sylvie leray

CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 -01/06/10 1

NuPECC – Long Range Plan 2010

Working Group 6

Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications

J. Benlliure (Univ. Santiago de Compostela), A. Boston (University of Liverpool), M. Durante ( GSI Darmstadt), S. Gammino (INFN-LNS Catania), J. Gomez Camacho (CNA, Sevilla), M. Huyse (K. U. Leuven), J. Kucera (Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez), S. Leray (CEA/Irfu) (Convener), L. Sihver (Chalmers University), C. Trautmann (GSI Darmstadt)

NuPECC: Ph. Chomaz (CEA/Irfu) (SC), E. Nappi (INFN-Bari) (liaison),

With contributions from : A. Aloisio (Università and INFN Napoli), M. Caccia (Università dell’Insubria and INFN Milano), F. Javier Santos (CNA Sevilla), A. Letourneau (CEA/Irfu), P.A.

Mandò (INFN Florence), G. Pappalardo (INFN-LNS), P. Pelican (Lubljana), M.A. Respaldiza (CNA, Sevilla), F.P. Romano (INFN-LNS), J.C. Sublet (Culham Centre, UK), M. Toulemonde (CIMAP,

Caen), C. Vockenhuber (ETH, Zurich), M. Winter (IRES, Strasbourg)

CEA DSM Irfu - Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 2

Importance of NP applications

From the beginning of its history, nuclear physics always closely tied to applications, in particular energy and medicine

Marie Curie and her daughter Irène at the Hoogstade Hospital in Belgium, 1915. Copyright © Association Curie Joliot-Curie

The Birth of the Atomic Age was captured by Gary Sheahan to remember Enrico Fermi, Chicago Pile-1 and the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. Used with permission of the Chicago Historical Society.

Today, both renewed interest for certain applications and new opportunities provided by advanced NP tools and techniques

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Domains of applications Nuclear energy

Life science and radioprotection

Environmental and space applications

Security

Applications in material science and other fundamental domains

Cultural heritage, arts and archaeology

New frontiers in NP tools (accelerators, detectors, microelectronics)

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CEA DSM Irfu

•Revival of nuclear energy (due to increase in energy demand, need for CO2-free energies)

Advanced options for nuclear energy generation

D+ Beam(40 MeV, 2x 125 mA)

Neutrons(~1017n/s)

Specimens

Neutrons(~1017n/s)

Specimens

Accelerator

Li FreeSurface

EMP

10 MW

Li FreeSurface

EMP

10 MW

Li Target Test Cell

IFMIFIFMIF

- Sylvie Leray - NuPECC LRP2010 WG6 - 4

Nuclear energy

Next generation fission reactors (Gen-IV) inherent safety sustainabilityeconomicsproliferation resistance

MYRRHA Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors

Transmutation of nuclear waste in dedicated systems

Demonstrator (MYRRHA) Fusion reactors

ITER, DEMOMaterial test facility (IFMIF)

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Nuclear energy

•The role of nuclear physics need for accurate nuclear

data for:–Existing reactors (increase of fuel

burn-up, life time…)

–Fast reactors (GenIV) (new materials)

–ADS (actinide transmutation, HE data…)

–Fusion reactors (activation data, (n,xn) for n multiplication, tritium breeding….)

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Nuclear data and models–Measurements of cross-sections, characteristics of reaction

products, nuclear structure data ….

–Reaction models for libraries, transport codes

–Integral experiments


Nuclear energy

•The role of nuclear physics Methods and tools developed for

nuclear physics–High-power accelerators, d-t sources….

–Advanced detector systems, electronics, modern data analysis techniques

n_TOF BaF2 calorimeter

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important infrastructures:–n-ToF (CERN) 2nd phase with the construction of the short

flight path

–NFS at SPIRAL2 especially for fusion relevant data

–FAIR/NUSTAR: DESPEC-MATS for structure data, R3B-ELISE for reaction studies

–HIE-ISOLDE, GANIL for surrogate reactions studies

Education, training and know-how preservation


Nuclear energy

•RecommendationsSupport to small scale facilities and unique

installationsFundamental studies should be encouragedEffort on evaluation should be increased and

involvement of theoreticians in nuclear reaction models development should be encouraged so that European measurements contribute to European libraries and transport codesImprovement of the relations between

fundamental physicists, reactor physicists, theoreticians, evaluators and end-users (networking)Coordinated European action for radioactive

target production and handling01/06/10


Life science

•Increasing use of nuclear physics tools in medicine, both in diagnostics and therapy

