technology in action chapter 5

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1

Technology in ActionTechnology in Action

Chapter 5Chapter 5Using System Software: Using System Software:

The Operating System, Utility Programs, The Operating System, Utility Programs, and File Managementand File Management


Chapter TopicsChapter Topics

• System software• Categories of operating systems• OS role in:

Providing user interaction Managing the processor Managing memory Managing hardware Interacting with application software Starting the computer


Chapter Topics (cont.)Chapter Topics (cont.)

• Desktop and Windows features• OS role in keeping the desktop organized• Utility programs


System Software: The OSSystem Software: The OS• System software consists two primary types of System software consists two primary types of

programs: the operating system and utility programs: the operating system and utility programs. programs.

• Controls computer functions (hardware, processor, memory, peripheral devices)

• Provides a consistent a consistent means for software to work with CPU

• Responsible for management, scheduling, and interaction of tasks

• Provides user interface


System Software: UtilitiesSystem Software: Utilities

• Utilities: Programs that perform computer housekeeping tasks Backup Security Diagnostic Recovery


Operating System CategoriesOperating System Categories• Traditionally included four categories:

Single-user, single-task• Example: MS-DOS

Single-user, multitask• available commercially for personal and business use.available commercially for personal and business use.• Example: Apple’s Mac OS

Multiuser• coordinate resources for many users on a networkcoordinate resources for many users on a network• Example: Microsoft Windows..

Real-time (RTOS)• don’t require the intervention of any users at all.don’t require the intervention of any users at all.

• Example: found in measurement instruments


Real-Time Operating SystemsReal-Time Operating Systems• Systems with a specific purpose and a

certain result• Instruments those found in the scientific, Instruments those found in the scientific,

defense, and aerospace industries- record defense, and aerospace industries- record precise results require real-time operating precise results require real-time operating systemssystems

• Uses include: Automobiles Printers VoIP phones Medical devices Robotic equipment• Real-time operating systems require Real-time operating systems require

minimal user interaction. minimal user interaction.


Multiuser Operating Systems Multiuser Operating Systems • Known as network operating systems• Allow access to the computer system by

more than one user• Manage user requests• Systems include:

Linux UNIX Windows Vista and Windows 7 Mac OS X i5/OS z/OS


UNIXUNIX• Multiuser, multitask operating system• Used primarily with mainframes as NOS• Also found on PCs• Vendors can modify the code to run to run

specifically on their hardwarespecifically on their hardware:– Hewlett-Packard’s HP/UX– Sun’s Solaris– IBM’s AIX


Mainframes and SupercomputersMainframes and Supercomputers

• Other computers utilizing multiuser operating systems:– Mainframes

• Handle requests from hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously

– Supercomputers• Used by scientists and engineers


Single-User Operating SystemsSingle-User Operating Systems

Single-Task Systems

• Perform one task at a time

• PDAs Palm OS Windows Mobile

• Cell phone Proprietary OS

Multitask Systems

• Perform simultaneous tasks

• Smartphones Symbian OS iPhone OS Google Android Palm webOS


Desktop and Notebook Desktop and Notebook Operating SystemsOperating Systems

• An operating system combined with a processor is known as a computer’s computer’s platform Microsoft Windows OS/Intel and AMD

processors Apple Macintosh OS/Motorola, IBM, and Intel

processors• OS not interchangeable between platforms• Application software is platform specific• PC and Mac computers can be networked to PC and Mac computers can be networked to

share files and peripheral devices.share files and peripheral devices.

Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows

• Multiuser, multitasking OS• Windows 7 is the newest version• Features

Increased functionality User-friendliness Improved Internet capabilities Enhanced privacy and security



Mac OSMac OS• First commercially available OS with point-

and-click technology (GUI)• Excellent in:

Graphics display Processing System reliability File backup

• Fewer applications available than for Windows• More expensive

Mac vs. WindowsMac vs. Windows

• Similar functionality• Streamlined user interface• Window-like work areas on the desktop


Mac Windows

LinuxLinux

• Open source operating system • Based on UNIX• Stable system• May be downloaded for free from the

Internet• Runs on PCs, netbooks, iPods, and

gaming systems • Allows you to choose desktop appearance


OS RoleOS Role



OS Role : OS Role : Provide User InterfaceProvide User Interface

• Enables you to interact with the computer

• Types of interfaces Command-driven interface -

type very specific commands to load a type very specific commands to load a program. program.

Menu-driven interface -user chooses a command from menus user chooses a command from menus displayed on the screendisplayed on the screen

Graphical user interface (GUI) - use the point-and-click use the point-and-click technology of the mouse and cursortechnology of the mouse and cursor

Command-driven


OS Role : OS Role : Processor ManagementProcessor Management

• OS to arrange for the execution of all its activities in OS to arrange for the execution of all its activities in a systematic waya systematic way

• Controls the timing of events the processor works on

• OS assigns a slice of its time to each activity OS assigns a slice of its time to each activity requiring the CPU’s attention. The OS then requiring the CPU’s attention. The OS then switches between processes thousands of times a switches between processes thousands of times a secondsecond

• OS allows you to perform more than one task at a OS allows you to perform more than one task at a time- time- Multitasking

• OS processes a task assigned a higher priority before OS processes a task assigned a higher priority before processing a task that has been assigned a lower processing a task that has been assigned a lower priority - priority - preemptive multitaskingpreemptive multitasking

• Every device has its own type of interrupt, associated Every device has its own type of interrupt, associated with an with an interrupt handlerinterrupt handler, a special numerical code that , a special numerical code that prioritizes the requests. These requests are placed in prioritizes the requests. These requests are placed in the the interrupt table interrupt table in RAM.in RAM.

• OS receives the interrupt and puts a “memo” in a special OS receives the interrupt and puts a “memo” in a special location in RAM called a location in RAM called a stackstack.. The memo is a reminder The memo is a reminder of where the CPU was before it left off so that it can of where the CPU was before it left off so that it can work on the request. work on the request.


OS Role : OS Role : Processor ManagementProcessor Management


OS ArchitectureOS Architecture

• More than 4 GB of RAM– 64-bit system systems provide added systems provide added

responsiveness to users running several responsiveness to users running several applications at the same time and switching applications at the same time and switching between them frequentlybetween them frequently• Windows Vista• Windows 7

• Make sure applications and devices are compatible


Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory• Instructions and data are stored on the hard drive when

RAM is full.• This process of optimizing RAM storage by borrowing hard This process of optimizing RAM storage by borrowing hard

drive space is called virtual memorydrive space is called virtual memory.. • When more RAM space is needed, the OS swaps out from When more RAM space is needed, the OS swaps out from

RAM the data that have not been recently used and RAM the data that have not been recently used and moves them to a temporary storage area on the hard drive moves them to a temporary storage area on the hard drive called the called the swap fileswap file..

• If the swap file are needed later, the OS swaps them back If the swap file are needed later, the OS swaps them back into active RAM and replaces them in the hard drive’s into active RAM and replaces them in the hard drive’s swap file with less active data. This process of swapping is swap file with less active data. This process of swapping is known as known as pagingpaging..

Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory

• Eventually your computer will become sluggish as it is Eventually your computer will become sluggish as it is forced to page more and more often. This condition of forced to page more and more often. This condition of excessive paging is called excessive paging is called thrashingthrashing..

• The solution to this problem is to increase the amount of The solution to this problem is to increase the amount of RAM . RAM .


Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory


least recentlyused data or

program instructions

pageswapped

out

swap file

Virtual memorymanagement

hard diskpage

swapped in

most recentlytransferred data or

program instructionsmemory


Hardware and Peripheral Hardware and Peripheral Device ManagementDevice Management

• Device drivers– Programs that enable the operating system to

communicate with peripheral devices– Provided by the manufacturer of the device

• Plug and Play– Hardware and software standard– Facilitates the installation of new hardware


Software Application Software Application CoordinationCoordination

• Application programming interfaces (APIs)– Blocks of code contained in the operating

system– Coordinate the operating system with

software applications– Similar toolbars and menus

– Microsoft DirectX


Starting the ComputerStarting the Computer

• Booting Booting – The process of loading or – The process of loading or reloading the operating system into the reloading the operating system into the computer’s memorycomputer’s memory

• The booting processes are:The booting processes are:– Cold boot Cold boot – Loads the OS when the power is – Loads the OS when the power is

turned onturned on– Warm boot Warm boot – Reloads the OS when the – Reloads the OS when the

computer is already oncomputer is already on


Starting the ComputerStarting the Computer

The boot process


Step 1: The BIOS Step 1: The BIOS

• ROMROM (read only memory) – Permanent and unchanging (read only memory) – Permanent and unchanging memorymemory

• BIOSBIOS (basic input/output system) – The part of the (basic input/output system) – The part of the system software that includes the instructions that the system software that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input and outputcomputer uses to accept input and output

• Load Load – To transfer from a storage device to – To transfer from a storage device to memory(loading OS into RAM from permanent location memory(loading OS into RAM from permanent location on hard drive)on hard drive)

• ROM loads BIOS into the computer’s memoryROM loads BIOS into the computer’s memory• Setup program Setup program – A special program containing settings – A special program containing settings

that control the computer’s hardwarethat control the computer’s hardware– The program can be accessed while the BIOS The program can be accessed while the BIOS

information is visibleinformation is visible


Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)(POST)

• POSTPOST (power-on-self-test) – A series of tests conducted (power-on-self-test) – A series of tests conducted on the computer’s main memory (random access on the computer’s main memory (random access memory or memory or RAMRAM), input/output devices, disk drives, and ), input/output devices, disk drives, and the hard diskthe hard disk– BIOS conducts a Power-On-Self-Test (POST) to BIOS conducts a Power-On-Self-Test (POST) to

check the input/output system for operabilitycheck the input/output system for operability• BIOS compares the result of POST with settings in the

CMOS―complementary metal-oxide semiconductor• The computer will produce a beeping sound and an The computer will produce a beeping sound and an

error message will appear on the monitor if any error message will appear on the monitor if any problems are encounteredproblems are encountered


Step3: Step3: The OS loads into RAM.

• The operating system’s kernel is loaded into the The operating system’s kernel is loaded into the computer’s memory(RAM)computer’s memory(RAM)

• The computer copies the The computer copies the kernelkernel from the hard drive into from the hard drive into the computer’s memorythe computer’s memory– The kernel:The kernel:

• Is the central part of the operating systemIs the central part of the operating system• Starts all applicationsStarts all applications• Manages devices and memoryManages devices and memory• Resides in memory at all timesResides in memory at all times• Performs other essential functionsPerforms other essential functions

• The OS takes control of the computer and begins The OS takes control of the computer and begins loading system configuration informationloading system configuration information


Step 4: Step 4: Configuration and customization settings are checked

• Registry Registry – A database that stores information about – A database that stores information about peripherals and softwareperipherals and software

• Peripheral Peripheral – Device connected to a computer– Device connected to a computer

• Driver Driver – A utility program that makes peripheral devices – A utility program that makes peripheral devices function properlyfunction properly

• The system is configured from the operating system’s The system is configured from the operating system’s registryregistry

• Drivers are loaded into memoryDrivers are loaded into memory


Handling Errors in the Handling Errors in the Boot ProcessBoot Process

• Safe mode– Windows

does not boot properly

– Try rebooting– Uninstall any

new devices or software


The DesktopThe Desktop


Windows Windows

Viewing WindowsViewing Windows• Side-by-side• Stacked• Cascading• Flip 3D


File ManagementFile Management

• The operating system provides an organizational structure for the computer’s contents.

