TANUJ KUMARPOWERPOINT PRESENTATION –

AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

NUTRITIONNutrition is the process of procuring and utilisation of food to produce energy. Food is the material or substance which is needed by living organisms for obtaining energy and raw materials to produce biochemical required for development, growth and maintenance of the body. Various components of the food have various functions like providing energy , materials for body building, maintenance and regulation of metabolism . These components of food are called nutrients.

Nutrition is of two types :- Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition

NUTRITION

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

(Make their food themselves) (depend on others for food)

Parasite Saprophyte

Holozoic (Amoeba) (Fungus) (Humans)

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONIt is the process by which autotrophs(organisms which practise photosynthesis) take in substances from outside and convert them into the stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the form of Carbon dioxide and Water to form Carbohydrates. The Carbohydrates which are not used immediately are stored.

Photosynthesis – The process by which plants make their own food in the presence of sunlight with the help of Chlorophyll, Carbon dioxide and Water is known as Photosynthesis.

The following events occur during process of photosynthesis:-

1) Absorption of Light energy by Chlorophyll (Day reaction)2) Conversion of Light energy to Chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen (Day reaction).3) Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrates (glucose)

Stomata – These are tiny pores on the outer surface of the leaves. They help in exchange of gases for the process of Photosynthesis and transpiration. Opening and closing of Stomata is a function of Guard cells.

Heterotrophic NutritionThe form of nutrition in which organisms depend upon other organisms for food is known as Heterotrophic Nutrition.

Nutrition in AmoebaAmoeba takes in food with the help of Pseudopodia or its false feet. Food material is diffused to form Food Vacuoles in Cytoplasm. In food Vacuoles complex substances are broken down into simpler ones.

AMOEBA

Digestive System of Human Beings

1) Oral Cavity or Buccal Cavity 2) Salivary Glands 3) Teeth and Tongue 4) Oesophagus 5) Stomach 6) Liver and Gall Bladder 7) Pancreas 8) Small Intestine 9) Large Intestine 10) Anus

Digestive systemAlimentary canal or digestive tract is basically a

long canal extending from the mouth to the anus. When we eat, something waters our mouth. This is actually Saliva released by

Salivary gland . Saliva also contains a enzyme known as Salivary Amylase. Saliva breaks down starch into Sugar. Then food passes through Oesophagus and reaches to the

stomach. Lining of Stomach has Gastric glands which secrete digestive juices such as

Hydrochloric Acid(HCL), an enzyme called Pepsin and Mucus. HCL creates an acidic

medium which facilitates the function of Pepsin. Mucus saves the walls of the Stomach from the

affect of acidic food.

The exit of food from the stomach to Small Intestine is done by continuously contracting and relaxing Sphincter muscles. Small Intestine is the area of complete digestion of Fats, Carbohydrates and Proteins. Breaking down of fats is difficult as it is in the form of large globules. Bile Juices secreted by the Gall Bladder break down it in the form of small globules and also make the food a bit Alkaline. Pancreatic Juices secreted by pancreas contain enzyme trypsin which breaks down Proteins and Lipase which breaks down Emulsified Fats. Digestive juices secreted by Small Intestine converts Proteins into Amino acids, Carbohydrates into Glucose and Fats into Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

Absorption

The inner lining of small intestine has numerous finger like projections called Villi. Villi increase the surface area for absorption. They also contain Blood Vessels. The absorbed food is transported to each and every cell of the body. The rest material is sent to the Large Intestine where Water is absorbed. The unabsorbed material is excreted out of the body through Anus.

Q6. Saliva breaks down Starch into_____ .Ans. SugarQ7. Which Enzyme is consisted by Saliva? Ans. Salivary Amylase.Q8. What do Villi in Large Intestine Absorb?Ans. Water.Q9. Which gland secrete Digestive juices in Stomach?Ans. Gastric gland.Q10. After digestion what do Fats convert into?Ans. Fatty acid and Glycerol.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONQ1. How many types of Nutrition are there. Name them.Ans. There are two types of Nutrition namely Autotrophic nutrition and Heterotrophic Nutrition.Q2. Define Photosynthesis.Ans. Photosynthesis is the process by which Plants make their food in the presence of sunlight with the help of Carbon Dioxide and water.Q3. What are stomata?Ans. Stomata are small pores found on the surface of Leaves of plant for Exchange of Gases and Transpiration.Q4. Name the juices secreted by Gastric Glands.Ans. Juices secreted by Gastric Glands are Hydrochloric Acid, Enzyme Pepsin and Mucus.Q5. Define Villi.Ans. Villi are small finger like structures foumd in the small intestine. They help in Absorption.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1. State the process of opening and closing of Stomata?Ans. Stomata opening and closing process is done by Guard cells. As the water enters the cell, guard cells swell and the Stomata opens and as the water gets out of the cell, the guard cells shrink and hence the Stomata closes.

Q2. Define the process of Nutrition of Amoeba.Ans. Amoeba takes in food with the help of Pseudopodia or its false feet. Food material is diffused to form Food Vacuoles in Cytoplasm. In food Vacuoles complex substances are broken down into simpler ones.

Q3. What is the function of Digestive Juices secreted by Stomach?Ans. . Lining of Stomach has Gastric glands which secrete digestive juices such as Hydrochloric Acid(HCL), an enzyme called Pepsin and Mucus. HCL creates an acidic medium which facilitates the function of Pepsin. Mucus saves the walls of the Stomach from the affect of acidic food.Q4. What is the function of Bile juices secreted by Gall Bladder?Ans. Breaking down of fats is difficult as it is in the form of large globules. Bile Juices secreted by the Gall Bladder breaks down it in the form of small globules and also make the food a bit Alkaline.

Q5. Explain the process of Absorption.Ans. The inner lining of small intestine has numerous finger like projections called Villi. Villi increase the surface area for absorption. They also contain Blood Vessels. The absorbed food is transported to each and every cell of the body. The rest material is sent to the Large Intestine where Water is absorbed. The unabsorbed material is excreted out of the body through Anus.