Radioisotope production

Particle therapy

Imaging

Radioprotection/radiobiology

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Life science

Radioisotope production–99Mo/99mTc supply and alternative methods

for 99Mo production

–β+ emitters, metal radionuclides for PET imaging

–Production in-situ of short lived isotopes

–radiotracers in drug development

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role of nuclear physics–Production of novel radioisotopes: reaction cross-sections,

improved production techniques using e.g. new radiochemistry schemes, targets sustaining high intensities…

–The very high sensitivity of AMS for 14C detection permits studies of the metabolism and kinetics of substances labeled with very small quantities of 14C


Life science

Particle therapy–Many proton centers now operating in the

world, more in preparation

–Development of carbon therapy: Heidelberg (Germany); projects: ETOILE (France), CNAO (Italy), MedAustron (Austria)

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role of nuclear physics–Precise nuclear data, in particular concerning the

fragmentation process (C and others)

–Appropriate nuclear models and libraries to be used in treatment planning codes

–Development of cheaper and more compact accelerators (e.g. plasma-based )


Life science

Imaging–Macroscopic imaging systems providing

anatomical and physiological information: CT, MRI….

–Systems providing molecular, functional information: PET, SPECT…

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role of nuclear physics–High sensitivity detectors (dose reduction)

–In beam PET and SPECT for monitoring of the dose deposition), combination of several techniques (PET-CT, SPECT-MRI, PET-MRI…)

–ToF techniques to allow real-time observation of the dose delivery, reconstruction-visualisation algorithms


Life science

Radioprotection/radiobiology– Accurate assessment of doses received

during medical treatment (and more generally after some exposition)

–Understanding of low dose effects: bystander/abscopal effects (effects in cells/organs not directly exposed), hormesis (low doses protect from high dose exposure)…

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role of nuclear physics–Nuclear data and reaction models

–Nuclear physics tools (accelerators, isotope labeling, high sensitivity detectors, underground laboratories….) for radiobiology studies


Life science

•Recommendations Access to beam time and adequate equipment

at NP facilities should be guarantiedLinks between fundamental (physics and

biology), applied research and medical centers should be reinforced

Research in life science applications helps improve the perception of NP

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•Nuclear physics tools play an important role in environmental applications Climate evolution: measurements of some

radioactive or stable nuclides

–studies of paleoclimate, ocean circulation (129I)

–CO2 exchange between atmosphere and ocean (14C)

– 10Be and 26Al with AMS for estimation of the age and origin of sediments

Water and food management–dating, tracing and source identification for water

resource management, understanding of water cycle

–Sterilization, plant breeding using mutation techniques

Pollution control–Tracing of contaminant in air, water…

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•Space applications Radiation hazard in space

–Assessing radiation risk of astronauts on low earth orbits (ISS, space shuttle) or on mission to the Moon or Mars due to Solar Particle Events and Galactic Cosmic Rays

–Radiation damage to electronics (single-event upset) Simulation codes for radiation risk assessment

–Measurement of relevant data (p to Fe induced reactions)

–Development of nuclear reaction models

Nuclear power sources for satellites and spacecrafts

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•Recommendations profit from the strong interest in climate change

studies to (re)-build highly trained teams, in particular in AMS techniques support to cross-disciplinary projects

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Security

•Nuclear physics methods (both passive and active) for security applications Detection of concealed fissionable or other

radioactive material in airports, ship containers, trucks….

–Neutron/photon interrogation techniques

– detection of gammas, neutrons, delayed or prompt identification of Special Nuclear Material: Pu, HEU (235U), 233U

and 237Np and suspicious radionuclides that may be associated with: 232U, 238U, 241Am

but also of isotopes used in medical or industrial applications

Detection of explosives–technology based on neutron bombardment would allow

identifying the elemental composition of items packed in hold luggage

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Security

challenges: –high intensity portable neutron generator,

–improved spectroscopic gamma-ray scintillators, e.g. medium energy resolution material such as cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and LaBr3 for Eγ up to 3MeV, Ge using gamma tracking for location of isotopes

–development of improved non flammable neutron scintillators with digital neutron/gamma separation

–Nuclear data (photonuclear reactions, delayed n and γ)

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Security

•Nuclear physics methods for security applications

Scheme of the Nucifer detector

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Non-proliferation control–Measuring traces of nuclear materials with

