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Peter Jones, PhD OCAD University, Toronto Royal College of Art, April 29, 2015 Systemic Design Systems as Theory for Complex Design

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Peter Jones, PhDOCAD University, Toronto

Royal College of Art, April 29, 2015

Systemic DesignSystems as Theory for Complex

Design

PracticesRedesign redesignresearch.comDialogic Design designwithdialogue.com

PublicationsPapers / Blog designdialogues.comResearch sLab.ocad.caHealthcare designforcare.com

ProductsConsult SeriesScienceDirectCdling.com

Discount code @ designforcare.comDFCFRIENDS

Peter Jones, Ph.DAssociate Professor, OCADUStrategic Foresight & Innovation

Managing partner, Redesign Network

Movements in Design ThinkingJune 2009

Core Argument – Systemsthinking had failed in its aimsto transform management.

After 30 years, today’s leadersdo not show systemic thinkingin domains that matter.

Promising movement toward“design thinking” should learnfrom Systems Thinking here.

Coda: Dr. Collopy now leadsCase Western’s new school ofDesign & Innovation atWeatherhead

Oct 15-17: Flourish & ProsperGlobal Forum for BAWB

Movements in Systems Thinking?Fall 2009

Core Argument –Systems thinking didnot fail, it never had achance. Could designbe better b/c method ?

Yes, today’s leadersaren’t systems thinkers

Management aspracticed is notsystemic or designoriented. We areteaching theory theycan’t use.

Coda: We now teachsystemic design & leadstudent research withsocial, visual methods

5

Where do design & systems thinking intersect?

Based on R. Horn, 2004, Adapted with permission.

Peter Jones, PhDOCAD University, Toronto

Institute for 21st Century AgorasISSS 2014 July 31, 2014

Systemic Design Principlesfor

Complex Social Systems

7

Hugh Dubberly & Harold Nelsonargue that design processes areembodiments of systems thinking.

Banathy (& Gharajedaghi)advocate a designing

orientation to social systemsas designing.

Some context.

• Systems science has preferred theories for system description(explanation), prediction (control), & intervention (change).

• Contributions of modern design disciplines - industrial,information, service design – to systems are marginal, so far.

• “Design” is problem solving, or a process of system design.

• Social systems design as a template for design thinking incomplex socially-constructed domains.

• Which are (now) everything – social, services, networks.

Ill-defined, evolving, multi-factored situations.At least 10 properties, among them:

1. There is no definite formulation of a wicked problem.

2. Wicked problems have no stopping rules (you don’t know when you’re done).

3. Solutions are not True/False but Good/Bad (value judgments)

4. There is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem.

5. Every attempt to solve counts (one shot op)

6. Wicked problems do not have an enumerable set of potential solutions.

7. Every wicked problem is essentially unique.

8. Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another [wicked]problem.

(Real) Wicked Problems

Rittel and Weber. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory ofplanning. Policy Sciences, 4, 155-169.

15 Global Challenges of the Millennium Project

Hasan Ozbekhan, Toward a General Theory of Planning, 1967

Christakis on Structured Dialogue:“Given the complexity of political,social, economic, & technological issuesof the Information age, & the stronglinkages among those issues, is itreasonable to expect that the approachfor engaging people in dialogue 2500years ago during the Golden Age of theAthenians would work today?”

“We proceed from the beliefthat problems have"solutions" --although wemay not necessarily discoverthese in the case of everyproblem we encounter.

This peculiarity of ourperception causes us to viewdifficulties as things thatare clearly defined &discrete in themselves.

It also leads us to believethat to solve a problem itis sufficient to observe &manipulate it in its ownterms by applying anexternal problem-solvingtechnique to it.

THE PREDICAMENT OF MANKIND: A Quest for Structured Responses to Growing World-wide Complexities and Uncertainties

Hasan Özbekhan

Compatible philosophies, different generations.

Generation: First Second Third Fourth

Philosophy Rational1960’s

Pragmatic1970’s

Phenomenological1980’s

Generative2000’s

Methods Movementfrom craft tostandardizedmethods

Instrumentality,Methodscustomized tocontext

Design research andstakeholdermethodsDesign cognition

Generative,empathic &transdisciplinary

Authors& trends

Simon, FullerDesignScience,Planning

Rittel, JonesWicked problems,Evolution

Schon, Don NormanUser-centered &Participatory DesignReflective action

Dubberly, SandersGenerative DesignService DesignSystemic design

Systemsinfluences

Sciences,ORCybernetics

Natural systemsSystem dynamicsSystemsengineering

System dynamicsSocial systemsSoft systems

ComplexitySocio-ecologicalDialogic

Participatory

Design thinking deals well with complexity.

Design must become more systemic –for complex concerns.

