Qun Thi Bnh Thin Quc ni dy [1850-1854]

1.Bi cnh lch s sau chin tranh nha phin :

Dn cng, ti lc tn, nguyn nhn khng xy ra trong sm ti ; nhng chin tranh nha phin l

giai on tt cng sc chu ng. Qung ng, Chit Giang, Giang T l nhng chin trng

ch yu. Ti Qung ng, quyn lng hng t thng nhn, quan li bt lnh, i lng, ngy

ngy cp bch ; dn chng Chit Giang na s lu ly, khng cung cp ni lng v nhn lc ;

tnh Giang T phi gnh vc nng n. Sau chin tranh c np 1 thch lng, ph thu thm 3

thch ; thu inh, thu in, 1 lng bc thu thm 4,5 ngn ng tin. S ng gp nng n ca

dn ng nhin do bi khon tin bi thng cho ngi Anh, ln th nht 600 vn nguyn, ly

t ngn kh cc tnh Giang T, Chit Giang ; s cn li 1.500 vn nguyn, th 8/10 ly t cc

tnh.

V phng din chnh tr, sau chin tranh nha phin uy tn chnh ph hon ton tng tht, nhng

dn li vng ln. Tng c Lng Qung K Anh nhn nh rng Quan s ngoi Di, ngoi Di

s trm h Dn c th lm s ci ngi m quan s, th dn dn dn s coi thng nm quan

trong tay ; ngoi hon tuy bt nhng ni hon s dy ln.

R rng sau chin tranh nha phin ni lon xy ra khng ngt. Nm 1843 c bit xy ra ti

cc tnh Qung ng [Guangdong], Qung Ty [Guangxi], H Nam [Hunan] ; nh Thin a

hi ti huyn Hng Sn, Qung ng ; dn i ni dy ti V Xng [Wugang], H Nam. K

cc mi lon khc xy ra lin tc hng nm, nh v dn b mt ma i kht ni lon ti

Qung Ty ; L Nguyn Pht, Li Ti Ho ni dy ti Tn Ninh [Xinning, H Nam] ; ti Qung

ng, bn Trng Gia Phc mang ng my ngn cp ph bn phng. n nm 1850

Thin a hi hot ng mnh ti tnh Qung ng, vy thnh Triu Khnh, nh bi quan qun

ti l pha bc, xm nhp tnh Qung Ty ; trong 11 ph ca tnh ny c 8 ph b Thin a hi

chim c, cng l lc Thi Bnh Thin Quc ca Hng T Ton chnh thc c s.

2. Cuc vn ng phn Thanh ca Hng T Ton v ng :

Hng T Ton [1814-1864] l dn ng c ti huyn Hoa [huado], tnh Qung ng, lc nh hc

9 nm trng t, tng i c ti ; nm 18 tui m lp dy hc. L mt phn t tr thc lc by

gi, ch mun thi u c cng danh ph qu ; Hng 2 ln n Qung Chu ng th, nhng

khng u ; nm 1843 li thi rt thm mt ln na. Lc by gi c Chu Cu Tr

xng Thng hi, cn gi l Tam im hi, T Ton v ngi cng lng theo ; Cu Tr

mt, Hng T Ton c tn ln lm Gio ch. Nhn b bnh nng hn 30 ngy ; sau cn bnh

k rng Thin s a ln tri, Thin ph Thng sai chm tr yu ma, cu vt ngi i ; c

Thin huynh C c ra sc ph tr. Trc thi gian , Hng ti Qung Chu tm c mt

quyn sch nhan Khuyn th lng ngn do Gio C c Lng Pht Tit son, ni dung

dn dng thnh kinh C c, cng ngha ca o. Lun 3 ln thi rt, y phn khch, trong

lng m ch hng khc ; li c qua quan nim mi ca tn gio, thy c th li dng c, bn

to ra vic ln tri vv Tuy nhin trong vng 7 nm sau, cha thy Hng c hnh ng thc t

no, li cn i thi thm 2 ln na.

Huyn Hoa vn gn Qung Chu, trong thi k chin tranh nha phin cc quan vn v ti Qung

Chu s hi tht th, qun binh khip nhc khng dm nh ; ch mt vi ngn qun Anh

phng th Thng , ra uy nh ch khng ngi, dy xo duyn hi, sng Trng Giang ; triu

nh nh Thanh phi ci u khut phc. Nhng s kin nu trn, nu Hng T Ton khng

thy, th cng tng nghe, nhn ra thi c tt ti. Nm 1843, tc sau chin tranh 2 nm, c

k li Khuyn th lng ngn, cm thy nhng iu trong sch v ci m Hng h cu v thn

thoi ln tri ph hp ; Hng xc nhn rng nhn mnh Thng lm Thin t, Khuyn th

Lng ngn l Thin th c Thng ban cho, bn tn ph Bi Thng hi. ng ch

u tin ca Hng l Phng Vn Sn, cng dn ng c cng lng v bn hc chung trng. V

hy hoi bi v Khng T, khin hng l khng dung, h phi ri huyn Hoa. Nm 1844 Hng

v Phng chu du cc huyn chung quanh Qung Chu, ri n huyn Qu [Quigang] tnh Qung

Ty tuyn truyn. Nhng s tn khng ng, Hng li tr v huyn Hoa, ring Phng n

Qu Bnh [Guiping, Qung Ty] thuc pha ng bc huyn Qu.

Hng sng ti nh trong 2 nm, lo vic trc thut tn gio v chnh tr ; thuyt rng ngi trong

ci phm l mt nh, tt c n ng l anh em, n b l ch em ; Thng sinh dng bao bc,

n t ra, ai tri vi tri chu ti ln. Ngy nay lon cc s tr, ti cc s sng, l o tri,

m tan dn, mt tri s mc. Theo o ca Thng khin lon th bin thnh cng bnh

chnh trc, cng hng thi bnh Trc lc sinh Thng chm lo, lc cht ln thin ng,

vnh vin ti tri hng phc. nu khng s bin thnh yu ma lc sng b qu tri, lc cht b

qu nh, vnh vin ti ngc chu kh. Li ch ra Thp thin iu, khuyn : knh bi Thng ,

khng knh bi t thn, khng ku tn Thng v c, l bi trong 7 ngy, hiu thun cha m,

khng git ngi hi ngi, khng gian t dm lon, khng trm cp, khng ni hoang ngn,

khng ng lng tham.

Lun v thi s, th khng khi ngang tng Vi 18 tnh ln b ch ng bi 3 tnh Mn Chu,

vi 5 vn vn ngi Hoa b ch ng bi vi trm vn gic Tht, thc ng s, ng nhc. Li mi

nm tin bc hng ha Trung Quc bin thnh khi thuc, ht mu m ca dn ; mt nm nng

n nh vy, th 200 nm trin min, dn Trung quc k giu bin thnh ngho, k ngho khng

khi phm php Nm 1847, Hng n Qung Chu sng khc kh vi Gio s M I. J. Robert

[La Hiu Ton] c Cu c, ri quay li Qung Ty.

Lc ny Phng Vn Sn ti ni T Kinh, huyn Qu Bnh, tnh Qung Ty t thnh tu ln. T

Kinh l chn ni rng rm rp, nm gia giao l cc huyn Qu Bnh, Bnh Nam [Pingnan], V

Tuyn [Wuxuan], Tng Chu [Xiangzhou] ; ni ny t tp nhiu dn khai khn. Ti vng t

thun li ny, trong 3 nm Phng Vn Sn t chc c lc lng c bn Bi thng hi. Tn

ti Qu Bnh khong 2.000, cc huyn ph cn u c ng ng. Bn ct cn nh Dng

T Thanh, Vi Chnh, Tiu Triu Qu, Thch t Khai, Tn Nht Cng, H D Quang u nm

trong .

Lc Hng T Ton n, cc ni ti Qung Ty bng ln, khi tan l dn, khi t thnh gic ; mi

nhm u c u mc, hot ng rt mnh, truyn ngn rng Kip vn sp dy ln, Bi thng

s c min Trong 10 nh c 5, 3 hoc 8 ngi theo, cng c nhng ngi c sch r

rng th khng theo ; ngi theo phn nhiu thuc nh bn kh. Hng T Ton ph tng thn,

dn thip Thin iu ngi xem ng c, chu huyn khng dm can thip. Ri xa gn

truyn ming, tn cng ng dn n vic s t thn ho a phng cng Bi Thng hi

xung t. Li dng a phng ny lm lon lc, Hng T Ton v Dng T Thanh lp Bo

lng cng ph hi [hi bo v lng dn nh th ph], luyn qun, d tr lng thc, ngi

theo rt ng. Tri huyn Qu Bnh d n v bt c, cng tch thu 17 danh sch ngi theo,

nhng Tun ph Trnh T Thm khng quyt nh ti, ri tha. T nm 1847 n 1848, Phng

Vn Sn hai ln b on luyn bt, nhng vin Tri huyn Qu Bnh n hi l, cho tr v nguyn

tch Qung ng, ri gia ng tm cch thot. Hng nhn Phng b bt, ch thn v Qung

ng tm cch cu nhng khng thnh, ri c hai u quay tr li Qung Ty.

Lc Phng b bt, ri Phng v Hng i Qung ng, Bi Thng hi tri qua cn dao ng ;

Dng T Thanh, Tiu Triu Qu gi danh Thin ph, Thin huynh xung trn trn tnh nhn

tm ; Dng l k t than trong ni, c nhiu tr mu ; Tiu l nng dn t canh 1, dng cm

gii nh nhau. Nm 1849, Hng T Ton t Qung ng n, t cho rng bit ting ni ca

tri, gi tri l Gia Ha Hoa, Gia T l anh c, Hng l em th hai. Ri nm trong nh ring,

khng cho ai dm ng, khng a cm nc ; vi ngy sau ra khi nh, bo rng bn lun vi

Thng , nn ai cng s. Li chng thc vic Dng v Tiu l Thin ph, Thin huynh h

phm, v khi y ln tri tng thy. K t Dng tr thnh pht ngn nhn ca Thng ,

Tiu thnh pht ngn nhn ca C c. Dng rt gian hng, thnh thong mn danh Thin

ph h phm cao bn thn, quyn ngang nga vi Hng T Ton.

3. Hng T Ton sng lp Vng triu mi

Lc by gi tnh hnh Qung Ty si sc, quan qun khng c thng no khng tn qun mt

tng ; dn chng c li n rng nm Tn Hi [1852] Thanh tn, Minh phc . Vo nm

1852, o Quang mt, li n li cng mnh ; Bi Thng hi m hoc cng ln, mt ngi

vo hi, c nh cng theo. Ngi vo hi a gia ti in sn hin vo ca cng, khng cho gi

ring ; t chc theo li qun s, 5 ngi 1 ng, 5 ng 1 lng, 4 lng 1 tt, 5 tt 1 l, 5 l 1 s,

5 s 1 qun ; mi n v t Ng trng, Lng t m, Tt trng, L soi, S soi, Qun soi ;

trn Qun soi c Gim qun, Tng ch, Tng qun, Ch huy, Kim im, Tha tng, Ch

tng, Qun s.

Thng 7/1850 Bi Thng hi hiu triu cc ng n on doanh ti Kim in

[Jintianzhen], huyn Qu Bnh. quan qun bt ch , Hng T Ton, Phng Vn Sn tr ti

Bnh Nam, Dng T Thanh gi lm ngi cm ic. Tng b ca Bi Thin a hi t ti nh

Vi Chnh Kim in, n v n u tin t chu Qu, di quyn Thch t Khai. Thng 11

cc a phng n tng i ng, Dng T Thanh u tin mang ng nh thng quan

qun ti Bnh Nam ; ri phi hp vi Hng T Ton, Phng Vn Sn quay li nh Kim in,

li hoch thng li. Vo ngy 11/1/1851 [10 thng 12 nm o Quang th 20] Hng T Ton t

nin hiu Thi bnh thin quc, t xng l Thin vng, v Li th lm Hong hu ; phong cho

Dng T Thanh, Tiu Triu Qu, Phng Vn Sn, Vi Chnh, Thch t Khai, chia gi Trung,

Tin, Hu, T, Hu, Qun ch tng. Qun s c 1 vn, nh gii khong 2,3 ngn, c c n

doanh.

Bi Thng hi v Thin a hi c im tng thng, l phn Thanh ; nn Hng T Ton

hy vng c th thu ht c th lc ny. S Thin a hi theo Hng khng t, nhng s chng

li cng nhiu. Th nht h khng thch quy lut nghim khc ca Bi Thng hi ; th hai l

hai bn ch trng v tn gio, chnh tr bt ng. Thin a hi th 5 v t 2, Bi Thng hi

ch th Thng , Thin ph, Thin huynh. Thin a hi hiu triu khi phc nh Minh, Hng

T Ton th mun t thit lp vng triu.

Tm tt v thnh vin Thi bnh thin quc, gm k s bt mn nh Hng T Ton, Phng Vn

Sn ; nng, cng gp nghch cnh nh Dng T Thanh, Tiu Triu Qu ; Thn s a ch hiu

cht t th vn nh Vi Chnh, Thch t Khai, H D Quang ; ch huy hng dng nh Tn Nht

Cng. Lp di th ngoi nng dn, cng nhn ; c k gnh thu, cho thuyn thu, bun bn,

lnh o ng, du ng, cp bc. Ni v qu qun th hu ht l Lng Qung, nhng phn ln

l Qung Ty ; cng c mt vi ngi ti tnh khc gi chc trng yu.

Triu nh Bc Kinh i vi tnh hnh tnh Qung Ty khng hiu mt cch r rng. Khi u

qua tu bo, Tun ph Qung Ty cha cp n Bi Thng hi. Thng 9/1850 Thin a

hi nh n gn tnh thnh Qu Lm [Guilin], mi sai Tng c Lng Qung T Qung Thiu

n liu bin, iu Hng Vinh lm c Qung Ty. T lo dp lon ti Qung ng, khng

rnh ng ph hai bn, li a Lm Tc T ln lm Khm sai i thn. Lm mt trn ng i,

bn ci dng vin Tng c Lng Giang 3 L Tinh Trm thay th v c Tng c H Qung,

Chu Thin Tc, lm Tun ph Qung Ty. Trong vn th ch cp n Thin a hi, mi n

thng 11/1850 mi bt u ch n Bi thng hi. Vo thng 1/1851 Hng T Ton,

Dng T Thanh i ph qun Qu Chu [Guizhou] ti Qu Bnh, tin nh ca Hong Giang

ti Bnh Nam ; L Tinh Trm bit rng y l chn trng yu, bn tp hp trng binh trong vng

hn mt thng, nhng ch qua mt trn, li b thua.

Thi bnh qun c nim tin tn gio, hnh qun khng xm phm vt nh ca dn, lm trn chu

s c thc, tr thnh mt o qun mnh ch kin cng, li c nhn dn ng h. Chin

lc ly c th lm chnh, mi mi nhn, dng nhu kh, khng giao chin vi quan qun

ngay ; tng tr nhiu ngy, i lc quan binh l l, thnh lnh t xut, nh di ni triu dng,

khng c g c ni. Qun Thanh th tng soi bt ha, suy u kn ca ; qun tip vin khng

c tp luyn, hiu lnh bt nht, s co li khng dm tin. Tun ph Chu Thin Tc tng

em th lc hai bn ra so snh Gic cng nh cng thm nhiu, nhng ta cng nh cng khip

; gic hung hn n lc khng phi l m hp, bn chng k lut nghim minh, nhng qun ta

th khng c cht k lut no, thoi d m tin rt kh. Gic dng thuc m, b thng cng

khng mng, nh n cht thi . Quan qun cho rng gic c t thut hoc Gic dng

binh ton theo php Ty Dng . Ngoi ch quan binh ng qun, thn xm u theo Bi

Thng hi ; ci gi l t thut ch l nim tin tn gio, cn ci gi l dng binh theo php

Ty phng ch l ni lo s ca chin tranh nha phin cn st li. Khm sai i thn L Tinh

Trm thy tnh th khng kham ni, tu xin chn thng soi v iu thm qun, nu khng ton

cuc khng cu vn c.

