CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Mrs. A.Swaroopa,Asst. Professor, EBM CON

OUT LINE MODELS

CURRICULUM DETERMINANTS

TYPES

DEFINITION

PURPOSES

The term ‘curriculum’ originated from the Greek word “currere” meaning to “run a course”.

Run away, path, race, road, Course of study, lap etc.

A course of subjects covered by learners in their race towards a certain educational goal or target.

MEANING OF CURRICULUM

Curriculum is in the hands of artist (teacher) to mould

his material (pupils) according to his ideas (aims & objectives) in his studio

(school)“CUNNINGHAM”

DEFINITION

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

IT IS A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SUM

TOTAL OF SELECTED EXPERIENCES PLANNED BY A

SCHOOL/COLLEGE FOR A DEFINED GROUP OF

STUDENTS TO ATTAIN THE AIMS OF PERTICULAR

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME. “BT. BASAVANTHAPPA”

PURPOSES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Brings desirable behavioral change in learner.

Helps to & handle life situations realistically rationally.

Help in development at all levels.

Planned curriculum helps to realize the educational objectives.

PURPOSES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

To draw & inspire full developmentof each student.

Develop critical thinking, reasoningand problem solving.

Helps to establish values & character of students (integrity,honesty, judgment, cooperation, friendliness & good will.

PHILOSOPHY,AIMS, OBJECTIVES

SUBJECT MATTER

LEARNING EXPERIENCES(THEORY & PRACTICAL)

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS/ TEACHING STRATEGIES

EVALUATION

SOME OF THE COMPONENTS OF A CURRICULUM UNIT

TYPES OF CURRICULUMTraditional or subject centeredTraditional or subject centeredLegitimateLegitimateIllegitimateIllegitimateHiddenHidden Null curriculumNull curriculumFormalFormalInformalInformalNon formalNon formalExperienceExperienceSupportedSupportedExtra muralExtra mural

TRADITIONAL OR SUBJECT CENTERED (1949)

Book-Centered Curriculum.It lays more emphasis on subjects with indications of their extent & time limit & score is clearly defined. predesigned and pre determined place & a fixed amount of time to each subject in the daily time table & focused on the content.

All stress is on the intellectual attainment of the child rather than on the values of studies for personal & social development. It is teacher dominated.

•LEGITIMATE CURRICULUM:Approved by the accreditation bodies (INC & National accrediting education committee members). These should have philosophy & objectives.

ILLEGETIMEATE:It is having values concentrates on behavioral objectives.

Respect Integrity, Openness,Creativity, Social justice, Responsibility, Self discipline, Courage,Independence

HIDDEN CURRICULUM:

Unintended or collateral

This is not deliberately planned but may modify behavior or influences learning outcomes.

EX: Peer influence, school environment, physical condition, teacher & student interaction etc.

It is non academic but educationally significant component of schooling & It is not designed in the educational curriculum.

 Some of the values and behaviors students might learn from the hidden curriculum are:• Punctuality,• The way to dress,• Loyalty,• Honesty, and• Cleanliness.

Some of the learning experiences includePatience Respect Diligence

NULL CURRICULUM:Consists of what is not taught in the

school set-up. (Which Is Left Out)

This may give students the impression that these elements are not important in their educational experiences or in the society.

THE FORMAL CURRICULUMRecommended curriculum / official curriculum.By scholars' or professional organizations.It is the course of study or syllabus. Pre planned & predetermined.The aims, goals and objectives, learning content, delivery strategies and methods of evaluation.

EXAMPLES OF SCHOOL CURRICULUM May come from National agencies like

Department of education (Dep ED)Commission on higher education (CHED)

Department of science & technology (DOST)All India association of teacher education (IATE)

EXAMPLES OF NURSING CURRICULUMStatutory bodies like

Indian Nursing CouncilState Nursing Council

Governing body

INFORMAL CURRICULUM:Sometimes referred to as hidden curriculum includes those activities that happen that are not designed, planned or formally accepted by the school.

Informal learning occurs through the experience of day-to-day situations.

It is learning from life, during play, exploring, during a meal at table etc.

NON-FORMAL CURRICULUM – This refers to learning planned outside the

formal learning system. For example, learning

taking place through students with similar interests coming together and exchanging viewpoints.

e.g. in sport clubs, youth organizations or workshops; or even in various games.

EXPERIENCE CURRICULUM: (OFFICIAL & HIDDEN)Types of experiences:

Direct experiences - first hand experiences educational & historical trips, visits, excursions, doing manual work, executing projects & handling various objects.

Indirect experiences - are given through text books, radio broad cast, educational films, library services & oral lessons, Past experiences of people, cultural heritage also transmitted indirectly.

SUPPORTED CURRICULUM:Resources, Text books, computers, audio visual aids which support & help in the implementation of curriculum.

Other than teacher there must be materials which should support this curriculum (Laboratory equipment, play ground etc).

Support curriculum will enable each learner to achieve real & lifelong learning.