Complex domains have > stakeholders

Design 1.0 Craft design, Advertising

Design 2.0 Industrial, Products, Web

Design 3.0 Organizational & institutional

Design 4.0 Distributed social systemsMixed stakeholders

10 Shared Design Principles

Design Principle Design Methodologies

1. Idealization Iteration2. Appreciating Complexity Sensemaking3. Purpose finding Saliency - Meaning-making4. Boundary framing Provocation and strange-making5. Requisite variety Multiple perspectives6. Feedback coordination Modeling7. System ordering Structuring8. Generative emergence Future projection9. Continuous adaptation Multiple reasoning modes10. Self-organizing Co-creation

Guidance for complex systems design fromsystems, cybernetic & complexity principles.

Foundation for practitioners to enhanceengagement and evolve better practices.

Elicited from systems theories, but not new.

Lead to net new frameworks for design in:Patient-centred healthcare systemsSustainable business modelsOrganizational governance

“The primary aim the two systems of thought share today is enabling organized high-leverage action in increasingly complex and systemic problems as design situations.”

Design methods associated with principles

Principle Design Methods

1. Idealization Framing, Iteration, Backcasting2. Appreciating Complexity Sensemaking, System sketching3. Purpose finding Inquiry (5 Whys), Prototyping4. Boundary framing Critical probes, Strange-making5. Requisite variety Co-creation, Function analysis6. Feedback coordination Modeling, Interactive Testing7. System ordering Structuring, Pattern making8. Generative emergence Future creation,9. Continuous adaptation Multiple reasoning modes10. Self-organizing Co-creation, Facilitated design modes

We might also observe design of: Time (4), Space (3), Information (3)

Mapping Systems Principles to Design Models

• Discovery and orientation• Definition and concept formation• Optimization and planning• Evaluation and measurement

Model drawn in part fromEvenson and Dubberly, 2010

Four universal patterns across 50innovation processesvan Patter and Pastor (2013)

Mapping Systems Principles to Design

10 Shared Design PrinciplesPrinciple Design Methodologies1. Idealization (time) Framing, Iteration

Design Principle Design Methodologies

2. Appreciating Complexity Sensemaking

3. Purpose finding Saliency - Meaning-making

4. Boundary framing Provocation and strange-making

All people are health-seekersA health-seeking journey occurs over a lifetime, a continuity thatproceeds through youth, adulthood, & older age.

Design Principle Design Methodologies

5. Requisite variety Multiple perspectives

Design Principle Design Methodologies

6. Feedback coordination Modeling

7. System ordering Structuring

8. Generative emergence Future projection

Design Principle Design Methodologies

9. Continuous adaptation Multiple reasoning modes

Design Principle Design Methodologies

10. Self-organizing Co-creation

Rheinfrank, J. and Evenson, S.From Winograd, Terry. 1996. Bringing design to software. New York: Addison-Wesley.

Design Languagesfor Systems Methods

Rheinfrank, J. and Evenson, S.From Winograd, Terry. 1996. Bringing design to software.

“Though a handful design thinkers have made somesubstantial contributions to systems thinking in general,hardly anybody has developed a systems practice fromwithin design, specially informed by design thinkingand design practice. This is remarkable when wecompare us with other fields where proprietaryadaptations of systems perspectives are normal.”

Birger Sevaldson, Oslo School Of Architecture & DesignGiga-Mapping: Visualisation For Complexity & Systems Thinking In Design

Nordic Design Research Conference 2011

why has Systems Thinking ignored Design?Questions & Discussion

Emerging Educational Movements• OCAD University, Toronto

Master of Design in Strategic Foresight & InnovationUnderstanding Systems & Systemic Design

• Oslo School of Architecture & DesignMDes & PhD, Systems-Oriented Design

• Curriculum & faculty workshop exchanges• Cooperative research (e.g. Design Literacy)• Core methods training:

GIGAmapping, Dialogic Design

Strategic Innovation Lab slab.ocadu.ca

Systemic Design Course

• Systems theory & methods to design systemic interventions,process & services for social and business innovation.

• Understanding natural, sociotechnical & human systems forsystem change, long-range innovation, and foresight.

• Two sections:1) Understanding system thinking concepts & tools forexpressing models & mapping2) Social systems methods for socially-responsive design& innovations expressed as service or social systems

• Seminar format with lecture, dialogue, simulations, visualmodeling, team projects, case study & studio work.

GIGAMap + System Mapping

GIGAMap =System mapping + Innovation Research

Exemplary GIGAMaps

Structured Dialogic Design SM

• Two week workshop as participants in SDDTriggering Question framed for strategic foresight:What are the most critical continuous challenges facing humanityover the next 20 years?

• Formulating & analyzing the global problematique.Employ Ozbekhan’s 49 CCPs from the Predicament

• Reflective approach to method education:Students reflect & evaluate during points in process

• Structuring of influence map to produce a new view of theproblematique.

SDD as experienced by participantsExpresses the 5 Churchman inquiring systemsShared inquiry with disciplined democratic process

Influence map – Problematique of 49 CCPsGenerated by Cogniscope II & redrawn

Relating Systems Thinking to Design 4systemic-design.net