Thng 3/1851 qun Thi bnh thin quc t ca Hong Giang quay tr v V Tuyn, Tng

Chu ri hng ln Qu Lm pha bc, b nh thua ; li quay v trn Kim in [Jintianzhen], b

qun Thanh bao vy. Thng 8 ph vng vy ri theo ng tt ln pha bc ; ngy 25/9 chim

c thnh tr u tin l chu l Vnh An 4. Ti Vnh An dng chn 6 thng, cng c lc lng ;

lc by gi khong hn 3 vn, 5.000 c kh nng chin u. Phong Dng T Thanh lm ng

vng, Tiu Triu Qu Ty vng, Phng Vn Sn Nam vng, Vi Chnh Bc vng ; phn bit

coi ng, ty, nam, bc cc quc ; Thch t Khai l Dc vng, lm vy cnh cho triu nh.

Thin vng xng Vn tu ; cc Vng khc theo th t xng Cu thin tu, Bt thin tu vv

Thin vng l vn quc chn cha, cc vng khc di quyn tit ch ca ng vng, quyn

lc khng km Thin vng. Trong qun chia ra cc tri nam, n ; N vng, N binh phn

nhiu l dn b lc Giao, i chn trn, xa tc, mang kh gii, khe mnh hn c n ng ; nam,

n phn bit nghim, khng cho sng chung.

Ngoi t chc qun s, vn kinh t cng c h ch trng. Lc khi u k gia nhp Bi

Thng hi, c nhin phi em ti sn sung cng ; sau khi c s, nhng k b p gia nhp,

ngoi vic np ti vt, phi em nh ca thiu hy, tuyt ng lu luyn, mt lng theo hng

qun. Khi mi chim Vnh An, Thin vng hiu triu cc binh tng Phm git yu tc,

chim thnh, tch thu c vng bc, gm la, bo vt, phi np vo Thin triu thnh kh, k

no tri lnh b x chm.

V ch lch, Thi bnh thin quc c Thin lch . Lch mi nm 365 ngy, thng 31 ngy gi l

n nguyt, thng 30 ngy gi l song nguyt ; khng c ngy tt, xu ; lch ny khng hn

Trung hay Ty, y l s kt hp gia m v Dng lch. Lch cng chia 7 ngy 1 tun, nhng

ngy Ch nht trc Dng lch 1 ngy ; cng chp nhn can chi 5 ghi ngy, nhng trc lch

Trung Quc 1 ngy.

i biu cho tinh thn l lun ca Thi bnh thin quc l 3 thin co vn ca Dng T Thanh

v Tiu Triu Qu ban b vo thng 6/1852 ; s d ly tn 2 ngi ny, v bn h l i din cho

Thin ph, Thin huynh. Co vn c on Thin h ca Thng , bn Mn Chu l r H

yu qui, gy c hn lon, ci bin trung chu hnh tng, y phc, ngn ng ; lm nhc ph n

Trung Quc, c hip nam nhn ; thy tai hn hn khng chu cp, tham tc lt. Vi 5 ngn

vn dn chng Trung Quc li b ch ng bi 10 vn Mn Chu, thc ng nhc. Hin ti Hong

thin gin d, mnh Thin vng gip qut sch yu nghit, khuych thanh thin h, hng phc

t nc b trm lun, thit lp cng thng ; hy vng ton th ng tm ng lc qut sch r

H.

4. Qun Thi bnh trn chin thng chim Nam Kinh ri khai trin ln pha bc v quay

ngc v hng ty

Thi bnh thin quc chim Vnh An cha c bao lu th b vy ; lc by gi qun Thanh v

kh tng i tt, qun Thi bnh thiu tip t nn gp kh khn. Vo thng 3/1852, lc lng

phu m ti huyn Qu n tip vin ; Hng T Ton ra lnh t vy, i ph qun Thanh ti

doanh Th Xun, tin chim C Thc Xung, Tiu L Quan, ti Qung Ty. Tha tng qun

Thi bnh Tn Nht Cng ng ti Tin Hi Lnh [Xianhuixiang, Qung Ty] b qun ca Ph

thng Lan Thi nh thua, cht hng ngn, bt c Thin c vng Hng i Ton, sau

qun Lan Thi b phc kch ti rng thua to. Lc by gi Hng T Ton theo mu ca Dng

T Thanh dng ng tt M Lnh [Malingzhen, Qung Ty] tp kch tnh l Qu Lm, Lan

Thi mang bi qun v cu, b t thng ti cu Tng Qun pha nam thnh. Thng 4, Hng

Vinh mang qun i vng n tng vin, nh vy gi c thnh. Qun Thi bnh nh Qu Lm

khng h c, bn tin qun ln pha bc. Nam vng Phng Vn Sn t Ton Chu

[Quanzhou, Qung Ty] mang qun theo hng Trng Sa [Changsha, H Nam], n bn Xuy

Y [Qung Ty] b phc kch t thng, l mt tn thng ln. Thng 6 vo tnh H Nam, b

binh dng ca Giang Trung Nguyn nh thua ; bn mang qun xung pha nam chim o

Chu [Daoxian, H Nam], dng li trong 2 thng. Ti y ng c 2 vn ngi, bn b

sung qun ng, tu to chin c, th qun tng nhanh. Thng 7 chim c cc huyn Giang Hoa

[Jianghua, H Nam], Ninh Vin [Ningyuan, H Nam], Gia Ha [Jiahe, H Nam]. Thng 8 chim

Qu Dng [Guiyang, H Nam] b qun Giang Trung Nguyn nh ui, bn xua qun sang

hng ng chim Lm Chu [Chenzhou, H Nam] s ngi theo ln n 3 vn. Thng 9, Ty

vng Tiu Triu Qu cho rng Trng Sa n c, c th hnh qun gp chim ly ; bn c

sut L Khai Phng, Lm Phng Tng theo hng Tr Lng [Chalinh, H Nam], L Lng

[Liling, H Nam] nh vo pha nam thnh Trng Sa [Changsha, H Nam], b trng pho cht ;

y l mt tn tht ln ca qun Thi bnh. Thng 10 Hng, Dng mang qun ch lc n nh

Trng Sa, nhng cha h c. Cui thng 11, qun Thi bnh ban m vt sng Tng

Giang sang pha ty, ly c hng 1.000 chic thuyn ti ch Dng [Yiyang, H Nam], bn

theo h ng nh [Dongting lake, H Nam] vt sang pha ng chim Nhc Dng

[Yueyang, H Nam]. Ti y, ch trong mt tun tch thu c 5000 chic thuyn, ch y chin

li phm ; thuyn rng ca Hng T Ton, h v bi i pho, ban m trng 36 ngn n

xung quanh, cc thuyn khc u bt chc, khin nh la sng nh ban ngy, sut hng chc

dm. Hai o qun thy lc theo hng xui dng sng Trng Giang [Dng T, Changjiang]

nhm V Xng [Wuchang, H Bc] tin pht. Trc 5 thng Thi bnh thin quc sai

ngi ngm dn b co ti V Xng, chng t sc thm nhp nhanh. Ngy 22/12, gp ma

ng nc cn, qun Thi bnh dng thuyn xing dy st, lm thnh ng bng qua 2 sng,

n ngay di chn thnh V Xng, c n 15 vn ngi. Trc tin chim Hn Dng

[Hanyang, H Bc], sau n Hn Khu [Hankou, H Bc] ; ngy 12/1/1853 h thnh V Xng,

y l tnh thnh th nht b chim ; qun Thi bnh ch git quan binh, khng git dn chng.

Ti V Xng ng hn 20 ngy, tuyn truyn dn chng rng nhng ngi theo Bi Thng

hi ti sn sung cng, nam vo qun doanh, n vo n qun, nhng ngi khng theo, c th

em vng, ngc, tin, go n Tin cng s , ri lm dn nh c.

Sau khi Trng Sa b vy, T Qung Tn c giao chc Thng soi ; n lc tnh H Bc b

hm, triu nh nh Thanh sai Tng c Lng Giang Lc Kin Doanh, v Tun ph H Nam

K Thin lm Khm sai i thn chia phng th ti cc tnh Giang [Chit Giang, Giang T],

Hon [An Huy], D [H Nam] ; nhm ngn qun Thi bnh tin sang pha ng v bc. Sau khi

V Xng tht th, T Qung Tn b cch chc iu tra, c Hng Vinh thay th. Ngy

9/2/1853 qun Thi bnh t cc trn V, Hn, dng trn 1 vn chic thuyn xui dng tin v

pha ng, xng rng qun 50 vn. Qun Thanh vn v b thnh chy trn, qun lnh r ng

trc ; ln lt ph cc thnh Cu Giang [Jiujang, Giang Ty], An Khnh [Anquing, An Huy],

Vu H [Wuhu, An Huy] dc sng Trng Giang ; n ngy 19/3 nh chim Nam Kinh, 2 vn

qun bt k b tiu dit !

K t khi qun Thi bnh mi ra khi tnh Qung Ty cho n nay, trong vng 9 thng, hnh

qun trn 3.000 dm, qut qua 5 tnh 6 dc sng Trng Giang, binh lc tng n 30 vn ; tuy c

k b p, nhng s ngi tnh nguyn cng khng t. Nguyn nhn chnh do nim tin tn gio v

tuyn truyn, nhng yu t kinh t, qun s cng ng vai tr quan trng. T khi vo n tnh

H Nam chuyn cp ph thnh th, khng nhng khng cp bc ti nng thn, li cn ly y

phc ti thnh th chia cho cc dn ngho v truyn ngn rng s min thu 3 nm, nn dn qu

mong mun gic n . Ngi ngho thng ght hn ngi giu, cn qun Thi bnh n

khng hi n h, li cn c li, nn gic cha n tm lng xa la, gic n th tr nn vui

v tranh nhau nghnh n. Qun Thi bnh hiu lnh nghim, k lut vng, khng tao nhiu ;

lc mi n ra v l php vi ngi hin, ri sau uy hip, nn dn u s phc. Qun Thanh

th cp bc gian dm, thy gic th tan v, nhn ng bi hi ; bi vy qun Thi bnh th ch

tre, hng v u nh tan ni .

Qun Thi bnh c d nh chim Nam Kinh t trc, khi cha ra khi Qung Ty mi ln

nh nhau vi quan qun thng ni Ta s nh Giang Nam, u c s g quan qun cc

ngi. Dng T Thanh tng ni Thng sch ngy nay l b Qung Ty khng ng n,

tin thng theo Trng Giang m nh cc n i, b ni li hi, ly cho c Kim Lng [Nam

Kinh] lm ni cn c ; sau sai tng i bn phng, phn nh nam bc, tuy cha hon

ton thnh cng, th ta cng c c phia nam sng Hong H. Li xng Kim Lng l tiu thin

ng, l ni Minh Thi T nh dp r H quang phc t Hoa H, c ngha lch s. u tin

sau khi chim c, Hng T Ton yt kin lng Minh Thi T, c hnh l in, c chc t c

on Con chu hn km l Hng T Ton thu phc c t pha nam ca tin , bn ln

ngi ti Nam Kinh, nht nht tun theo hin ch ca t vo nm Hng V th nht. Dng T

Thanh ch trng tin chim Nam Kinh xong ci tn l Thin Kinh, thc hin k hoch ngn tr

vn lng nam bc, chim Trn Giang [Zhenjiang, Giang T], Dng Chu [Yangzhou, Giang

T] Thin Kinh lm 3 chn vc. L do khng tip tc tin chim pha ng pha bin, v mun

tin ln pha bc v quay li sang pha ty, ngc theo dng sng Trng Giang.

Vo u thng 5/1853, mnh Thin quan ph Tha tng Lm Phng Tng, a quan chnh

Tha tng L Khai Phng nh pha bc ; Xun quan chnh Tha tng H D Quang, H

quan chnh Tha tng Li Hn Anh mang qun quay tr li nh pha ty. Qun bc pht vn

theo chin lc xung kch nh c Qun i theo ng tt, n Yn [Bc Kinh] gp, khng

tham nh thnh ly t, ph thi gian. o qun pha ty vi nhim v thu phc pha ty sng

Trng Giang, khng ch pha nam sng Hong H.

Thuyt ng tin cy cho rng Hng, Dng phm sai lm v mang qun ln pha bc qu t.

Lc lng ca Lm, L c thuyt cho rng ch 3 ngn, c thuyt 2 vn ; ni tm li khng .

Qun khi hnh t pha bc tnh An Huy, ln n pha ng tnh H Nam [Henan], nh vt qua

sng Hong H [Yellow River]. V qun Thanh d phng, ko ht thuyn sang pha bc, nn

qun Thi bnh bt c d phi chuyn theo hng ty. Sau khi nh thnh Khai Phong [Kaifeng,

H Nam] khng h c, phi i tip n pha ty Trnh Chu [Zhengzhou, H Nam] ri qua

sng n tnh Sn Ty [Shanxi]. Tip tc tin sang ng n tnh Trc L 7, i ph qun ca

Tng c Trc L, ri tha thng n Bo nh [Baoding] ; by gi Bc Kinh gii nghim, quan

dn chy trn n my vn ngi. Lc qun vin ti kinh k n, tp trung chng c, nn

qun Thi Bnh tn tht, phi chuyn sang pha ng, ri li theo Vn H tin ln pha bc. Ngy

20/12 qun Thi Bnh 3 vn ngi, tn cng mnh Thin Tn [Tianjin] ; qun Thanh phi cho

tho Vn H ngn, nn hai bn th tng tr. K t khi xut pht ti Nam Kinh cho n

Thin Tn [cch Bc Kinh 240 dm] ; qun hnh 4.000 dm, thi gian 5 thng.

Thng 2/1854 qun bc pht lng ht, thi tit tr nn lnh, tay chn t cng, cht khng t ; li

b k binh ca Tng Cch Lm Thm nh bi, nh phi rt lui pha nam. Lc ny Thin kinh

phi vin qun ln pha bc, vo trung tun thng 4 n pha ty bc tnh Sn ng [Shandong],

cui cng khng gp c qun bc pht rt v pha nam. Vo thng 5/1855 qun bc pht hon

ton b tiu dit.

Nguyn nhn bc pht tht bi, th nht do binh lc khng , li cn do b binh khng ch

c k binh ca Tng Cch Lm Thm trong trn chin ti t bng. Th hai do ngn ng bt

ng, ngi phng bc cn trng, theo qun Thi bnh khng nhiu. T tr v sau, qun

Thi bnh khng vt c sng Hong H, nh nh Thanh gi gn c vng t cn bn.

Qun Thi bnh tin cng ti Hoa bc tht bi, cuc chin min ty cng khng c c .