EXTRA MURAL CURRICULUM:These experiences are not stipulated in the formal curriculum. •Cultural activities. •Sports teams.•Clubs for students with special interests.•Visits

MODELS OF CURRICULUM

Product modelLawrence sten

house process model Lottons cultural

analysis modelBetties four fold

model

Also known as behavior objective model. Developed by Ralph Tyler (1950). This model interested in product of curriculum. Explains about achievement of end product of quality.

PRODUCT MODEL

He identified 4 fundamental basic questions in this model.

What are the aims & objectives of curriculum?

Which learning experiences be selected to meet these aims & objectives?

Which learning experiences be organized to meet these aims & objectives?

How learning experiences can be evaluated?

LAWRENCE STEN HOUSE PROCESS MODEL

also called as input model. Lawrence stenhouse (1975).This model emphasizes on learning

experience or process of education. It explains about the learning

activities during the course in the curriculum to achieve the objective.

It includes the teaching methods and learning experiences.

LAWTON’S CULTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL (1983):It focused on the technique of cultural analysis as the culture is the whole way of life of society and the purpose of education.

BEATTY'S 4 FOLD MODEL: Beatty's 4 fold model Curriculum is developed in 1987.•Curriculum is a map of key subjects.•Curriculum as a schedule of basic skills.•Curriculum as a portfolio of meaningful personal experiences of student interest.•Curriculum as an agenda of important cultural issues.

CURRICULUM DETERMINANTS

HISTORICAL DETERMINANTS

PHILOSOPHICAL DETERMINANTS

SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS

POLITICALTECHNOLOGICALPSYCHOLOGICALKNOWLEDGELIFE ACTIVITIESCULTURALSTUDENT

HISTORICAL DETERMINANTSTraditional Education: The culture, traditions and practices of the people are passed on from one generation to the next.

Ancient Education: Greek, the Roman, the Hebrew and the Christian periods education which has influenced the current world systems of education.

The main aim of their education was Good citizenship respect tradition; and highlighted the value of practical skills.Christian Education was focused on moral education and character building.

PHILOSOPHICAL DETERMINANTS

PHILOSOPHY OF NATIONPHILOSOPHY OF LIFEPHILOSOPHY OF NURSING EDUCATIONFOR EXAMPLE: INC

IT DETERMINES THE OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, TEACHING METHODS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME.

Indian Nursing Council Philosophy for M.Sc (N) programme & INC believes that:

prepare nurses to improve the quality of nursing education and practice in India.

Development of Research skills.Prepares nurses for leadership.Encourages accountability and

commitment to life long learning which fosters improvement of quality care.

Family life disintegration rural-urban migration Media explosion

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

SocialChanges include

OTHER SOCIAL CHANGES INCLUDE:

Crime, Delinquency and Security issues

Faith, beliefs, attitudes of the people.

Core values& needs of Indian society.

Life styles of families & society.Urbanization& industrialization.Type of society, social needs of

patients.Health Issues: Health challenges

include HIV/Aids, Drug abuse, pollution and other environmental issues etc.

POLITICAL DETERMINANTS:It is the most powerful factor.WHO?

Mr. K. Parthasarathi: Minister for Secondary

Education

Mr. Damodhar Raja NarasimhaMinister for Higher Education & Technical Education

Primary Education Minister Mr. Sake Sailajanath

HOW THEY RESPONSIBLE?

As government is responsible for allocation of resources that are necessary to support a curriculum.

politics would influence decision making process in curriculum matters.

In the hiring of personnel.Funding (both private & public educational

institutions).Building, maintaing facilities

& equipment.Examination systems.

TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS

computer technology Technological multimedia

Online web based programs

PSYCHOLOGICALDETERMINANTS

IT IS A SCIENCE WHICH PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LEARNING & ITS PROBLEMS.

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION IN NURSING EDUCATION HELPS IN SELECTION & ORGANIZATION, EVALUATION OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN THE CURRICULUM.

FOR EXAMPLE:Of special importance to be given for those with disabilities such as mental retardation, specially gifted children, emotionally disturbed children.

psychology & learning problems among these children will greatly influence curriculum development.

KNOWLEDGE:It includes facts, laws, rules, theories, principles, norms, standards & moral choices.Ways of acquiring knowledge in curriculum:Onlookers: person who needs sufficient back ground knowledge.Participant: would be the scholars who needs much more mastery of the field.

LIFE ACTIVITIES:characterized by professional, family,Civic, Leisure & spiritualNursing curriculum should help the students to become more fully prepared to participate in these activities to become better person/ citizen as well as good nurse.

CULTURAL DETERMINANTS

STUDENT:

Student interestMotivationParticipation Student reactionStudent,Teacher

relationships Emotional tensions and anxieties

Guidance and counseling to assists the students to overcome any difficulties and adjusting with scholastic environment.

Considering the above determinants/ factors in curriculum development the nursing students will poses sound judgment

intellectually & morally enlightened, professionally

equipped

so that they are capable of caring for the sick functionally & effectively in health programmes and

there by contributing to health & welfare of the society.

Hence according to the changing needs of the society the curriculum also has to be modified.