AMS, γ-spectrometry (also for accidental comtamination)High sensitivity detection methods

–Use of anti-neutrinos to control possible illicit use of reactors (neutrino spectrum sensitive to the composition of the fuel (Pu/U))Depends on the achievable precision on

fission products yields, β-decay


Security

• Recommendations Further mechanisms need to be established :

– to encourage knowledge transfer between academic nuclear community and industry– to protect the investment in training the younger generation through graduated and post graduate programmes

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•Availability of ion beams of all elements (stable and radioactive), from KeV to hundreds of GeVs and advanced detection techniques new opportunities in materials science,

nanotechnology, planetary and geosciences, plasma physics…

– Understanding and characterization of material properties

– Controlled modification and nanostructuring of materials

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•Ion beam analysis and modification with low-energy beams (< MeV) characterization of structure properties

(ordering, occurrence of defects….)analysis of electrical, magnetic and optical

functionalities properties can be controlled or modified by ion

implantationLayers can be grown leading to new properties

at interfaces and surface design of hybrid materials e.g. with magnetic

and superconducting properties

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•Ion beam analysis and modification with low-energy beams (< MeV)

Using stable ions –Nuclear reactions for depth profiling or to analyze light element

concentrations

–Proton induced x- and γ-emission, non-destructive method with a detection limit ~ 100 ppm

Using radioactive ions (at ISOL facilities e.g. ISOLDE)–Dynamical properties studied by recording decay of implanted

radioactivity

–Emission channeling: direction of emission sensitive to crystal structure

Low E, low I universities, small institutes

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CEA DSM Irfu

•Material modification with high-energy heavy-ions beams (MeV-GeV)



Material structuring–adjusting the structuring depth via beam energy, writing

structures with microbeams, placing individual ions at defined positions

–ion tracks with MeV-GeV HI produces nanopores in membranes (commercial filters, cell cultivation substrates, synthesis of nanowires)

Ion-beam produced nanostructures

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Tracks of 100 MeV oxygen ions from linewise (upper pictures) and matrix irradiation

CEA DSM Irfu

•Material modification with high-energy heavy-ions beams (MeV-GeV)



Materials exposed to radiation–Characterization and control of material exposed to extreme

radiation environments (high-power accelerators, fission and fusion reactors)

–response of solids simultaneously exposed to several extreme conditions such as high pressure, temperature, and HE beams

–exposure to HE ion beams and high pressure important in geosciences (stability of planetary and geomaterials, understanding processes in the Earth’s interior)

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Samples pressurized between two diamond anvils up to several tens of GPa irradiated with relativistic heavy ions of sufficient kinetic energy to pass through several mm of diamond.

CEA DSM Irfu

•Recommendations fundamental understanding needed to go

beyond today’s “cook and look” approachpromising trends that should be further

promoted providing suitable beams and warranting sufficiently frequent access to nuclear-physics dominated facilities favour closer interlink between the existing

complementary facilities within Europe (e.g. FP6 ITS LEIF, FP7 SPIRIT)



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Ion beam analysis techniques (IBA) mainly at AGLAE (Louvre) and LABEC (Florence)

–external PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission)

–PIGE (Particle-Induced Gamma-Ray Emission)

–high energy resolution detectors.

–Recent developments aiming at determining the depth profile of the sample : confocal PIXE, differential PIXE, deep proton activation analysis

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•Extensive use of nuclear physics tools (virtually non-destructive) to obtain information of archaeological and artistic objects : in-depth elemental analysisdating



Neutron activation techniques–Advantages: deep penetration, selective resonant

absorption for specific elements

–Thermal and epithermal beams at some reactors, ISIS, ESS in the future

–Neutron Resonant Capture Imaging combined with Neutron Resonance Transmission as a non-invasive technique for 3D tomographic imaging

AMS techniques–Dating with 14C (new simpler, more compact and

cheaper generation developed at ETH Zurich using multiple ion collisions to destroy molecular interference)

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•Recommendations A European network of AMS facilities exchange of information between the different

fields

CEA DSM Irfu

–Already a large European effort

–Further research needed in : fast cycling magnets, beam cooling devices, highly charged ion sources, high power targets, superconducting cavities

–Questions about reliability, beam losses still need to be solved


New frontiers in Nuclear Physics tools

•Accelerators High-power accelerators

–Synergies between fondamental research (SPIRAL2, EURISOL) and applications: ADS (MYRRHA), spallation sources (ESS), IFMIF…