Qun ty chinh c trn 1000 chin thuyn, qun s cng vt tri qun nh min bc. Thng

8/1853 ti chim An Khnh, H D Quang lu li gi, ring Li Hn Anh xua qun sang pha ty

vo tnh Giang Ty bao vy Nam Xng [Nanchang], Giang Trung Nguyn c qun c th,

qun Thi bnh phn cng nhng khng thng. Thng 9 b vy Nam Xng, tin chim Cu

Giang ; vo tnh H Bc, ti chim Hn Dng v Hn Khu, ri rt v pha ng tnh. Cnh

qun ca H D Quang ti An Khnh, vo thng 1/1854 tin chim tnh l lm thi An Huy ti

L Mn [Hefei, Hp Ph], Tun ph Giang Trung Nguyn thua cht, hn 20 chu thuc tnh An

Huy u b qun Thi bnh chim.

Thng 2/1854 qun Thi Bnh thng li ti pha ng tnh H Bc, chim Hn Dng, Hn Khu

ln th ba. Mt mt vy thnh V Xng, mt mt tin xung H Nam chim Nhc Dng, ri

vng qua Trng Sa, nh chim Tng m [Xiangtan, H Nam]. Lc ny Tng qun ti H

Nam mi hun luyn xong, bt u ra tay ; qun Thi Bnh ng phi i th mnh ; t nay tr

v sau, hai bn tranh ot vng t phn ln dc theo sng Trng Giang.

5. Cc nc Ty phng tip xc vi Thi bnh thin quc

T khi cc nc Ty phng vo tranh ginh bun bn ti Trung Quc, th s bin lon ti

Trung Quc khng cn l vn ni b ca nc ny. Cc gio s v thng nhn ngoi quc

nhn thy Thi bnh thin quc l th lc mi trong cng cuc vn ng cch mng, i vi tn

gio ny h cm thy hng th ; nu Trung Quc l mt quc gia theo o C c th s c ch

li trong vic bun bn v truyn gio ; bo ch ca h u biu ng tnh. V cc quan chc

ngoi giao mun nhn lc ny, thu nhiu quyn li t triu Thanh hoc qun Thi bnh.

Sau khi qun Thi bnh chim Nam Kinh, Tng c Thng Hi kim Cng s Anh, S.J.

Bonham [Vn Hn], phi vin Thng dch Thomas Taylor Meadows [Mt ch Lc] theo ng

T Chu [Suzhou, Giang T], Thng Chu [Changzhou, Giang T] tm cch lin lc ngoi

giao. Ngy 27/4/1853 S.J Boham n Nam Kinh, sai Hm trng E. G. Fishbourne [Ph S Ban]

a th cho quan chc Thi bnh thin quc, ni dung n y c vic mun thng lng,

ch khng phi gip qun Thanh nh nhau. Thomas Taylor Meadows ln thnh, gp Bc

vng Vi Chnh, Dc vng Thch t Khai ; ni r nc Anh ng trung lp v mun bit lp

trng i ngoi ca qun Thi bnh c nh tn cng Thng Hi hoc tip s Anh hay khng.

Bc vng cao Thin vng v quyn lc tn gio, nu ngi Anh gip qun Thanh cng

khng ng s. Li bo Thin vng ni Trung Quc c chn cha th cng l chn cha ca vn

nc, t nay tr v sau hai bn cng an tm, tr thnh bn tt. Ngy hm sau S.J. Bonham nhn

c d phc p ca ng vng Dng T Thanh vi li l kiu ngo, bn em tt c vn

kin tr li, km theo Nam Kinh iu c biu th quyn li nc Anh ti Trung Quc. Li

gi chiu hi thanh minh nc Anh khng bang tr cho quan qun Mn Chu thuyn my, li

khng chun cho mn thng thuyn ngi Anh i vi qu Quc vng v Mn Chu i

ch, nc Anh tnh nguyn khng can d vo hai bn . Sau bo rng Nghe tin qun ca

qu Quc vng nh n T [Suzhou, Chit Giang], Tng [Songjiang], sau n Thng Hi.

Lc qu Quc vng nh c x vi nc Anh nh th no, xin nguyn nghe bit . Qua

nhng li ny, bit c nc Anh rt ch n hnh ng ca Thi bnh thin quc i vi

Thng Hi. ng vng phc p rng Thin h vn mt nh, bn bin l anh em Cc

ngi l ngi xa xi nguyn n lm phin thuc, thin h hoan lc ; Thin ph, Thin huynh

cng hoan lc. c lng trung quy thun, ging ch cho u mc cc ngi cng cc huynh,

c th n Thin kinh ; hoc hiu lc, hoc thng thng, ra vo ca thnh, u khng cm ch,

l tri. Li cp cho vi loi Thnh th, mun hiu chn o c th dng tu tp. S.J.

Bonham dng li l nghim khc bc b Th n li l thiu r rng khng hiu ni. Trung

Quc chun cho chng ti thng thng, th v lun ngi no lm tn thng s bun bn,

nc ti ch bit dng binh. Ri khi thuyn nc Anh theo hng ng ra khi Trn Giang, li

nhn c th ca vin tng Thi bnh Li i Cng, ni dung nguyn i x hu ho,

khuyn ngi Anh ng tr gip qun Thanh, ng bun nha phin. S.J. Bonham p li, xc

nh ng trung lp, nhng khng cp n vn nha phin. La i Cng l ngi Lng

Qung, c cho l ngi c kh nng trong m gic , ng i c th hn ng vng v

Bc vng.

Qua ln i ny S.J. Bonham thy c th lc qun Thi bnh ln mnh, tt s thnh cng, trong

tng lai nc Anh c th thay i chnh sch ; trc mt nn gi th trung lp. Ring Thomas

Taylor Meadows c nhiu cm tnh vi qun Thi bnh, cho rng nu nh h thnh cng th

khng nhng c th khuch trng vic truyn gio v giao thng, ring Trung Quc cng c

th bc ln con ng tin b. Tun ph Giang T [Jiangsu] i vi vic S.J. Bonham n Nam

Kinh, t v ht sc khng an lng, bn gi chiu hi cho Lnh s Anh, M Ngh rng hai nc

thng thng ha ho lu, nay vic bun bn b quy nhiu, mu dch ngng tr, v li gic

ph cm nha phin rt nghim, gp mt ngi nc ti ht thuc l b st hi ; hy vng s mang

thuyn my vo sng Trng giang nh dp gip.

Vo thng 6/1854 ngi k nhim S.J. Bonham l John Bowring [Bao Lnh] sai vin Thng dch

Walter H. Medhurst Jr. [Mch Hoa ] n Nam Kinh quan st. Nh ng cc Thi bnh thin

quc tuy vn ni rng Vn quc thng thng, trong thin h u l anh em , nhng vn gi

thi mun Thin h ngoi quc n u hng , nu khng l yu ma. Thng 1/1855 John

Bowring thy rng th lc qun Thi bnh khng th khinh thng, v li lc by gi nc Anh

ang c tranh chp qun s vi Nga khng rnh ti Vin ng, nn b co rng nc Anh

nghim gi trung lp.

Ngi Php theo Thin cha gio, i vi tn gio ca Thi bnh thin quc lc u c cm tnh

tt. Thng 12/1853, S gi Php B Nh B Long n Nam Kinh, sai ngi vo thnh trc, gp

v tha tng h Li [Hn Anh?], hai bn t v hy vng ha ho. Vi ngy sau B Nh B Long

gp nh thin hu Tn Nht Cng, biu th trung lp v lu tm n Thin cha gio ti Hoa.

Chuyn i ca vin S gi c n tng tt, tha nhn qun Thi bnh k lut nghim, trt t ti

Nam Kinh yn n.

Thng 5/1853 Gio s ngi M, I. J. Robert [La Hiu Ton], tng quen bit vi Hng T Ton,

t Qung ng ln Thng Hi, ri trn ng i Nam Kinh, nhng ng ngn tr nn khng

n c. Li c Gio s M, Charles Taylor [i Tc S], gp La i Cng ti Trn Giang, hai

bn c cm tnh. S ng thng nhn M u mun Thi bnh thin quc thnh cng, S gi

M ti Hoa, Humphrey Marshall [M Sa Li], cng cho rng triu Thanh sp sp , c tha

nhn Thi bnh thin quc.

Chnh ph M ban hun lnh cho ngi k nhim Humphrey Marshall l Robert McLane [Mch

Lin] rng : i vi ni lon ti Trung Quc nghim gi chnh sch trung lp ; nu nh Thanh

khng chu sa i iu c, s m phn vi Thi bnh thin quc. Vo thng 5/1854 Robert

McLane n Thng Hi, ngy 27 p qun hm n Nam Kinh, ngy 28 Hm trng F. L.

Buchanan [B Gia Nam] gi chiu hi xng rng Ton quyn nc M mun chiu hi vi

Tha tng, Nguyn soi Thi bnh thin quc, cng xng ngy hm sau ngi M mun thm

thp cha Bo n ti ca pha nam thnh. u tin mt vin Kim im Thi bnh thin quc

gi trt d i phi cho bit ti sao mun n, v phi tun th quy nh, mi c vo

xem. K c trt d ca hai v Tha tng, mnh Tun chiu l tit, bm tu ng

vng. Thin vng l chn cha ca vn quc, chun cho hng nm n cng. Ngy 30/5 F. L.

Buchanan phc p, trch Li phc p khng c tnh hu ngh, li khng tn trng nc M,

nn khng th khng tm ngng chiu hi. Robert McLane cho rng qun Thi bnh kiu mn,

nu nh thnh cng, cng khng c ch cho ngi nc ngoi ; ng ta bo co vi b Ngoi giao

rng Thi bnh thin quc khng c nng lc thng tr ; mun ci bin chnh sch ti Trung

Quc, nn duy tr p lc triu nh nh Thanh trong vng trt t, nhm khuch trng thng v

v gi quyn li iu c. Robert McLane bo cho Tng c Lng Giang, Di Lng, bit rng

nu nh ha sa iu c v vic thng thng trn sng Trng Giang th s gip dp lon,

nhng b triu nh Bc Kinh bc.

Qua vic tip xc vi 3 nc Anh, Php, M ; thy c ng li i ngoi ca Thi bnh thin

quc y vng v, t cao, thiu hiu bit ; cn qu t hn c triu Thanh trc thi chin tranh

nha phin. Tuy thuyt ging Thin h mt nh, bn bin l anh em nhng ch tha nhn c

tn a v v tn gio ca Thin vng.

Ch thch

1 T canh : ngi cy rung nh, khng cy mn.

2 Nm v t tc ng t u thuc phi Thiu Lm, b mt khai trin t chc phn Thanh phc

Minh.

3 Lng Giang : gm Giang T, An Huy, Giang Ty.

4 Chu Vnh An : nm 1914, i thnh huyn Mng Sn [Mengsan].

5 Can chi : m lch c 10 can, 12 chi ; can nh gip, t vv ; chi nh t, su vv..

6 Nm tnh : H Nam, H Bc, Giang Ty, An Huy, Giang T.

7 Trc L : thuc tnh H Bc [Hebei] ngy nay.

II. Nhng nt c trng v Thi bnh thin quc

Regaining the Provincial Capital of Ruizhou

1. Ng tr bi tn ngng

i vi Thi bnh thin quc, tn gio nh hng khng g ln bng. Hng T Ton t xng

c Thin ph thng phong lm chn cha, a v v quyn lc do tri ban. Nhng tn gio

ca Hng khng phi chn chnh C c Ty phng, c th gi y l mt loi Thng

gio, hoc Hng gio . T nm 24 tui tr v trc, sch c ca Hng ch l kinh, s, nhng

tn ngng nghe bit l Pht, o, Thn tin ; kin thc s ng v C c gio cng quan nim

v Thng ch ly t quyn sch Khuyn th lng ngn cn hp. T nhng iu lm lt

c, Hng t l lun ; li dng tn gio t mc ch chnh tr. Ni tm li Hng khng phi

l tn ca tn gio no, Hng l Gio ch.

Lc u Hng cho rng Thin ph Thng c hai con, con trng l Thin huynh Gia T, con

th l Hng T Ton. Thin huynh Gia T ti Ty phng, x thn cu i, ni theo i o. Ti

Trung quc sau i Tn, m ng cho thn tin qu qui ; Mn Thanh vo chim c d ngi

tin qu thn cng su, th yu ma tc qui cng d , nn Thin ph sai con th, Hng T Ton,

xung trn, cu vt k trm lun. T nm 1848 tr v sau li xng Thin ph c con th 3, th

4, th 5, th 6 l Phng Vn Sn, Dng T Thanh, Vi Chnh, Thch t Khai ; ring Tiu

Triu Qu ly em gi Hng T Ton, th c gi l Thin t, tc con r tri. Dng T Thanh

c cho l ha thn ca Thin ph xung th gian chuc bnh, nn cn gi l Thc bnh

vng . Hng cn c sng kin dng cc hin tng ca to ha : gi, ma, my, sm, chp,

sng v v ban phong ; nh : Dng l Phong s, Tiu l V s, Phng l Vn s, Vi l Li

s, Thch l in s, Tn Nht Cng l Sng s, H D Quang l L s.

Thng gio quy iu nghim khc d thng, nghi thc chi tit vn vt. K bi Thng

phi hng Thng hi ti, hc thuc Thp thin iu ; vi phm b x ti cht. Ngy thng

sng ti tng nim, mi ba n cm t Thng ; gp tai nn, bnh tt, sinh nht, cui thng,

ci xin, xy bp, lm nh, ng th, u cu o t co. C 7 ngy l bi mt ln, trc 1

ngy nh phng la cao h Ngy mai l bi, mi ngi tun knh, khng c li chm . Ln

u khng n b ng gng, nh 1.000 roi ; ln th 2 b x chm. Trong khi l bi, tng

Thng n c, c th xng tn Thin vng, ng vng, cho n Dc vng ; sau c

Thnh kinh, Thin iu, mt li xng trm li ha ; li tng tu chng hi ti, sau cao h

tn git ma qu . C 25 nh c mt l bi ng, khi hnh qun, chn phng c khong ng

lm ch l bi. Cc ni th thn, cc bi v, thn ch u b thiu hy. Vic gio dc hon ton

tn gio ha, cc sch cho s t hc nh Tam thin t, u hc thi, Cu c, Tn c u nng

mu tn gio, vn ngha thng tc ; khi qun Thanh tch thu c, phi dng xe b ch, cht

hng ng, chng t in ra rt nhiu.

T tng Nho gia i vi gio l ca Thng gio khng tng dung. Gio l k rng Hng

T Ton lc ln tri, Thng tng bo Khng t di truyn sch th, phn ln sai lm dy

ngi vic h . Gia T cng bo sch ny lm hng ngi. Khng Khu chy trn, b Thin

s bt v tri, dng roi nh au, khng cho php xung trn.

Nm 1853 tuyn b Phm cc sch Khng, Mnh, Bch gia, yu th t thuyt, phi t sch,

khng c bun bn tng tr . Cc sch c ng du n ci t ca Thi bnh thin quc

mi c lu hnh Th gian c sch khng tu ln, sch khng ng du ci t m c, u b

ti . Li thit lp San th nha , em nhng li yu thoi trong T th, Ng Kinh, Thin

vng ng ph ci chnh.

i vi phn t tr thc, Thi bnh thin quc ra sc tranh th ; qun n ni, dn bng chiu

hin T cng s trng Lng ti lc dng . Nm 1853 m khoa thi, cng c T ti, C

nhn, Tin s ; thi thuc loi nh, son Thin mnh chiu ch th . Nhng i vi quan li,

Nho sinh b bt th i x lng nhc ngc i Hoc giam cm n cht, hoc chia cho cc

qun chp cc tu chng, co d, co th, hoc son sch ring cho cc nh.

