teaching multiplication facts to students with learning difficulties

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Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students with Learning Difficulties. A Graduate Research Project. By Theresa L. Lemus Santos. The Problem. The overarching problem is that students with disabilities have difficulty learning multiplication facts. Why??. Existing Research…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 2: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

A Graduate Research Project

A Graduate Research Project

By Theresa L. Lemus Santos

Page 3: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 4: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

The overarching problem is that students with disabilities have difficulty learning multiplication facts.

Why??

Page 5: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Existing Research…Existing Research…

Smith and Smith, 2006 - retention and comprehension

Masoura, 2006 - working memory Burns, 2005 - Processing Stading and Williams, 1996 - use counting

Smith and Smith, 2006 - retention and comprehension

Masoura, 2006 - working memory Burns, 2005 - Processing Stading and Williams, 1996 - use counting

Page 6: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

How do students with disabilities learn best?How do students with

disabilities learn best?

Williams and Collins, 1994

3 modalities3 stages

Page 7: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 8: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Using the Research of…Using the Research of… Williams and Collins, 1994 Brookhart, Andolina, Zuza, and Furman, 2004 - Self assessment

To design a program to teach multiplication facts…

Williams and Collins, 1994 Brookhart, Andolina, Zuza, and Furman, 2004 - Self assessment

To design a program to teach multiplication facts…

Page 9: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

In this stage, multiplication facts revolve

around a physical model of a key.FOR EXAMPLE: 3 x 6 would be…

Page 10: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

18

Page 11: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Varies from the concrete stage

Page 12: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Presents the facts in their traditional form.

Presents the facts in their traditional form.

3 x 6 = 18

Page 13: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 14: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

The GroupsThe Groups

Students with Disabilities Experimental and Control

Group Consist of 7 students each

General Education StudentsExperimental and Control

Group Consist of 20 and 21 students

respectively

Students with Disabilities Experimental and Control

Group Consist of 7 students each

General Education StudentsExperimental and Control

Group Consist of 20 and 21 students

respectively

Page 15: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

The InstructionThe Instruction

Two 30-minute sessions per week Experimental Group: The program Control Group: Traditional flash cards

The Hypothesis

Pre-test/Post-test Fact quizzes and student self-assessment

Two 30-minute sessions per week Experimental Group: The program Control Group: Traditional flash cards

The Hypothesis

Pre-test/Post-test Fact quizzes and student self-assessment

Page 16: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 17: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

M SD t p

Experimentalgroup 47.86 1.88 1.73 0.05

Controlgroup 41.29 3.30

Table 1. Results of t-Test for Independent Means: Students with Disabilities

Page 18: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

M SD t p

Experimentalgroup 49.85 .10 3.29 0.0011

Controlgroup 43.57 1.60

Table 1. Results of t-Test for Independent Means: General Education Students

Page 19: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 20: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

The ResultsThe Results

Pre-test scores low Means of the Posttests T-test results

Pre-test scores low Means of the Posttests T-test results

Page 21: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 22: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Use of multi-sensory approach Concrete to Symbolic Student Self-assessment

Use of multi-sensory approach Concrete to Symbolic Student Self-assessment

Page 23: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties
Page 24: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Brookhart, S. M., Andolina, M., Zuza, M., & Furman, R. (2004). Minute math: An action research study of student self-assessment. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 57, 213-227. Burns, M. (2005). Using incremental rehearsal to increase fluency of single-digit multiplication facts with children identified as learning disabled in mathematics computation. Education and Treatment of Children, 28, 237-249. Campbell, J. I. D. (1997). On the relation between skilled performance of simple division and multiplication. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1140-1159.Gelzheiser, L. M., Solar, R. A., Shepherd, M. J., & Wozniak, R. H. (1983). Teaching learning disabled children to

memorize: A rationale for plans and practice. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16 421-425. Greene, G. (1999). Mnemonic multiplication fact instruction for students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 14(3), 141-148. Kaufmann, L., Lochy, A., Drexler, A., & Semenza, C. (2004). Deficient arithmetic fact retrieval-storage or access problem? A case study. Neuropsychologia, 42, 482-496. Kroesbergen, E. H., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (2002). Teaching multiplication to low math performers: Guided versus structured instruction. Instructional Science, 30, 361-378.Lee, D. L., Stansbery, S., Kubina, R., Jr., & Wannarka, R. (2005). Explicit instruction with or without high-p sequences: Which is more effective to teach multiplication facts? Journal of Behavioral Education, 14(4), 267-281. Masoura, E. V. (2006). Establishing the link between working memory function and learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, 4(2), 29-42. Mauro, D. G., LeFevre, J., & Morris, J. (2003). Effects of problem format on division and multiplication performance: Division facts are mediated via multiplication-based representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,

Memory, and Cognition, 29, 163-170.

Page 25: Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students  with Learning Difficulties

Robinson, K. M., Arbuthnott, K. D., & Gibbons, K. A. (2002). Adults’ representation of division facts: A consequence of learning history? Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 302-309.Smith, S. Z., & Smith M. E. (2006). Assessing elementary understanding of multiplication concepts. School Science & Mathematics, 106(3), 140-149.Stading, M., & Williams, R. L. (1996). Effects of a copy, cover, and compare procedure on multiplication facts mastery with a third grade girl with learning disabilities in a home setting. Education and Treatment of Children, 19(4), 425-434. Steel, S., & Funnell, E. (2001). Learning multiplication facts: A study of children taught by discovery methods in England. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 79(1), 37-55. Williams, D. M., & Collins, B.C. (1994). Teaching multiplication facts to students with learning disabilities: Teacher-selected versus student-selected material prompts within the delay procedure. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 589-597.Wood, D. K., & Frank, A. R. (2000). Using memory-enhancing strategies to learn multiplication facts. Teaching Exceptional Children, 32(5), 78-82.Wood, D. K., Frank, A. R., & Wacker D. P. (1998). Teaching multiplication facts to students with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 323-338.