• Hierarchical structure of directories:– Drives

• FoldersSubfolders

» Files

• Windows 7: libraries


Many views available Large Icon viewExtra Large Icon viewTiles viewList viewSmall and Medium Icon views

File ManagementFile Management


File Name ExtensionsFile Name ExtensionsExtension Type of Document Application

.doc Word processing document Microsoft Word 2003

.docx Word processing document Microsoft Word 2007

.wpd Word processing document Corel WordPerfect

.xlsx Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007

.accdb Database Microsoft Access 2007

.pptx PowerPoint presentation Microsoft PowerPoint 2007

.pdf Portable Document Format Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader

.rtf Text (Rich Text Format) Any program that can read text documents

.txt Text Any program that can read text documents


File Name ExtensionsFile Name Extensions

Extension Type of Document Application

.htm or .html Hyper Text Markup Language for a Web page

Any program that can read HTML

.jpg Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) image

Most programs capable of displaying images

.gif Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) image

Most programs capable of displaying images

.bmp Bitmap image Windows

.zip Compressed file WinZip

Naming Files & File Path Naming Files & File Path Naming FilesNaming Files• File name: Name assigned plus file name extension• Up to 255 characters• Characters not legal in Windows file names: “ / \ * ? < >

| :• Character not legal in Mac file names: :• Mac file names are case sensitive


File Path• File path: Location of the file


Working with FilesWorking with Files• File management actions

Open Copy Move Rename Delete

• Recycle Bin (Windows)• Trash (Mac)


Utility Programs & Display UtilitiesUtility Programs & Display UtilitiesUtility ProgramsUtility Programs• Small programs that perform special functions

Manage system resources Create a pleasant environment Improve efficiency

Display UtilitiesDisplay Utilities• Change the appearance of:

Desktop Background Screen savers Window colors


Add or Remove ProgramsAdd or Remove Programs• Installation wizard

If a wizard does not initialize automatically, however, you should go to the Programs and Features utility in the Control Panel.If a wizard does not initialize automatically, however, you should go to the Programs and Features utility in the Control Panel. This prompts the OS to look for the setup program of the new software and starts the installation wizard.This prompts the OS to look for the setup program of the new software and starts the installation wizard.

• Uninstall wizard Programs cannot simply be deleted Selecting the Windows uninstaller utility, Programs and Features, you delete the main program file and all supporting files as Selecting the Windows uninstaller utility, Programs and Features, you delete the main program file and all supporting files as

well.well.


File Compression UtilitiesFile Compression Utilities• Reduce the size of a file• Take out redundancies• Make it easier and faster to send files

over the Internet, upload, and save• Generally, repeated patterns are

replaced with a shorter placeholder

TheThe rrainain inin SpSpainain fallsfalls mmainainlyly onon thethe plplainain..

System Maintenance UtilitiesSystem Maintenance Utilities

• Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files

• Choose the files to be deleted Downloaded program files Temporary Internet files Offline Web pages Recycle Bin


System Maintenance UtilitiesSystem Maintenance Utilities

• Disk defragmenter: Regroups related pieces of files

• Error checker: Checks for lost files and fragments

• Task Manager: Checks on nonresponsive programs



System RestoreSystem Restore

• Restores system settings to a specific date

System BackupSystem Backup

• Backup– Creates a copy of

the hard drive to another storage device

• Task Scheduler– Runs selected

utilities automatically


Task Scheduler


Accessibility UtilitiesAccessibility Utilities

• Ease of Access Center– Centralized location

for assistive technology

• High contrast• Magnifier• On-screen

keyboard• Windows speech

recognition

technology in action chapter 5

Documents

mac file names

time operating

operating

hard drive

driven interface

peripheral

system software

os role