2. Binh dn hp nht

Lc mi c s, Thi bnh thin quc nh qun ch, c ghi li trong sch Thi bnh qun mc.

n v ln nht l qun, t Qun soi ; di Qun soi c S soi, L soi, Tt trng, Lng

t m, Ng trng. Sau khi vo tnh H Nam, t thm Th doanh, Thy doanh ; Th doanh l

n v c bit chuyn o a o nh thnh, Thy doanh m ang thy chin cng chuyn

ch hng ha. Li c cc doanh lo v k nng ch to hu cn, khng trc tip tc chin nh

Mc doanh, Kim doanh, Chc doanh, Hi doanh ; gi chung l Tng doanh. Lc u t N

doanh, mi doanh 2500 ngi, n binh vo khong s qun ; sau khi hnh qun n sng

Trng Giang, v ph n vng ny yu ui khng tng qun tc chin c, nn lp N qun.

Li cn lp qun thiu nin gi l ng t qun, lm trn dng cm, tn ngng mt chiu, tr

thnh cn b trung kin.

Sau khi chim Nam Kinh, tng k ton th qun binh nam, n hn 30 vn. Phn chia thnh cc

qun, do Qun soi ch huy, ph t c Tng ch v Gim qun ; mi qun 12.500 ngi, gm 5

s. Mi s gm 2.500 ngi, ng u l S soi, chia thnh 5 l ; mi l 500 ngi, ng u

l L soi, chia thnh 5 tt ; mi tt 100 ngi, ng u l Tt trng, chia thnh 4 Lng t

m ; mi Lng t m chia thnh 5 ng, mi ng 5 ngi, ng u l Ng trng.

V trn php c 4, gm : Khin ch php, ch tin thoi c trt t, khng lon trn ; Bng gii

trn, ch bin ha nh chn cua, xe ra nhiu t do nhu cu ; Bch iu trn, trn ny ng dng

ti t bng, ch t tn nh chim by, lc chia nh ra d ch, lc tp trung li nh ; Phc

a trn, ch chuyn bi thnh thng, bng cch gi thua rt n ni c a hnh thch hp

phc kch, ri theo hiu lnh c mai phc, i ch n th xng ra.

V qun lut, hun luyn, c n tp thng xuyn ; im chnh l nghim i ng, thng

pht phn minh, khng xm phm cho n cc vt nh, khng c tao nhiu dn chng. Tri

tnh thao luyn binh s, tri ma th hc tp Thin th Ngi ngi u hiu lng tri, vnh

tun chn o ; nu gp yu ma n, mt ting trng ct ln, tp trung nghe lnh, hng hi hng

tin, mt lng mt d .

Sch Tc tnh hi ton cng khen quy ch qun Thi bnh, chin thut tt, qun k nghim

Nghch tc hoang n bo ngc, duy qun ch c php tc . Li c nhn xt Gic ln mnh

mau, nh vo hnh qun c php tc, k lut nghim. K chin trn tht li i n ch bi, tri

lnh, tiu dng ring ti vt ; nng tc x chm, nh th trch ging, ch khng tha th. C cng

th ph l thng nhanh ; mi bui sng l tn lnh, bui chiu thng lm tng ngy.

Thi bnh thin quc ch trng binh dn hp nht Mi nh trang b nhung phc, ngi ngi

cm kh gii . C bo ng th Th lnh dng lm lnh, git ch bt gic ; v s th Th lnh

iu i lm nng, cy rung sn xut . Trn l thuyt theo quy ch 5 ngi thnh 1 ng, 4 ng

1 lng, 5 lng 1 tt, 5 tt 1 l, 5 l 1 s, 5 s 1 qun ; to nn qun l, hoc dng canh tc

rung t, nhng thc t th cha thi hnh c trit , phn ln ngun binh lc u cung

cp bi cng bch uy hip.

3. Ch quan li v chnh s

Chnh th ca Thi bnh thin quc c qun s ha, i lc chia thnh : triu ni quan, qun

trung quan, th th quan, hng quan ; t trung ng n a phng u theo qun hm. Triu

ni quan ti trung ng, trong c Thin vng cung, ng in tc ng vng ph, Bc

in tc Bc vng ph, Dc in tc Dc vng ph ; ng in quy m ln hn c Thin

vng cung. Qun trung quan c Tng ch, Gim qun, Qun soi tr xung. Th th quan tc

a phng qun, cng c ring Tng ch, Gim qun ; mi qun t Tng ch, cc chu t

Gim qun. Hng quan t vin chc t Qun soi cho n Lng t m, cn c nhn khu

nhiu t, phn ln dng ngi a phng. Ngoi vic qun s Hng quan cn ph trch cc

vn tn gio, gio dc, t php, chnh tr, kinh t. Mi ngy Lng t m ph trch dy hc

cc tr em trong 25 nh, vo ngy Ch nht trai gi n hc gio l, tng nim Thng . C 7

tun c S soi, L soi, Tt trng thay phin n ging thnh kinh, v kim sot mi vic ;

nu a phng khng gii quyt c th o t ln trn.

Sau khi nh ti Nam Kinh, Thin vng Hng T Ton sng kiu xa trong cung, t xut hin,

gp i khnh mi thit triu hi ; ng vng thng n triu kin lnh chiu ch. Vic chnh

tr do cc Hu, Tha tng bn nh n tha bm ln Dc vng, Dc vng xt c th thi hnh

c bn thay mt ng vng son co d, ri gi sang ng vng xin du n, gi sang Bc

vng ghi vo s b. iu g cng s dng giy t, nn b ng Lnh cm th lp khoa iu,

qun v u da vo vn co, kh mch khng thng, tr thnh t lit .

Ngoi ra lnh t cao cp ca Thi bnh thin quc sng xa hoa. Thin vng dng dinh c ca

Tng c Lng Giang lm cung in, cho ph cc nh nh xung quanh, dng hng vn nhn

cng trai, gi xy ct trong vng na nm tri, chu vi hn chc dm, tng cao my trng,

trong ngoi hai lp, trang sc bng mu vng, kim thch huy hong ; ti cc ca trang sc bng

la on mu vng, thay i hng thng. Cc ph t ng vng tr xung u tranh nhau trang

hong trng l, y phc xa hoa, ng cp nghim nht. Cp thp nh Lng t m cng c 4 phu

kiu ; ring ng vng mi ln ra ngoi, h tng c hng trm ngi, cc quan vin to nh u

trnh ra khi ng i, nu khng kp phi qu bi.

Thi bnh thin quc dng tn gio tr nc, nn a v ca ng vng Dng T Thanh, l

ha thn ca Thin ph, li cao hn mt bc. Bi vy nhng tu chng khn yu cha c du

n ca ng vng th Thin vng khng duyt ; tuy Dc vng, Bc vng cng khng c

gi thng n Thin vng ; ngoi tr ng vng khng ai c gp Thin vng.

4. Thnh kh v in mu ch

Cng hng chung l chnh sch cn bn ca Thi bnh thin quc ; nhm cho thin h cng

hng i phc ca Thin ph Hong , khng c ai khng c no m . Nhu cu hng ngy

ca qun dn u do chnh ph tr tnh cung cp, vi l tng mt x hi giu khng c ti sn

ring, khng ch c b ng, ngn tuyt tham . thc hin l tng ny, Thnh kh v in

mu ch c t ra.

Thnh kh l kho qun l mi ti vt, k t thi khi s ti Kim in [Jintianzhen] Qung Ty,

c t ra. Sau nh chim cc ni, tch thu c vng, bc, y phc u np vo Thnh

kh. Trn ng hnh qun, nng dn cc ni giao np la go, ch li mi nm 1 thch cho

ngi ln, 5 u cho tr nh. Sau khi n Nam Kinh, chia ra Thnh kh qun, v Thnh lng

qun ; t Tng in Thnh kh qun v Tng in Thnh lng qun ; Thnh kh qun ch yu

gi tin, Thnh lng qun ch yu gi go. Li cn c kho cho cc nhu yu phm c bit nh

du, mui ; hoc kho cho cc ngh chuyn mn nh tng doanh . Cc quan chc ln nh

khng c lng hng thng, c pht go, du, mui, tin mua rau theo quy ch ; c 7 ngy do

in quan cp ; ring tht th ch pht cho tng lp trn, t Thin vng n Tng ch. Cn i

vi nhn gian th nguyn tc tng ng, nhng phi phi hp vi in mu ch .

Sch Thin triu in mu ch ban hnh, bao qut kinh t, gio dc, tin c, kho hch ;

nhng ch mi hnh thnh trn l thuyt, cha kp thc thi. Nguyn tc ca in mu ch

gm : Th nht, t ai ca cng, chiu theo sn lng chia rung t thnh 9 hng. Th hai,

khng lun trai gi, cn c nhn khu m nhn rung t ; trong 9 hng, nhn mt na tt mt

na xu. Th ba, ly ch c ma b cho ch mt ma Rng t trong thin h, ngi trong

thin h cng cy ; ni ny khng no th mang ni khc n. Th t, c 25 nh t mt

quc kh, tr s la go n n ma sau, k d sung vo quc kh. L ci, l y thng, u

theo quy ch ly t quc kh. Th nm, t cung t cp ; mi nh lo trng du, nui tm, dt vi,

nui g, ht ma la th lm thm gm, g.

Thnh kh ch tng c nghim khc thi hnh. Thi gian tin qun t Qung Ty n H

Nam, th i tng phi np l nhng ph h ti nng thn ; lc n sng Trng Giang th i

tng chnh l nh giu ti thnh th ; sau khi n Nam Kinh phm vi kim sot rng, th ch

n ton ci ly nh giu trong thin h lm kho, ly nhng nh cha la lm kho lng, ty

ni m thu cp . Chnh sch tt cn ao bt c c thi th, chng t hu hiu trong on

k, nhng quyt khng th l ng li kinh t tt p c th tn ti lu di.

Thc thi ch in mu cn c thi gian n nh iu tra h khu, in a ; khng th thc

hin cp tc trong thi binh ao. Bi vy quan chc a phng nh theo cch thu t, ch khc

trc l ngi nng dn thay v np la cho ch rung, th np vo Thnh kh.

5. a v ph n

Thi bnh thin quc i x vi ph n khc xa. ng v phng din tn gio quan nim

nam u anh em, n u ch em. V phng din chnh tr ph n cng c th lm quan, phn

ln lm vic ti Thin vng cung hoc cc Vng ph u mc o gm, n ngon, ra vo

rung ching trng ci nga, che lng vng, th t theo hu my ngi. V kinh t, c cp

rung t nh nam gii. V phng din tc l, hn nhn khng lun tin bc, cm a th, khng

phi b chn, khng c php lm con ht, cm t dm ; trai gi khng hn tp, ph n u

ring trong n qun.

Tuy nhin em thc t so snh vi nhng l thuyt nu trn th c nhng ch mu thun ; ph n

vn cha c chn chnh gii phng bnh ng. Th nht, tuy nam n phn bit, nhng i vi

cc Vng th v chng sng chung, cn c nhiu t thip ; Chp s, N quan c hng trm,

hng ngn. Th hai, ph n i vi nam gii vn phi phc tng ; nam lo vic bn ngoi, n lo

vic trong nh, knh chng nh knh tri, knh cha, nh vy mi c hng vinh hoa ph qu,

c ln tri ; quan nim ny i vi lun l truyn thng cng khng khc my.

Ni mt cch tng qut, thc phong kin ca Thi bnh thin quc cn nng hn cc Vng

triu trc. Cng ging nh l c, tc Vng con c th tp ; nhng ngoi ra con cc chc

Tha tng, Kim im, Ch huy, Tng qun cng u c th tp. Cc cp phn bit phc

sc, dn gian khng c dng mu hng, mu vng. Chc v cao thp, trn di xng h mt

cch r rng chi tit ; i vi k ch khc ch yu vo nn ; cc vua cha i trc trong

lch s i thnh Hu, ring Hng T Ton th xng l Thin vng. Mt s ch vit, tn ngi,

tn t cng thay i. Cc tc bt lng nh nh bc, ng bng nht lut cm ch. Khng c

ht ngi mua bn thuc phin, yn tho ; khng tun b x chm Thuc phin Ty phng l

th yu ma di hi ngi i, ht vo thnh nghin, bnh vo xng ct, khng c thuc cu

Hng T Ton thi hnh thay i ln ti Trung Quc, mun ci to Trung Quc v thm ch c

lch s th gii. Hng mun ph tr mi tn ngng c sn, thit lp tn ngng ring ; khng

ch s dng mi ti nguyn nhn lc vt lc. Hng m t tng i ng khng tng, t cho

mnh c quyn, bt cn nhn tnh , ch cu cho c vic.

III. S i khng ca th lc truyn thng[1853-1860]

Vanquishing of Wuchang city

1. Tng Quc Phin lnh o :

Tng Quc Phin [1811-1872] ngi t Tng Hng [Xiangxiang], tnh H Nam ; ln hn

Hng T Ton 3 tui, c hai u xut thn t thnh phn hc tr nh nng. ng cng danh

thi tui tr ca Tng thun li hn Hng T Ton, nm 28 tui u Tin s, gi chc Hn lm,

nm 34 tui thng chc Th lang b L. Bnh sinh chuyn nghin cu v ngha l v ng thc

dng kinh bang t th ; ng h nn o thng, danh gio. Tng cng bt mn vi thi cuc,

mong c s ci cch.

Vo giai on vua o Quang mt, Hm Phong ln ngi [1851], lon ni ln ti H Nam, Qung

Ty ; C nhn Giang Trung Nguyn lp dn qun S dng, gip quan qun dp lon ti Tn

Ninh [Xinning, H Nam], nm 1852 nh qun Thi Bnh ti vng Tng m [Xiangtang, H

Nam], ri gip bo v tnh thnh Trng Sa [Changsa, H Nam]. Ti Tng Hng, Sinh vin

La Trch Nam noi theo, lp Tng dng. u nm 1853 qun Thi Bnh tin vo H Bc, ngn

la bng ln nh b uc ; lc ny Tng Quc Phin c tang m ti qu nh Tng Hng, c

triu nh chnh thc giao chc gip cho Tun ph H Nam t chc on luyn, su tra th

ph, tr gip qun chnh qui khng sc. Tng u t cho tnh th, thy H Bc khng gi c

quan h rt ln, mi bt u n Trng Sa tr hoch.

Sau khi bn lun thng nht, Tng t chc mt o tn qun, i khng vi qun Thi bnh ; s

vic c vua Hm Phong ph ng v khuyn khch em ht sc lo liu, phng tiu hu

hiu. Tn qun khng nhng rn e nhng mi t trng bc nhc ca qun Lc k 1, m li

cn noi theo tinh thn on kt kin cng ca qun Thi Bnh. Tng Quc Phin nhn nh

ngy hm nay mun dit gic, th ch tng phi nht tm, vn ngi mt bng , ht th

cng nhau, au nga lin quan, nhy vo la ng hnh, nhy qua nc si cng tin ; thng th

bng chn ru nhng cng, bi s liu mnh cng cu. Gic c li th khng b t thi ng

ng, ta cng th khng b t thi ng ng ; hy huyt chin mt hai ln, i mi cch nhn

ca dn chng. Tn qun cn c gi l Tng qun, c nhng c im sau y :

- V qun lnh chn thanh nin nng thn, thc th cht phc ; khng chn bn v li ti thnh

th. Tng th chn nhng Nho sinh trung ngha hiu qun s, ch ng o hp.