Planned IFMIF facility

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•Accelerators Plasma-based accelerators

–May revolutionize the field leading to much cheaper and compact systems for instance for hadrontherapy

–Technology not yet mature, questions about achievable intensities, beam qualities…

Magnets–R&D on magnets for accelerators useful for

different industrial and medical application, in particular for NMR applications

–To reduce cost, research on high Tc superconducting materials necessary (e.g. V3Si)

One of the first Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) produced by IRST (Trento, Italy)

Iseult magnet (11.7 T) for NEUROPSIN

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•Detectors Advanced γ-ray spectrometers (γ tracking)

–Security, medical applications

Micro-pattern gas detectors (Micromegas, GEM)–High spatial resolution, large area

–High rate capabilities, radiation hardness

3D silicon strip detectors–Very short collection time, radiation hardness

Monolithic active pixel sensors–granularity and spatial resolution at the micron level

–ultra-low material budget

Silicon photomultipliers–Possibility of detecting single photons

–expected time resolution at the 100 ps level

new perspectives in different applications, in particular medical imaging

One of the first Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) produced by IRST (Trento, Italy)

Direct beam imaging of a 1.2 MeV proton beam obtained in Namur, with a CMOS pixel detector

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Principle of GEM detector



•Electronics analogical

–Si-Ge and Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) VLSI technologies

–SOI appealing for the design of monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) detectors

digital–Last generation FPGAs for transfer of data streams at rates

up to 10 Gbit/s

–perform sophisticated analysis in every node of complicated systems

FPGA from Xilinx

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FAMMAS (CEA/Saclay)



•Recommendations common European R&D platforms for accelerators

and detectors Research on new materials for high Tc

superconductors should be continuedResearch for high-power accelerators: ion sources,

beam dynamics, reliability… availability and reliability of low noise and low

power electronics

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Summary

NP finds increasing interest in a large number of interdisciplinary fields

likely expansion of nuclear energy in the future, issue of nuclear waste management and perspective of fusion

development of particle therapy, need for more sensitive imaging techniques for both diagnostics and therapy and necessity of finding new ways to produce radiopharmaceutical isotopes

NP tools extensively used in climate evolution studies and water resource management, and in archaeology and cultural heritage applications

NP involved in assessing radiation hazard in space and in the growing field of security related applications and non-proliferation control.

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Summary

Progress in Nuclear Physics toolsRecent sensitivity improvement of the AMS technique has

allowed new progress in nearly all the domains of applications availability of ion beams of elements (stable and radioactive),

from KeV to hundreds of GeV, and advanced detection techniques provide new opportunities in materials science, nanotechnology, planetary and geosciences, plasma physic

The field of high-intensity accelerators largely benefits from the synergies between studies for radioactive beam production, ADS, IFMIF, radiopharmaceutical isotope production, and ESS.

Research on plasma-based accelerators could lead to the development of much more compact and cheaper machines allowing a larger spreading of hadrontherapy

Progress in detector development offers very promising opportunities in a lot of interdisciplinary domains, in particular medical imaging

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General recommendations

Numerous applications need more accurate nuclear data and reaction models in order to complement European data libraries and/or computer codes

necessity to perform fundamental studies response to end-user requestssubstantial effort should be put on the evaluation process so

that measurements can end up rapidly into European data libraries Measurements of nuclear data and material research requires

targets or samples of high isotopic purity, which may be radioactive

Coordination of target production facilities, situation of radiochemistry, and standardized procedures should be given sufficient attention and addressed at the European level

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General recommendations

Small scale facilities as well as installations at large scale facilities are unique within Europe

the support for these application oriented activities should be enforced

beam time quota for applied research and/or dedicated Program Advisory Committees should be consideredto keep the European cutting-edge position it is strongly

recommended to closer interlink the existing complementary equipments and facilities.

Networking between fundamental physicists and end-users, networks of infrastructures (IBA, AMS or high-energy irradiation facilities), communication with medical doctors, climate scientists, environmental scientists, archaeologists)transfer of trained people to nuclear industry, medical centres,

applied research organizations or governmental bodies (as radioprotection and safety authorities)

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sylvie leray

Technology

nuclear structure data

accurate nuclear data

use of nuclear physics

nuclear energy generation

particular energy

energy demand

leray ceairfu convener

trautmann gsi darmstadt