungWon Yoon, University ofSouth Florida, USA

Image Segmentation Methods 5947

Manasses Ribeiro, IFC, Videira, Brazil

Heitor Silverio Lopes, Universidade Tecnoldgica Federal do Parana - UTFPR, Brazil

Metadata in Digital Audio 5957

Kimmy Szeto, Baruch College, City University ofNew York, USA

Modeling Image Quality 5973

Gianluigi Ciocca, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ItalySilvia Corchs, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ItalyFrancesca Gasparini, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ItalyRaimondo Schettini, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Next-Generation Optical Access Networks 5984

Martin Levesque, Optical Zeitgeist Laboratory, Canada

Liviu lvdnescu, Optical Zeitgeist Laboratory, Canada

Martin Maier, Optical Zeitgeist Laboratory, Canada

Robust Image Hashing 5998

Daniela Coltuc, University Politehnica Bucharest, Romania

Semantic Image Retrieval 6009

C.H.C. Leung, Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong

Yuanxi Li, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong

Spatial and 3-D Audio Systems 6020

Huseyin Hacihabiboglu, Graduate School ofInformatics, Middle East Technical University

(MEW), Turkey

Statistics on Image Engineering Literatures 6030

Yu-Jin Zhang, Department ofElectronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China

Template Matching in Digital Images with Swarm Intelligence 6041

Hugo Alberto Perlin, IFPR-Campus Paranagua, Brazil

Chidambaram Chidambaram, UDESC, Brazil

Heitor Silverio Lopes, Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana - UTFPR, Brazil

Using Statistical Models and Evolutionary Algorithms in Algorithmic Music Composition 6050

Ritesh Ajoodha, School ofComputer Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

Richard Klein, School of Computer Science, University ofthe Witwatersrand, South Africa

Marija Jakovljevic, School of Computing, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Category: Music Technologies

Advances in Audio Restoration 6064

Don Maue, Duquesne University, USA

Joseph C. Kush, Duquesne University, USA

Music Management in the Digital Age 6080

Dimitrios Margounakis, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki, Greece

Dionysios Politis, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki, Greece

Study of the Effect of Music and Meditation on Heart Rate Variability 6089

Anilesh Dey, Narula Institute of Technology, India

D. K. Bhattacharya, Rabindra Bharati University, India

Sanjay Kumar Palit, Calcutta Institute ofEngineering and Management, India

D. N. Tibarewala, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, India

Category: Networking and Telecommunications

A Comparative Study of Attacks, Security Mechanisms, Preventive Measures, and Challenges in

Wireless Sensor Networks 6104

Kamaljit I Lakhtaria, Sir Padampat Singhania University, India

Adaptive Network-on-Chip 6114

Mario P. Vestias, 1NESC-ID/ISEUIPL, PortugalHordcio C. Neto, INESC-ID, lnstituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

An Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 6122

Elisavet Grigoriou, CSSN Research Lab, Department ofInformatics, Alexander TEI ofThessaloniki, Greece

Periklis Chatzimisios, CSSNResearch Lab, Department ofInformatics, Alexander TEI ofThessaloniki, Greece

Autonomic Cooperative Networking 6132

Michal Wodczak, Poznan University of Economics, Poland

Cognitive Communications 6143

F Benedetto, University of Roma Tre, Italy

Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks 6152

Yasir Saleem, Sunway University, MalaysiaMubashir Hitsain Rehmani, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wall Cantt,

Pakistan

Concepts of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and Their Applications to Port Logistics 6160

Sergio Leite Pereira, Federal University ofRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Armando Carlos de Pina Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Conditional Random Fields for Modeling Structured Data 6167

Tom Burr, Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA

Alexei Skurikhin, Space Data Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA

Exploiting DHT's Properties to Improve the Scalability of Mesh Networks 6177

Silvio Sampaio, IDMEC, University ofPorto, PortugalFrancisco Vasques, University of Porto, Portugal