- Bin ch : 10 ngi thnh mt i, 8 i thnh mt tiu, 4 tiu thnh mt doanh, hp vi doanh

hoc 10 doanh thnh mt Thng lnh. Ton qun t trn xung di, nu khng l b con quen

bit, th cng l ngi cng lng xm tng soi cng em ht kh nng, binh tng cng tp

luyn

- Tp luyn : qun lnh kh cng tinh luyn , hng ngy tp tnh trn php, tc chin ; tinh

thn k lut cng c ch . Li son cc bi ca hc, nh : Ch o tu , Cn mt

lng , Thao luyn v ngh ; nhm phn khch tng s, trung ngha mt lng.

- i ng : Tng cho rng lng hng khng , khng th to c o qun lim khit, ht

lng. Nn qui nh Tng qun mi ngi lnh lnh lng 4 lng 2 tin, so vi qun Lc k

lng cao gp bi ; ngun lng do t quyn gp, sau l tin ph thu t thu hng ha.

C hai phe u c tranh th dn tm, qun Thi bnh lc khi s truyn b Phng Thin tho H

hch 2, th Tng qun cng son Tho Vit ph hch 3 thuyt minh lp trng.

M u hch vn kch qun Thi bnh tn c, trong ni b phn bit i x ; ngi gc Qung

Ty th c i ng, cc tnh khc th b khinh r a y Thuyn b khng k ln nh, nhn

dn khng k giu ngho u v cp sch, trai gi b bt ; bn gic Qung Ty th c tn

vinh, dn Lng H 4, Tam giang 5 th b bc hip. Tip n thng kch qun Thi bnh ph

hoi lun l trt t Trung Quc my ngn nm l ngha nhn lun, thi th in tc, mt sng

qut sch Khng T, Mnh T ca ta phi thng khc ni cu tuyn, phm k c sch bit

ch h c th bung tay o ngi nhn ? . Li kch qun Thi bnh ph hy in th thn,

Khng T, v cc bc anh hng nh Quan Cng, Nhc Phi. Cui cng thn minh s mnh ca

Tng qun l cu dn bo v o, gip vua, phc hi nhn lun, bo th cho sinh linh, lm

ngui la gin ca thn minh ; hy vng trung ngha nhn dn, cng ng phn khi ; nhng k b

hip b bt, tr v vi no chnh.

2. Tng qun khi s

Tng qun ca Tng Quc Phin lc khi u ly Tng dng ca Sinh vin La Trch Nam

lm c s, li thm b phn chiu m thm t H Bc ; tt c khong 4 000 ngi. Thng 9/1853

Tng di chuyn qun n Honh Dng [Hengyang, H Nam] dp gic ti phng nam v lo

ch to thuyn. Rt kinh nghim v lc lng Thi bnh xua binh dc theo sng Trng Giang,

thuyn to nh c n hng vn chic, cc chu p gn sng khng cn nh cng ly c ; ring

qun Thanh khng c thuyn, khng c phng tin truy kch, nh chu b tay. Bi vy Tng

Quc Phin bt u lo vic ch to thuyn pho ; qun binh t tnh H Nam, th mc ly t

Qung Ty, sng pho chuyn t Qung ng, phn ln l v kh Ty dng. Thuyn pho sau

ny l yu t quan trng gip Tng qun ot quyn khng ch sng Trng Giang, ngn tr

qun Thi bnh giao thng bng ng thu v nh chim cc thnh tr dc hai bn b sng.

Vo thng 1/1854, tht th Hp Ph [Hefei, An Huy] Tun ph Giang Trung Nguyn t trn.

Thng 2 Tng c H Qung Ng Vn Dung thua cht, qun Thi bnh chim Hn Dng

[Hanyang, H Bc], Hn Khu [Hankou, H Bc] ln th 3, cng vy nh V Xng [Wugang,

H Bc]. Lc ny thu s ca Tng qun thnh, thuyn ln nh hn 300 chic, lnh thu

hn 5000 ngi, hp vi lc qun binh dng hn 15 000 ngi, vi 500 c pho, cng thuyn

tip t go, du, mui ca dn. Ngy 25/2 xut chinh, ton qun tin lng 8 vn lng, do cc

tnh H Nam, Qung ng, Giang Ty, T Xuyn [Sichuan] cung ng. Bt u dng co vi

qun Thi bnh ti pha bc tnh H Nam, qun b thua ti Nhc Dng [Yueyang,H Nam],

qun thu thua ti Tnh Cng pha bc Trng Sa [Changsa, H Nam] ; nhng c mt o qun

i thng ti Tng m [Xiangtan, H Nam], khng nhng lng qun c hng phn, m

Trng sa min b gip cng. Sau khi chn chnh v bin ch, thng 7 xut kch ln th 2, to

thanh xong tnh H Nam, Lc ny thnh V Xng b ti chim 6 thng ; vo thng 10/1854

Tng Quc Phin ch thn mang qun thu lc t Nhc Dng tin sang ng, bn Dng Ti

Phc c sut thu qun, La Trch Nam c xut lc qun khc phc c V Xng, tch thu

hng ngn chic thuyn, li chim lun cc thnh Hn Dng, Hn Khu gn ; thng li ln

c Thanh nh nh gi cao. Vo cc thng 11, 12, li thng tip ti trn in Gia, ni Bnh

Bch ti pha ng tnh H Bc ; thu qun tin n Cu Giang [Jiujiang, Giang Ty], qun Thi

bnh b tn tht rt ln.

Vo u nm 1855, qun Thi bnh di quyn Dc vng Thch t Khai tng vin cho min

ty, Tng qun b tn tht. Hn Dng, Hn Khu, V Xng li khng gi c ; t V

Xng n Thin Kinh [Nam Kinh] nm trong tay qun Thi bnh. Tng Quc Phin rt v Nam

Xng [Nanchang, Giang Ty], lc lng Tng qun u, ui khng tip xc vi nhau c ;

quyt nh cho Tun ph H Bc H Lm Dc v La Trch Nam chim li V Hn nhng khng

thnh cng. Thch t Khai a mu, ch trng xy dng c s ti nng thn, lm ngun cung

cp nhn lc v lng thc ; nm 1856, hp vi qun Thin a hi t Qung Ty n, cng vi

Bc vng Vi Chnh lin tip chim hn 50 huyn, 8 ph ti Giang Ty, Nam Xng c h

khng gi c.

3. Ni bin ti Thin Kinh

Thi bnh thin quc nh ti Nam Kinh [Nanjing, Giang T] khng lu, Khm sai i thn

Hng Vinh theo bn gt truy kch, n tr ti vng ngoi ng nam thnh, gi l i doanh

Giang Nam ; kim ch huy qun ti Trn Giang [Zhenjiang, Giang T], che ch cho vng t T

Chu [Suzhou, Giang T], Thng Chu [Changzhou, Giang T] nhiu la go ; li c o qun

n tr ti vng ngoi pha bc Dng Chu, lm bnh phong cho vng sn xut mui, ti

duyn hi sng Hoi [Huaihe river]. Ma ng nm 1853, qun Thi bnh rt ra khi Dng

Chu [Yangzhou, Giang T], nhng vn ng ti Qua Chu [Guazhouzhen, Giang T], ni ca

Vn H. Tuy nh Thin Kinh khng thnh cng, nhng thanh th i doanh Giang Nam vn

mnh, l mi lo ngay ti nch vai ca qun Thi bnh. Nm 1856, Dng T Thanh tha lc

qun Thi bnh thng ti pha ty sng Trng Giang, bn mang qun nh Trn Giang v

Dng Chu, tn cng mnh vo i doanh Giang Nam, Hng Vinh thua, t trn ; Thin kinh

c gii vy ; thng lu, h lu sng Trng Giang ch no cng thng li. Gic Nim 6 ti

pha bc An Huy cng bng ln, cp ph ti lu vc sng Hoi v sng Trng Giang. Trong

lc ny ti Thin Kinh [Nam Kinh] xy ra ni bin, tn st ln nhau, nh vy Tng qun c c

hi ngh ngi dng sc.

Do bi Dng T Thanh gi thc Thin ph xung ci trn, nm mi quyn lc v tn gio,

qun s, chnh tr ; t tin chuyn ch, coi Hng T Ton nh ph vt, thng lng nhc la

mng. i vi Vi Chnh, Thch t Khai, Tn Nht Cng th ch tay sai khin ; Vi Chnh, Tn

Nht Cng thng b pht nh trng ; mi on kt su khng ch mt ngy ; nhng gic

mnh cn nm bn hng, nn cha l ra hnh ng. Trc vo nm 1855, tc g Tc tnh hi

ton cng cp n vic ny, cho rng Dng T Thanh vi tm gian gio, a Hng T

Ton ln h v, nhng thc s nm quyn ln, bt chc nhng gian thn i trc, s git

Hng nm chc. Li bo gic h Dng v Vi Chnh nghi k, chng bao lu s manh tm

nut nhau.

Sau khi Thin kinh c gii vy, li chin thng ti min thng du sng Trng Giang ; lc

ny d tm ca Dng T Thanh bc l cng mnh, gi thc Thin ph xung trn, bc bch

Thin vng, t Cu thin tu t phong thnh Vn tu! Vo thng 9/1856, Vi Chnh, Tn Nht

Cng trong mt hnh ng chp nhong, nh sm khng kp bt l tai, git Dng T Thanh.

Nguyn Vi Chnh b thua, t Giang Ty tr v, b Dng T Thanh qu trch khng cho vo

thnh ; sau Vi tip tc xin, nn c chp nhn. Vi m mu vi Hng T Ton, Tn Nht

Cng trc ; ri mt hm n ph ng vng yt kin Dng T Thanh, qu xung tung h

vn tu, T Thanh lu li n yn ; trong ba tic bt thnh lnh dng dao giu trong ngi m

cht Dng T Thanh, ri tuyn b ng vng mu phn, ta nhn mnh Thin vng git

n. Sau cho ng ca thnh, truy lng ng ca ng vng ; ni b xy ra cuc hn

chin mt thng tri, ng ng vng vn cn trn trnh. Li th v ca Hng t Ton bo

rng ng gic khng git ht s lu hu ha , nhn bn mu vi T Ton gi pht Vi Chnh

ti nh trng 7 ri ku gi ng Ty vng n xem, lc n ni bn cho git sch ; tng

kt phe Dng T Thanh b git n 2 vn. y l cuc ni bin th nht ti Thin kinh.

Thng 10, Thch t khai t H Bc tr v Nam Kinh gp, trch Vi Chnh git qu nhiu. Vi

Chnh, l ra tay nh phi tip tc, nh em nhng ngi khc ra thanh trng. Thch t

Khai phi dng giy thng leo qua thnh chy trn ; l ni bin ln th hai.

T Vi Chnh khng phn bit trng en, git ngi khng ngt, treo gii thng cho ai bt

c Thch t Khai v git m, v, con trai, con gi ca t Khai. Thng 11, Thch t Khai

t pha ty sng Trng Giang mang qun tr v, cng lc Hng T Ton hp cc quan vn v

ti Thin kinh git c Vi Chnh, Tn Nht Cng ; l ni bin th ba.

Vo thng 12, H Lm Dc tha c khc phc V Hn, bnh nh H Bc ; Tng qun n nh

min hu phng, lng hng qun gii thu thp y , thng bnh binh c bo dng.

Thch t Khai l nhn vt kit xut v chnh tr trong qun Thi bnh. Tng Quc Phin my

ln nhn xt, y ti hung hn, qu quyt dng ngy tr khin ngi, gi nhn ngha li

cun dn. T Tng ng cng cho rng io hot hn ngi, vn c lng bn gic ; ti tr

hn c ng bn. Xem cch lm ca y, c phn c kt c lng ngi, cu nhn ti, khng xu

ph vo l thuyt t gio ; l mt tng cha ca gic, ng cho ta y k. Sau khi Vi Chnh cht,

Thch t Khai qun l chnh s, kim thi hnh cng th, trng dng cc tng lnh thanh nin

nh Trn Ngc Thnh, cng L T Thnh, mt ti nng mi l ra. Li lin kt vi gic Nim ti

pha bc sng Trng Giang, n nh c cc din Thi bnh thin quc. Nhng Hng T Ton

th qu no bi s c hip ca Dng T Thanh, Vi Chnh, nn khng tin ngi ngoi ; ch tin

dng nhng anh rut khng ti nng l bn Hng Nhn Hu, Hng Nhn t.

Vo thng 6/1857, Thch t Khai b anh em Nhn Hu, Nhn t nghi k, cm thy lo lng

khng yn tm. ng Trng Toi khuyn rng Vng c lng dn, ti sao li chu

di tay ngi, nu trung nguyn khng d mu, sao khng n T Xuyn, lp th nh vc nh

Lu B trc kia ? . t Khai theo, mu vi Trn Ngc Thnh, L T Thnh, nhng hai ngi

khng theo ; bn n An Khnh, ri chuyn n Giang Ty pht trin ring. Thc t ly

khai khi Hng T Ton, t dng ring l c ; l bin c th t ca Thi bnh thin quc.

Sau khi Thch t Khai b i, Trn Giang khng gi c, anh em h Hng chuyn quyn

phng tng, khin nhn tm khng phc, chn nn. Tng Quc Phin cho rng trong vng mt

nm c th nh chim c Nam Kinh, nhng thc t lc lng Hng T Ton cn ko di

c v nhng l do sau y : Th nht, do li n rng qun Thanh i vi nhng ngi gc

Qung Ty nu bt c th khng tha, nn bn ny ch bit t chin, nh n cng. Th hai, do

Trn Ngc Thnh, L T Thnh trung dng thin chin, nn uy th qun Thi bnh li c phn

chn. Th ba, triu nh nh Thanh vn cn phn bit Hn, Mn ; i vi Tng Quc Phin cha

hon ton tin, khng giao cho ton quyn, nn Tng qun cha vn ln c.

4. Qun Thi bnh thin quc phn chn tr li

Nm 1858, i qun Giang Nam ca Khm sai i thn Ha Xun cng Trng Ngc Lng li

n st Thin kinh, xy i doanh i b ti Ph Khu [Pukou, Giang T], Thin kinh li mt ln

na b khn. Pha thng du, Tng qun do L Tc Tn ch huy nh chn Cu Giang

[Jiujiang, Giang Ty], ni yt hu trn sng Trng Giang ; cc thnh ti tnh Giang Ty phn

nhiu b Tng qun chim. L Tc Tn tha thng tin qun pha bc An Huy, b lin qun

Trn Ngc Thnh v L T Thnh nh kp, trc ht ph tri ln ti pha bc Trng Giang,

sau nh bi Tng qun ti trn Tam H [Sanhezhen, An Huy], khin lc lng ca L Tc

Tn b sp ; y l bc ngot, qun Thi bnh t th suy i gt hi c chin thng ln.

Sau Trn Ngc Thnh m ng thng du sng Trng Giang, gi An Khnh [Anquing,

An Huy], ch ng Tng qun xung pha ng ; ring L T Thnh bo v Thin kinh chng

li doanh ln Giang Nam.

Nm 1859, mt ngi anh em ca Thin vng l Hng Nhn Can t Hng Cng n, c

trng dng, phong tc Can vng, nm qun c ; Trn, L cng c phong tc Anh vng,

Trung vng. Hng Nhn Can tng i c tr thc, nh sch lc ci cch, trc tc T chnh

tn bin, lun v phng sch gio dc chnh tr, i th th gii ; ch trng thu thi ch mi

cng khoa hc k thut. Hng kin ngh tp trung quyn v mt mi, ci cch phong tc, thc

hnh theo Ty phng vi nhng iu c th nh: t th tn qun [bu chnh], tn vn qun

[bo ch], y vin, th trn cng s, hng binh [cnh st], t ng st, ngn hng, cng ngh,

khai khong sn. Ngoi tr tn vn qun, cc iu khc u c Thin vng chp nhn, nhng

ch mi bn sung trn giy t m thi.

Nm sau [1860] c mt ngi tt nghip t M tn l Dung Honh 8 kin ngh ci thin t chc

qun i, thit lp hc hiu lc qun, hi qun ; trng thc nghip, nh ch gio dc, thit

lp chnh ph lng ho, dng nhn ti c vn, m ngn hng ; nhng cng khng thy thc

hnh. Dung Honh lu ti Thin kinh hn mt thng tri, nhn thy Hng T Ton khng c

nng lc xy dng mt nc Trung Quc mi.

Lc ny qun Thanh chia lm 2 tp on ln : th nht l i doanh Giang Nam ti h du sng

Trng Giang do Ha Xun v Trng Quc Lng ch huy ; th hai ch yu l Tng qun,

di quyn Tng Quc Phin v H Lm Dc, ti min thng du. i doanh Giang Nam ti

Ph Khu [Pukou, Giang T] xng l 5 vn, nhng s thc ch na s, dng ho ln vy

Thin Kinh, t cho rng sm mun cng ln c th thnh ; nhng thc cht th tng kiu binh

li, sut ngy say sa khng n gic, hoc a chuyn trai gi, hoc quyn luyn v con,

hoc t hp ca ht, hoc c bc nghin ht. C 45 ngy pht lng thng 1 ln, nn qun lnh

nguyn ra mong cho gic n.

Trung vng L T Thnh, Can vng Hng Nhn Can mun ph vy khn, bn s dng k

binh c ng nh pha bc An Huy ri xung Giang T, Chit Giang pha nam, nhm bc sau

lng i doanh Giang Nam, ct ng tip t, chia binh lc. Lc by gi qun Thi bnh tn

chim c cc thnh xung quanh ti Cao Lng [Gulou, Giang T], C Dung [Rujong, Giang

T] ; hoc gi quan qun chim t kch Phiu Dng [Liyang, Giang T]. Thng 3/1860, L T

Thnh tp kch Hng Chu [Hangzhou, Chit Giang], ri ngy m hnh qun pha ty phi hp

vi Trn Ngc Thnh nh mnh vo i doanh Giang Nam. Qua 10 ngy kch chin, vo u

thng 5 qun ca Ha Xun, Trng Quc Lng b nh tan, Thin kinh c gii vy ; t

tr v sau trong vng 2 nm, khng c du vt qun Thanh ngoi thnh.

Trong vng 7 nm, trng yu chin lc ca qun Thi bnh ch trng th cng ti thng du

sng Trng Giang, th ti h du ; v h du sng Trng Giang, cha bao gi vt qu an

Dng [Dan yang, Giang T]. Sau ln th hai gii vy Thin kinh, bn quyt nh nh T Chu

[Suzhou, Giang T], Hng Chu [Hangzhou, Chit Giang], Thng Hi [Shanghai] ; sau liu

bin thuyn my, ngc dng Trng Giang nh pha ty. Vo ngy 19/5 L T Thnh ui di

sang pha ng, Ha Xun v Trng Quc Lng thua cht, nhn dn tranh git qun Thanh

n. Lc ny ngoi tr vng chu vi Thng Hi, Trn Giang [Zhenjiang, Giang T] ; phn cn

li u b qun Thi bnh nh cun chiu, chim sch. Vo thng 8 nh Thng Hi khng h

c, ng thi ti min thng du chin s gp, qun Thi bnh phi phn nh t hai tuyn.

5. Tng Quc Phin thng lnh min ng nam

Sau khi ot li V Hn vo thng 12/1856, Tng qun khng tha lc ni b qun Thi Bnh

bin lon, mang ton lc tin thng ; l do khng hn lc bt tng tm, nhng do Mn Thanh

thiu tn nhim ngi Hn. Thi Tng qun u tin chin thng ti tnh H Bc, c vin i

thn tu rng Tng Quc Phin ch l mt dn thng qut khi, ngi theo c n hnh vn ; s

khng phi l iu phc cho Vng triu, vua Hm Phong nghe qua bin sc. Bi vy trch

nhim ca Tng c giao rt nng, nhng quyn lc b hn ch, ch c h hm Khm sai Binh

b hu th lang .

Vo thng 3/1857 nhn cha mt, xin ngh chu tang, trong lng c mun rt lui. Thng 7

xin t chc, trnh by my nm qua lm vic gp nhiu kh khn : th nht, cc quan chc di

quyn lp cng phi trnh ln xin chc, ch khng c b ngay chc ; th hai, vic tr hoch

iu ng nm trong tay Tng c, Tun ph, i vi cc vin chc ny Tng qun ch l

khch ; th ba, lnh phng mnh ch huy qun khng c minh bch, c li d ngh, n tn

thng b thay i, nn cc chu huyn nghi ng cho l gi to.

Tng Quc Phin ngh ti nh hn mt nm, vo nm 1858 Thch t Khai mang qun tin v

pha ng, mi c gi tr li chc. Trc ht mnh tng vin Chit Giang, ri li mnh n

T Xuyn ; cui cng mnh tng cng qun An Huy, khin ch qun Thi bnh, cho Ha

Xun [ngi Mn] mt mnh lp cng nh Thin Kinh. Trong vng 3 thng, gia cc nm

1859-1860, Tng qun ca Tng Quc Phin giao tranh vi qun Thi bnh ca Trn Ngc

Thnh ti vng ph cn An Huy, lc ny ch nhn c s tr gip ca Tun ph H Bc H

Lm Dc.

Lc i doanh Giang Nam b nh, chnh l lc Tng Quc Phin, H Lm Dc, v T Tng

ng hp bn ti Tc Tng [Susong, An Huy]. T Tng ng ni : tri mun thay i

chng ? i doanh Giang Nam tng km qun mt lm sao ng thu gic ! . H Lm Dc

ni B cc thi lai v liu tnh rng thi n, triu nh s trng dng Tng qun. n lc

T Chu tht th, triu Thanh xem li trong nc, ch c Tng qun tng lnh c kh nng,

qun lnh mnh ; ngoi tr lc lng ny th khng bit da vo u. Nn thng 6/1860 mnh

Tng Quc Phin quyn Tng c Lng Giang, hai thng sau thng thc th, li giao chc

Khm sai i thn bin l qun v Giang Nam, tit ch cc qun thu b hai bn nam, bc sng

Trng Giang. K t , Tng c ph l thng tng, thm binh Tng qun danh xng

vi thc, thay th qun Lc k.

Nhm tn cng vng ng nam tng lai thu phc Nam Kinh, Tng Quc Phin di chuyn

n K Mn [Qimen, An Huy] v lu qun cng kch An Khnh. Chng bao lu qun Anh, Php

nh Bc Kinh, triu nh gi tng vin, i vi Tng c phn nan gii. Trc Tng t

nguyn i, nhng do th bt buc ch khng phi pht xut t lng thnh, Tng tng ni vi em,

Tng Quc Thuyn, rng vin tr Bc Kinh khng cn nhiu qun, H Lm Dc hoc ta, s c

mt ngi i ; n chn hnh ti lm r ngha vua ti, trn chc phn ca tng soi ; cn

n tha hay khng, th ch bit nghe lnh m thi. Li ni vi H Lm Dc rng : Trong thin

h c l v th, gi 3 tnh Giang Ty , Lng H l thuc v th ; chc v chng ta trc mt

cu khi vi phm vo th, nhng cng khng phn li l . Xem qua li ni, Tng nng lng

cng c lu vc sng Trng Giang sm dp qun Thi bnh.

Ch thch

1 Lc k : di thi nh Thanh, lnh gc Mn Chu bin ch thnh Bt k, lnh Hn bin ch

thnh Lc k, hiu c mu xanh.

2 Phng thin tho H hch : phng mnh tri dp gic H, tc Mn Thanh.

3 Tho Vit hch : Vit tc Qung Ty, Qung ng ; ch dp gic Qung Ty, Qung ng,

v Thi bnh thin quc pht xut t ni ny.

4 Lng H : cc tnh H Bc, H Nam.

5 Tam giang : Ch 3 sng Tng giang, Hn thu, Trng Giang.

6 Nim : nguyn ngha l mt nhm, mt bn. y l lc lng nng dn dy ln [1853-1868]

ti pha bc An Huy, cng cc tnh Giang T, Sn ng, H Nam.

7 Pht nh trng : pht nh bng gy.

8 Dung Honh : [1828-1912] ngi huyn Hng Sn, Qung ng, lc nh hc trng Ty

dng ti o Mn, Hng Cng ; nm 1854 tt nghip ti M, Yale University

IV. Nh Thanh ginh c ngoi vin, Tng Quc Phin tr hoch chin u

1. Triu chng nc Anh thay i chnh sch

Sau khi Thi Bnh Thin Quc nh ti Nam Kinh [Nanjing, Giang T] ; cc nc Anh, Php,

M vn tha nhn triu nh Bc Kinh [Beijing] ; h hy vng ginh c s nhng b t triu

nh ny, nn tip tc duy tr. i vi h, Hng T Ton lun lun t coi l Thin vng, chn

cha ca vn nc , nu thng cng khng d c x.

T nm 1856 n 1858, gii lnh o Anh, ng u phe Ty phng, cho rng chng bao lu

qun Thi Bnh s thua, nn cng gp ginh quyn li t Bc Kinh. Qua iu c Thin Tn

[Tianjin], lng mong mun ca cc nc c tha mn, kin nh mi quan h gia h vi Bc

Kinh ; vn t tr i, l lm sao thc thi mi khon trong iu c. Sau khi chng trnh

thng thng c k kt ti Thng Hi [Shanghai, Giang T] vo thng 11/1858, Cng s

Lord Elgin cp tc iu qun hm ngc sng Trng giang [Changjiang], kho st cng

khu, chiu theo iu c Thin Tn d nh m. Khi qun hm qua Nam Kinh, An Khnh

[Anqing, An Huy] ; b qun Thi Bnh pho kch. Sau qun Thi Bnh gi th c xin li ;

chiu ch ca Thin vng gi Lord Elgin l Ty dng phin , hoan nghnh n, s i

theo l. Khi Lord Elgin t Hn Khu [Hankou, H Bc] xui dng, ch tng qun Thi Bnh ti

An Khnh n cn xin li v s lm l. Thng c thy qun Thi Bnh trn sng Trng Giang

yu cu nhng cho sng n Ty dng, ni rng hai bn tnh nh anh em. Khi n Nam Kinh,

L Xun Pht, Ph th tng qun Thi Bnh khon i ru nhng vin chc Anh do Lord

Elgin sai n nh Thomas Wade [Uy Tha M], H.N. Lay [L Thi Quc] ; v cn dn t nay

tr v sau khi thuyn Anh i qua, xin bo trc mang qun h tng.

Lord Elgin rt c cm vi qun Thi Bnh, cho rng chng bao lu s bi. H.N. Lay ni vi Qu

Lng ti Thng Hi rng Bn ny thc v k lut, hnh ng nh o tc. Ming th ni

thuc Gia T gio, nhng em nhng iu Gia T ra hi th p khng ng. Qun Thi Bnh

biu th thin cm vi Anh, v thy qun Anh mnh nn khng th khng lm nh vy. Thng

5/1860 qun Thi Bnh nh chim cc i doanh ti Giang Nam, ui di sang pha ng ;

Cng s Anh, Php lp tc tuyn b bo v Thng Hi. Sau khi Trung vng L T Thnh

chim c T Chu [Suzhou, Giang T], bn gi th cho s Anh trnh by vic tt yu phi ly

Thng Hi, Tng Giang [Songjiang, Giang T] ; mun n thng lng gi ha ho. K

tip li gi th khuyn ng gip qun Thanh, khi tn thng ha kh ; nhng u khng c

hi m. Sau Can vng Hng Nhn Can vn c giao tnh vi ngi nc ngoi n T Chu

[Suzhou, Giang T], cng vi L T Thnh gi th mi Gio s Ngi c St n gp ; vin

Gio s thnh vin Cng s Frederick W. A. Bruce [Bc L T] th vin ny cho bit lp trng

ca Anh khng nghing v bn no.

Vo thng 6, Tun ph Giang T, Tit Hon, cng hng thng khuyn khch t chc Dng

thng i do ngi M tn l F. T.Ward [Hoa Nh] ch huy. F. T. Ward, mt tay mo him v

qun s ; nhn nc Trung Quc ri ren, l ni c nhiu c hi i vi y ; nh th c th da vo

la chin tranh cp bc, ln th to lp chnh quyn. Y cng cc bn ng hng chiu m

c khong 200 qun, gm lnh ngoi quc o ng, thy th, cng nhng tay vong mnh ;

lng hng do quan c trch thng v ti Thng Hi cung cp. Thng 7, chim ot Tng

Giang, cp c nhiu, li c thng 3 vn lng bc, danh li kim thu ; bn tip tc tin

cng qun Thi Bnh, b L T Thnh nh bi.

Gio s Ngi c St n T Chu em nhng li ca Cng s Frederick chuyn cho Hng

Nhn Can v L T Thnh, c hai u tin Anh ng trung lp. Gp lc Anh, Php iu binh ln

Thin Tn, lu binh ti Thng Hi khng nhiu, li va nh thng Dng thng i, nn tin

rng mt ting trng ct ln c th chin thng, bn mang qun tin thng. Frederick chuyn li

cnh co rng qun Anh, Php hin tr ng ti huyn thnh v Thng Hi, nu xng vo s

nh tr li. L T Thnh thanh minh cng Cng s Anh, M, Php rng khng quy nhiu

ngi ngoi quc ; vo ngy 18/8 bt u nh thnh, ngy 21 b lin qun Anh Php nh bi ;

s kin ny cng tnh c trng ngy vi lin qun Anh, Php chin thng qun Thanh ti i C

[Dagu, Thin Tn]. y l ln u tin qun Thi Bnh giao tranh vi Ty dng, chng t thi

Anh, Php i vi qun Thi Bnh chuyn bin mt cch c th.

Thng 2/1861 Harry Parkes n Nam Kinh. Ngy 1/3 cng Hm trng Aplin [Nh Linh] ni

vi i din qun Thi Bnh, Mng Thi Ung v Chng vng Lm Thiu Chng rng nc

Anh c quyn thng thng trn sng Trng Giang, nay qua li, nu tun theo php lnh ca

Thi bnh thin quc th khng c tr nhiu ; qun Thi Bnh nh Hn Khu, Cu Giang

[Jiujiang, Giang Ty], nu nh khng xm phm tnh mnh ti sn ca ngi Anh, th qun hm

Anh u ti y cng khng gy kh khn. c Thin vng ng , xung chiu tuyn b

rng phm nhng ai cha gip yu qui (Mn Thanh) u c khoan min, thng nhn

ngoi quc coi nh huynh , mi vic do Tng l La Hiu Ton thu xp ; li tr v nhng lnh

o ng ngi Anh. Thng 5 cng gi cho T lnh hi qun M Commodore Stribling [T Bch

Linh] chiu th ging nh vy.

Ngy 22/3 khi Harry Parkes t Hn Khu tr v ng, qua Hong Chu [Huangzhou, H Bc]

cnh co Anh vng Trn Ngc Thnh ng nh Hn Khu [Hankou, H Bc], Hn Dng

[Hanyang, H Bc] ; lp lun ny hin nhin tri vi cam kt trc kia. Ngy 28 c James

Hope [H B] sai Hm trng Aplin bo cho qun Thi Bnh rng khng c tin binh cch

Thng Hi di 100 dm, ngc li Anh s khng cho qun Thanh t Thng Hi nh qun

Thi Bnh. Harry Parkes cng Aplin m phn vi qun Thi Bnh 5 ngy, tuyn b nu nh ph

hoi ca khu, thng v, th s quan h hai bn khng c cch g ci thin. Thin vng lc

u cho rng khng lm tn hi n ngi nc ngoi, nhng khng dng vic nh Thng

Hi ; n ngy 2/4 Harry Parkes v Aplin ch thn n ph Thin vng gi th ; Thin vng

ha trong vng nm khng nh Thng Hi v vng ph cn. Nhng iu yu cu ca bn

Harry Parkes khng phi l ch trng ca Lun n, Ngoi trng John Russell [La T] tng

ra ch th khng can thip vo ni chin Trung Quc, ch lo gi an ton nhn s v thng

nghip. Tuy nhin nhng bo co ca cc vin chc ngoi giao, qun s ti ch, cng nh hng

rt nhiu n chnh sch.

Thng 5/1861 James Hope bt F. T.Ward v ti d d lnh Anh o ng ri tr cho Lnh s M ;

nhng M ly c F. T. Ward nhp quc tch Hoa nn th ra. F. T. Ward ha khng tip tc

thu lnh Anh o ng ; c James Hope gip chiu tp o qun ngi Hoa, cng c

cc s quan u, M cp cho trang b. Nh vy Dng thng i ca F.T. Ward qun s tng ln

trn 2.000 ; James Hope ch thn n duyt binh ; y l hnh ng tch cc chun b chng

qun Thi Bnh. o qun ca F.T. Ward trn u cht khn xanh, nn c gi quen l Lc u

dng, qun Thi Bnh mit th l Gi Dng qu t .

L T Thnh ni ngi Ty dng a li uy hip, ngh hp tc ri chia i, chng ni

Thin vng cc ngi tuy ng nhng khng bng 1 vn qun ca chng ta Ta c my vn

v binh thuyn, mt ting trng dy ln, c th bnh nh. Qun ta hn 1 vn ngi nh vo

Bc Kinh, khin phi xin ha. Cc ngi khng hp tc, th hy xem ta hnh ng. Hng T

Ton khng dao ng, bo rng Ta tranh ginh Trung Quc, mun t lo ly ; nu hp tc vi

Dng qu, vic thnh chia i, th thin h s ch ci ; nu khng thnh th mang ti a qu

vo nc. L T Thnh cng ni mt ngn qun Ty dng, chn p hng vn qun ta ;

vy ai m phc ! . Nhng li trn, chng t Hng T Ton, L T Thnh kin nh lp trng

quc gia ; tuy h tng dng ngi v v kh Ty phng, nhng lm ch c mnh.

2. Tranh ot thnh An Khnh

Sau khi Tng qun chim c V Hn [Wuhan, H Bc], Cu Giang [Jiujiang, Giang Ty] ;

An Khnh tr thnh chin trng ti thng du sng Trng Giang. An Khnh khng ch l bnh

phong cho Thin Kinh, n cn gi v tr bo h So H [Chaohu, An Huy], vng cung cp lng

thc cho Thin Kinh. T thng 12/1859 Tng Quc Phin, H Lm Dc mu ot An Khnh ;

giao tranh nhiu ln vi Anh vng Trn Ngc Thnh. Nm 1860 cc i doanh ti Giang Nam

tht th, triu nh nh Thanh my ln mnh Tng di qun v pha ng ; Tng c ch kin cho

rng o qun nh dp An Khnh rt quan trng, vi nhng l do sau y : Th nht t xa ti

nay sch lc bnh Giang Nam, nh th thng du t trn nh xung mi mong thnh cng.

Th hai, Tng qun n gn ti chn thnh ; nay rt i th th ch tng thm, cn kh th qun

ta tiu trm. Th ba, thy s nu chim c thnh ny th da vo lm th cn bn,

ngn ngun lng cung cp cho bn gic ti Kim Lng (Nam Kinh) ; ph th dc t Giang,

Hoi. H Tng o lng ton cuc, thm t vin l, c tm nhn chin lc xc ng. Nhng

triu nh vn mun Tng thu phc T Chu [Suzhou, Giang T], Thng Chu [Changzhou,

Giang T] ; bo h cho Thng Hi, Hng Chu [Hangzhou]. Bt c d Tng t cm 8.000

qun n K Mn [Qimen, An Huy] ; lu Tng Quc Thuyn vi 1 vn 5.000 qun tip tc vy

An Khnh. Ngoi ra cn c s ym tr ca cc o lc qun a Long A, L Tc Nghi, H Lm

Dc, cng thy qun ca Dng Ti Phc ; cng c 4 vn qun.

V pha i phng, Thi Bnh Thin Quc cng nh gi cao v tr quan trng ca An Khnh.

Hng Nhn Can ni T xa n nay ginh giang sn, trc ht ly ty bc ri xung ng

nam ; do t trn xung di, th thun m d Sng Trng Giang ging nh con rn di,

u l H Bc, An Khnh l lng, Giang Nam l ui ; nu mt An Khnh, nh lng rn b

ct, th ci ui tuy ngoe ngoy cng khng c bao lu. Lc by gi L T Thnh nh

Thng Hi bt li, quay sang m mang vng Chit Giang ; Thin vng ra lnh ngc sng

Trng Giang, gii vy cho An Khnh ; ri tha lc lin qun Anh Php nh Bc Kinh th tin

ln pha bc chim trung nguyn. Sau khi L T Thnh v Trn Ngc Thnh hi bn ti Giang

T, phn cng Trn hot ng ti pha bc tnh An Huy [Anquing] ph trch b pha bc sng

Trng Giang ; L theo hng Thin Kinh [Nam Kinh] ng u pha nam tnh An Huy, tc

b pha nam sng Trng Giang. Li cn c Ph vng Dng Ph Thanh tin nh qun Tng

Quc Phin ti K Mn, Th vng L Th Hin tin vo pha ng tnh Giang Ty, nh pha

sau lng K Mn [Qimen, An Huy] ; nh vy th t nhin An Khnh s c gii vy.

o qun ca Trn T Thnh di chuyn nhanh, lc u nh vo qun a Long A, h khng

c ; tip tc tin n H Bc [Hubei] vi th ch tre, trong 5 ngy nh chim Hong Chu

[Huangzhou, H Bc]. Qua li cnh co ca Harry Parkes, nhm trnh i ch vi qun Anh,

bn mang qun nh cc thnh pha bc tnh An Huy. Cui cng sai hn vi L T Thnh, hai

o qun khng lin h c vi nhau, bn dn qun v pha ng, tnh hnh An Khnh li tr

nn nguy cp. V cc o qun Thi bnh ti pha nam, t thng 12/1860 li bc bch K Mn,

Tng Quc Phin c h khng tr ni ; may nh o qun ca T Tng ng t pha ng tnh

Giang Ty [Jiangxi] nh chn ngun tip t ca L Th Hin, mi bt u chuyn nguy thnh

yn. Ln ty chinh ca L T Thnh k ny, khng c tch cc li qu cn trng, vo thng

2/1961 vo Giang Ty, nh vng t nam sang ty, n thng 6 vo tnh H Bc, gn thnh V

Xng [Wugang, H Bc], bit c Trn Ngc Thnh, L Th Hin quay v pha ng, Bo

Siu thuc Tng qun tin vo Giang Ty, L s ng v cn tr, Lnh s Anh ti Hn Khu

cng c li khuyn ngn ; bn theo hng pha nam H Bc quay tr v Chit Giang.

Qun Thi bnh ty chinh khng lp c cng, t thng 4 n thng 8/1861 Trn Ngc Thnh

thu thp cc o qun ti cc min bc nam An Huy, cng Thin kinh gm trn 3 vn ; bn ln

n cu vin An Khnh. Tng qun ra sc chng c ; i doanh ca Tng Quc Thuyn t K

Mn chuyn n pha i b vi thnh An Khnh, qun H Lm Dc t H Bc xung tng

tr, chin u rt kch lit. Tng qun ch huy thng nht, thy b gi th dc, lng tho

sung tc ; qun Thi bnh ch khng ng, i ng khng chnh, b sung kh khn. Tng Quc

Thuyn mnh cc doanh lung lc cc t thng khng bn lng thc, Harry Parks cng cm

thuyn Anh, An Khnh khng c cung cp go ; ngy 5/9/1861 lng ht, thnh ph, ton b

qun Thi Bnh hn 1 vn 6.000 ngi chin t ; An Khnh vo tay Tng qun, y l cha

kha mt cn ca qun Thi Bnh. Hng Nhn Can ni rng Tn tht ti ln ca qun ta l khi

An Khnh vo tay qun Thanh. Thnh ny l cha kha ca ca Thin kinh, bo v s an ton

ti ng nam, mt khi ri vo tay bn yu, chng c th nh vo c s ta.

An Khnh tht th, Trn Ngc Thnh chuyn sang L Chu [Luzhou, Hp Ph, An Huy], b cch

chc. Ma xun nm 1862, qun Thanh vy L Chu, Trn Ngc Thnh chy ln Th Chu

[Shouzhou, Hp Ph, An Huy], ri b ng ng git lc 26 tui. Trn cht, lc lng qun Thi

Bnh ti pha bc An Huy tan r.

Khi L T Thnh t H Bc rt v pha ng, bit An Khnh kh gi, nn vn theo k hoch

trc khi ty chinh, nhm ot ly Hng Chu, cng c lm t cn bn. Cui nm 1861, qun

L ly c Hng Chu, Thiu Hng [Shaoxing, Chit Giang], Ninh Ba [Ningpo, Chit Giang].

Tng Quc Phin cm thy tnh th nghim trng, bo ng rng Hin nay vng t mu m

ti hai tnh Chit Giang, Giang T u vo trong tay gic, so huyt thnh, gc r kin c

Binh lnh ti tnh Chit ton nh vo lng thc ti Ninh, Thiu ; nay b gic chim, c tnh tiu

iu, khng c cch tr hoch . Nu xt v phng din kinh t, qun Thi Bnh chim c

Hng Chu, Chit Giang ; so vi vic mt An Khnh v min bc An Huy th tng ng ;

nhng ng v phng din qun s th Hng Chu, Chit Giang khng th so snh vi An

Khnh v pha bc An Huy c. Thc vy, y l thng li cui cng ca qun Thi Bnh, sau

khng cn c s pht trin no khc.

3. nh gi ti cc ca khu thng thng

Chin lc ca L T Thnh l chim trn Giang Nam, Chit Giang ; thi gian ty chinh tuy

cha ly c Thng Hi, nhng vng Chit Giang th vn khng bung tay. Thng 4/1861,

sau khi rt t min ty, qun Thi Bnh chim S Ph [Zhapazhen, Chit Giang], nu nh vt

Hng Chu loan c th chim Ninh Ba [Ninhbo, Chit Giang]. Thng 5 James Hope phi Hm

trng Roderick Dew [Lc c Khc] n Ninh Ba, cnh co qun Thi Bnh khng c tin

binh xm phm, li gip qun Thanh b phng, Thi Bnh p rng nguyn cng qun Anh ha

ho thng thng. Thng 6, Frederick W. A. Bruce thng t cho James Hope rng bo v cng

khu tc bo v li ch bun bn ca ngi Anh, nh Thanh ng nc Anh thay gi Ninh

Ba, cng bn lun sch lc nh chim Nam Kinh. Frederick cng bo co vi Ngoi trng

John Russell rng nu qun Thi Bnh chim ca khu th thng v b ph hoi, quan thu

gim, tin bi thng ca nh Thanh khng c giao ph. Ring James Hope khng ng

nh Nam Kinh, s vic bun bn t Thng Hi vo ni a b nh ch. Ngoi trng John

Russell khng ng ch ng, ch mun cc ca khu gi trung lp ; ring k hoch sai

Roderick Dew gip bo v Ninh Ba th c chp nhn.

Qua 80 ngy vy khn, ngy 31/12/1861 qun L T Thnh h c Hng Chu, lc lng tr

phng t Tun ph Chit Giang tr xung, hn 10.000 t trn. Mi hai ngy trc , b h

Th vng L Th Hin nh chim Ninh Ba, y l ca khu duy nht qun Thi Bnh chim

gi. Thi Bnh qun k lut nghim chnh, thng v vn hot ng bnh thng, c min

thu 3 thng, ngi ngoi quc tng i yn n. u nm sau [1862] James Hope cng Cng

s M Anson Burlingame [B An Thn] n Ninh Ba, cng Lnh s Anh, Php hoch nh

ngi ngoi quc tr ti b pha bc sng, khng c quy nhiu. Sau a li rng pho i

ti Ninh Ba bn quy nhiu, yu cu dp b, nhng b bc. Thng 5/1862 chin hm Anh, Php

gip qun Thanh chim li Ninh Ba.

Ngi Anh rt quan tm n Thng Hi v cc ca khu trn sng Trng Giang ; Thin

vng ch ha trong nm 1861 qun Thi Bnh khng xm nhp Thng Hi v vng ph cn.

Khi Hng Chu b vy, James Hope d liu rng nu nh thnh ny mt th tt nhin Thng Hi

b uy hip. Vo ngy 27/12/1861 Harry Parkes li n Nam Kinh, sai Hm trng Henry M.

Bingham [Bnh An] tip xc, xut 4 iu yu cu vi Thi Bnh Thin Quc : Th nht, bi

thng cho ngi Anh b cp hoc tn tht ti khu vc qun Thi Bnh. Th hai, qun Anh

c t do hng hnh trong khu vc ni h qun Thi Bnh chim. Th ba, nghim cm qun

Thi Bnh xm nhp khu vc Thng hi v chung quanh 100 dm. Th t, khng c tin

binh trong vng 100 dm ti cc ca khu Hn Khu, Cu Giang v quy nhiu lnh s qun ti

Trn Giang. Kt qu b bc, Thi Bnh tuyn b rng s tu c thi th.

Nc Anh quan tm n Thng Hi, nhng L T Thnh cng mun ly bng c ni ny.

Sau khi chim Hng Chu by ngy, bn mang qun ln pha bc, hiu d thng nhn ngoi

quc rng Mi bn yn tm, khng quy nhiu ln nhau Nu tr nghch lm iu c, i ch

vi qun ta, th t rc ly dit vong ! . Vo thng 1/1862 qun Thi Bnh tin chim cc huyn

chung quanh Thng Hi, nm gi cc vng t mu m ti cc tnh Chit Giang, Giang T ;

ring tnh Chit Giang qun triu nh nh Thanh ch cn gi c hai thnh H Chu [Huzhou],

Hi Ninh [Haining] v C Chu [Quzhou]. Tng Quc Phin bn tin c L Hng Chng lm

quyn Tun ph Giang T, lp ring cnh qun t Thng Hi mu khng ch tnh Giang T.

Ring giao vic vy nh Nam Kinh cho Tng Quc Thuyn ; dng T Tng ng lm Tun

ph Chit Giang ; nh vy th lc qun Thi bnh ti min ng nam yu dn. Thng 2 b lin

qun Anh, Php v Dng thng i ca F.T.Ward nh bi ti Ph ng [Pudong,Thng

Hi]. Thng 3, F.T. Ward c hm i Anh ym tr, li hoch thng ti ty nam Thng Hi ;

Dng thng i bn i tn l Thng thng qun. Thng 4, Mc vng m Thiu Quang

giao tranh vi qun Anh Php v Thng thng qun ti Tng Giang bt li nn rt lui ; trn y

l giai on mt ca chin tranh ti Thng Hi.

Qun Anh, Php mun to thanh xung quanh Thng Hi 100 dm, bn chuyn sang th cng,

chim c thnh tr giao cho Thng thng qun gi, ti vt chia i. Thng 5, chim Gia nh

[Jiading, Thng Hi], Thanh Ph [Quingpu, Thng Hi]. L T Thnh phn cng, thng ln

ti Thi Thng [Taicang, Thng Hi], ly li Gia nh, c Anh C. W. Staveley [ch

Pht Lp] t thnh b chy ; c Php A. Protet [La c] t trn ti cu Hin Nam [Ph

ng, Thng Hi]. Thng 6, m Thiu Quang ly li Thanh Ph, bc bch huyn thnh

Thng Hi ; qun Anh, Php my ln bi, khng dm ra nh. Lc ny L Hng Chng mang

qun Tng Hoi 1 n, nh trong ba ngy, qun Thi Bnh mi rt. Thng 8, L T Thnh

nhn cp bo t Thin kinh, mang qun v phia ty, m Thiu Quang ch tr tuyn pha

ng. Thng 11 qun Thi Bnh li bc bch Thng Hi, b qun Tng Hoi v Thng thng

qun nh lui.

Lc Thng Hi sp chin tranh, cc quan a phng cng vi Anh, Php thnh lp Trung

ngoi hi phng cc. James Hope, Frederick W. A. Bruce, v Lnh s Thng Hi Walter H.

Medhurst Jr. [Mch Hoa ] u l nhng ngi Anh cc lc ch trng tham chin. Walter

bo co b ngoi giao rng qun Thanh khng sc bo v Thng Hi ; Frederick nhn mnh

nu khng mun bung b li ch ti Trung Quc th phi duy tr triu Thanh, Cng s M

Anson Burlingame cng cho rng nh Thanh l chnh quyn hp php, theo l phi ng ym

tr. Lc ny Cung thn vng c quyn ti Bc Kinh, cng Frederick lin hp tc chin ; thc

hin cc cng vic c th nh nh Thanh mn thuyn my gi Ninh Ba ; qun Anh, Php bo

v Thng Hi, Thng thng qun pht trin n 4.500 qun.

Khi L T Thnh nh Thng Hi, Hng Nhn Can khng cho l ng ; gi th bn v vic An

Khnh tht th Thin kinh s gp nguy, cn phi u tin cho min ty bc, sau mi n ng

nam. L T Thnh cho rng ly c ng nam, c th yn gi khng lo, th Tng qun cha

bi c, cn ch c hi mu . Sau Hng Nhn Can nhn nh rng nguyn nhn mi

ha ca Thi Bnh Thin Quc l Dng nhn tr yu 2.Nhn nh ny cng ni ln mt

phn thc trng, v min h du qun Anh, Php cng khai chi tr Thanh triu, thng du th

Tng qun nh xung, qun Thi Bnh th b gip cng, u ui khng khc phc c.

4. Tng qun chia ng tin, cng s tr gip ca qun ngoi quc

Nm 1860 Tng Quc Phin c k hoch nh chim Nam Kinh v T Chu, Thng Chu ;

qun chia lm 2 o, nam v bc ; nam qun t Chit Giang nh vo, bc qun t hai bn b

sng Trng Giang nh xung. Ti Tc Tng [Susong, An Huy], tnh An Huy, Tng cng H

Lm Dc, T Tng ng bn nh, c T Tng ng kinh dinh vng Chit Giang. T Tng

ng [1812-1885] ngi cng tnh H Nam vi Tng, C nhn xut thn, c nhiu ti lc. T

nm 1852 lm tham mu cho Tun ph H Nam Lc Bnh Chng, H Nam l hu phng ca

Tng qun ; v qun lng, qun vin, chin lc u do T tr tnh, uy quyn mt thi. V

danh vng ln, nn b nhiu k, khin b ti ; nh bn H Lm Dc bo lnh mi c v s.

Ri qua s tin c ca Tng Quc Phin, c ch huy mt o qun ng ti pha ng tnh

Giang Ty, gi mt sau cho i doanh K Mn. Sau khi Hng Chu tht th, do li tu ca Tng,

T Tng ng lnh chc Tun ph Chit Giang, m nhim ch soi o qun pha nam. Nm

1862 tin vo pha ty tnh Chit Giang, trong vng 8 thng tng tr vi qun ca L Th Hin.

i n lc L phi tng vin Thin kinh ti pha bc, lc lng ca T bt u tin trin ; nm

1863 h c my thnh, chim Ph Dng [Fuyang, Chit Giang] gn Hng Chu, c thng

chc Tng c Mn Chit.

Ti pha ng Chit Giang c qun hn hp ngi Hoa v ngoi quc do Anh, Php t chc, hp

tc vi qun T Tng ng. Trc tin Lnh s Anh ti Ninh Ba m 300 qun, gi l Lc u

dng. Sau khi chim c Ninh Ba, Hm trng Roderick Dew [Lc c Khc] bt chc

Thng thng qun ti Thng Hi, khuch i Lc u dng ln 1.000, v chia thnh Thng

an qun v nh thng qun. Ngi Php tn l Prosper Giquel [Nht Cch] thuc ty quan

thu ti Chit Giang, cng vi Tham tng A. E. Le Brethon de Caligny [Lc B Lc ng] m

1.500 ngi gi l Thng tip qun, cng vi qun Anh honh hnh. Nm 1862, Roderick Dew

hi cc qun Thng an, nh thng, Thng tip, cng Thng thng qun ti Thng Hi

xung, nh chim c 4 huyn xung quanh Ninh Ba ; trong chin dch ny ch huy Thng

thng qun, F.T. Ward, b thng cht. Nm sau Thng an, nh thng, Thng tip nh

Thiu Hng, my ln b qun Thi Bnh nh thua. Cc ch huy Thng tip qun hai ln t trn,

sau Paul DAiguebelle [c Khc Bi] tip tc ch huy, ly c Thiu Hng [Shaoxing,

Chit Giang], qun s khuych trng ln n 3.500 ngi. Ring Thng an qun, v nh

thng qun, do Roderick Dew tr v nc, nn b gii tn.

Lon ln ti Chit Giang, Giang T ; cc i gia ph h u t tp ti Thng Hi, dn s t 30

vn ln n 1 triu. Bun bn thnh vng, thu m ngy mt tng, hn mt nm trng binh

n 5 vn 5 ngn ngi ; nhng phn ln l bn v li thnh th v bn cp ; nn gic dm ng

cng nhiu . Lc ny Tng qun chim c An Khnh, cc thn s Thng Hi, Giang T

mun cu vin Tng Quc Phin, Tun ph Tit Hon cng ph ha theo. Thng 11/1861 Hng

Chu b vy, Thng Hi b e da, bn c thn s Tin nh Minh n An Huy xin qun. Tng

Quc Phin nu ln s kh khn v lng hng khng bit ly ra t u. Tin nh Minh ni

Thng Hi l ni hng ha ngoi quc t tp, mi thng thu c 60 vn lng, nay ha cp 10

vn lng ; Tng Quc Phin rt mng, nh c em l Tng Quc Thuyn n chn mu m

ny.

Nhng Tng Quc Thuyn m ch nh chim Nam Kinh, nn khng n Giang T, Tng Quc

Phin bn giao nhim v cho hc tr l L Hng Chng (1823-1901). L qu ti Hp Ph

[Hefei], An Huy, xut thn Tin s ; tng gi chc Hn Lm, ph trch v on luyn trong 5

nm, b g b khng toi ch bn theo Tng Quc Phin. Qua bn nm rn luyn, Tng rt ng ,

cho rng ti ln, su sc , c th c lp ng u mt mt. L chiu m on luyn ti pha

nam sng Hoi, Tng cho bin ch thnh doanh, li em b h Tng qun giao cho tit ch.

Nm 1862 t chc thnh qun, gi l Hoi dng, li c giao chc Tun ph Giang T. Tng

nh sai L tr qun ti Trn Giang. L cho rng Thng Hi l trc giao thng bun bn, cn

b tr ti , nhin hu sau ra Trn Giang, ng chin vi min thng du . Quyt nh

ny khng nhng quan h n tin ca L Hng Chng, m cn ci bin c k hoch kinh

lc Giang Nam ca Tng Quc Phin. Chit Giang ti t, Hng Chu tht th ; T Tng ng

khng rnh dm ng n T Chu, Thng Chu ; L Hng Chng chuyn qun n, tr

thnh lc lng ch lc ni ny.

i vi qun Thanh, vic Anh, Php b phng Thng Hi ; khng nhng bo ton c ngun

lng hng t vic nh thu thng thng, m cn l c s gip phn cng Giang Nam. Vo

thng 3/1862, Thng Hi Trung ngoi hi phng cc mn 7 chic thuyn my ca Anh, ch

qun L Hng Chng ti Thng Hi ; James Hope phi qun hm h tng. u thng 4, L

Hng Chng mang qun Tng Hoi gm 6.500, p thuyn my xui dng Trng Giang,

xuyn qua vng t qun Thi Bnh ng g mn thuyn hng v pha ng, xuyn qua t

gic hn 1000 dm ; v thuyn i nhanh, li s ngi Ty dng, nn gic ch ng xa m nhn,

khng dm n gn chn hi.

S nghip cuc i ca L, phn ln lin quan n Ty phng ; lc mi pht tch c

ngoi nhn gip . n Thng Hi khong mt thng, nhn chc Tun ph Giang T, thng

chc nhanh, ging nh T Tng ng. Lc by gi chin tranh ln mnh, n ni qun Tng

Hoi lp tc tham gia. L Hng Chng bit ngoi quc nh gi cao s hin din ca on

qun, nn tng gia lin lc, mun dng Di bin i H 3. L ch n cch tc chin Ty

phng, nn bn lun vi James Hope giao 3000 qun nh s quan Anh hun luyn dm ; nhn

vic phng th ti Thng Hi phi t cng, khng th chuyn da vo Ty dng , nhng

thi th trc mt khng th khng nh sc lc h. n thng 11 th vic hun luyn v trang b

v kh Ty phng hon tt. Li cho rng Thng thng qun ca F. T. Ward trang b v kh

tt, nn tm cch lin lc, on kt nhn tm, lin kt vi phn t tt cc nc . F.T. Ward gip

tm cng nhn ngoi quc ch n dc, cng mua dm sng ng ; nh vy thc lc cng ln

mnh.

Sau khi F. T. Ward mt, L Hng Chng theo li yu cu ca c Anh, cho mt ngi M

khc l H.A. Burgevine [Bch T Vn] ch huy Thng thng qun. Thng 10/1862, Tng Hoi

qun, Thng thng qun, cng qun Anh, Php ti chim Gia nh. Qun Thi bnh ca m

Thiu Quang em ton lc phn cng, b nh thua ; vng ph cn Thng Hi c to thanh.

y l chin thng ln ca o qun Tng Hoi. Lc by gi L T Thnh vy nh Tng

qun ngoi thnh Nam Kinh, L Hng Chng sai Thng thng qun tip vin, H.A. Burgevine

ly c thiu lng nn ln la khng chu i. Li u vi o vin Dng Phng, ot 4 vn

nguyn, nn b L Hng Chng cch chc. Sau Thng thng qun c chnh thc giao

cho ngi Anh qun l, do Thiu t Charles George Gordon [Qua ng] ch huy.

Tng Quc Phin cho rng qun Thi Bnh kt on vi Ty dng su, khin ngi Ty

dng phn gin, y l c hi him c ca Trung QucTha lc Ty dng c i binh,

qun ta cc o cng tin ; qun gic giao chin khng nhn, tm phng m lon, y l c

hi tri dit bn phn nghch Qung Ty 4 . u nm 1862, Tng phi 3 l i qun : Th nht,

qun T Tng ng tin nh Chit Giang, th hai, qun L Hng Chng tng vin Thng

Hi, L th ba, o qun Tng Quc Thuyn nh thng vo Nam Kinh ; kt qu Tng lp i

cng khc phc th Thi Bnh Thin Quc.

Tng Quc Thuyn bt u cm qun t nm 1856, nh thng ti Ct An [Jian, Giang Ty] vo

nm 1858 nn ni ting ; sau khi khc phc An Khnh, danh vng cng cao. Thng 3/1862 cng

ngi em t l Tng Trinh Can t An Khnh theo hai b sng Trng Giang nh xung pha

ng. Quc Thuyn theo b bc, Trinh Can theo b nam ; gia Bnh Ngc Ln dng thy

qun sch ng ; li c a Long A nh pha bc An Huy, Bo Siu pha nam An Huy bo v

cnh sn cho cc o qun ca hai Tng. T thng 4 n thng 5, qun pha bc sng khc phc

c huyn So [Chaohu, An Huy], Ha Chu [Hexian, An Huy] ; qun pha nam sng v thy

qun khc phc c Vu H [Wuhu, An Huy], ng D [Dangtu, Nam Kinh] n gn V Hoa

i ti pha nam thnh Nam Kinh. T tuyn xut pht An Khnh, n ni ch mt 60 ngy, hai

Tng hnh qun tng i nhanh v nhng l do sau y : Th nht, Trn Ngc Thnh sau khi

tht bi ti An Khnh, thc lc suy sp, li b kim ch bi a Long A. Th hai, qun ca cc

Vng ti pha nam An Huy nh vng Hong Vn Kim, Ph vng Dng Ph Thanh my

ln bi bi Tng qun di quyn Bo Siu, nn hai Tng khng b quy nhiu ng sau. Th

ba, lc lng ca Th vng L Th Hin b T Tng ng khin ch ; ring Trung vng L

T Thnh phi giao tranh vi qun Anh, Php v Thng thng qun ti vng chung quanh

Thng Hi, nn nht thi khng chuyn sang pha ty kp. Lc ny Thin Kinh ba ln b vy,

Tng qun ngoi thnh c thy s lin lc, nn khng b lm vo cnh qun c thm nhp.

L T Thnh tng tin liu vic Tng qun vy khn Thin Kinh, nn ch trng tr lng ;

nhng Thin vng khng nghe, anh em h Hng li thao tng v vt tin bc, n lc vng So

H b Tng qun chim, ngun lng t on. Trong vng 2 nm Thin Kinh khng c bng

qun ch, n lc Tng qun t ngt n, Thin vng trong ngy ba ln gi L T Thnh v

tip vin, L nh phi b d th cng ti Thng Hi. L nhn nh rng Tng qun t trn

nh xung, thy qun c li th, ta mt h an dt, ta kh tranh c thy o, qun h thng

thng, th cng thm hng ; vy khng nn nh ngay. Cn chuyn lng v kinh tht nhiu, i

24 thng sau s giao chin, qun h ng lu, tt khng c lng chin u . Thin vng li

gi nghim mnh n