swapnil seminr report

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

A

Seminar Report

On

“Power Steering In Automobile”

Submitted By

Mr.Swapnil N.Kale

[T120070863]

Guided By

Prof. A.V.Dube

Department of Mechanical Engineering

PVG’S COET, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.


PVG’S College of Engineering

And Technology,Pune-09

(2014-2015)

PVG’S College Of Engineering

And Technology,PUNE-09

C E R T I F I C A T E

This is to certify that Mr. Swapnil N. Kale has successfully completed the

Seminar work entitled “Power Steering In Automobile”under my

supervision, in the partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering -

Mechanical Engineering, by University of Pune.

Date:

Place:



Prof. A.V.Dube Prof. Dr.S.S.Sane

Guide Head of Department

External Examiner



ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This acknowledges my sincere thanks to our Seminar guide Prof. A.V.Dube who

helped me in selecting the Seminar topic, understanding of the subject, whose valuable

guidance and continuous encouragement throughout this work made it possible to

complete this task well in advance.

I also wish to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Y. P. Nerkar,Principal, PVG’S

College Of Engineering And Technology . Prof.Dr. S. S. Sane, Head, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, PVG’S College Of Engineering And Technology , I am also

thankful to other staff members of our esteemed college, PVG’S College Of

Engineering And Technology, Pune for their special attention and suggestions.

Swapnil N.Kale.

(T.E.Mechanical Engg.)



LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure number Name of Figure Page number

Figure 1 Understeer and Oversteer

Figure 2 Turning of car

Figure 3 By using Rack-and-pinion Steering

Figure 4 By using Recirculating ball steering

Figure 5Other components(Pump)

Figure 6 Other components (Rotary valve)

Figure 6 Other components (Rotary valve)



LIST OF TABLES:

Table number Name Page number

Table 1 Difference between Power steering

and Manual steering



Contents

1.INTRODUCTION :....................................................................................................7

2. REDUCTANTS AND CATALYTI C REACTIONS:..............................................7

2.1 Ammonia:.............................................................................................................7

2.1.1 Purely anhydrous ammonia:..........................................................................8

2.1.2 Aqueous ammonia:.......................................................................................8

2.1.3 Chemical kinetics on catalyst:......................................................................8

2.1.4 Ammonium slip:..........................................................................................10

2.2 UREA:...............................................................................................................10

2.2.1 Properties of Urea:......................................................................................10

2.2.2 Urea Reactions:...........................................................................................11

2.3 Ammonium formate:..........................................................................................12

2.3.1 Properties of ammonium formate................................................................13

3. CATALYSTS:..........................................................................................................13

3.1 Types of SCR catalyst:.......................................................................................13

3.1.1 Platinum catalyst:........................................................................................14

3.1.2 Vanadium/titanium based catalyst:.............................................................15

3.1.3 Zeolite based catalyst:.................................................................................16

3.2 Auxiliary Catalyst:.............................................................................................17

3.2.1 Ammonia Slip Catalyst:..............................................................................17

3.2.2 Urea Hydrolysis Catalyst:...........................................................................19

4. STATIONARY SCR SYSTEM:..............................................................................19

4.1 Process configuration:........................................................................................20

4.1.1 High-dust arrangement (HD):.....................................................................20



4.1.2 Low-dust arrangement (LD):......................................................................20

4.2 Catalyst:..............................................................................................................20

4.2.1 homogeneous honeycomb catalyst:.............................................................20

4.2.2 Plate-type catalysts:.....................................................................................20

4.2.3 Coated honeycomb catalysts:......................................................................20

4.3 Catalyst Durability.............................................................................................21

4.4 SCR systems:.....................................................................................................21

5. MOBILE SCR SYSTEM:........................................................................................23

5.1 SCR EMISSION STRATEGY:.........................................................................23

5.2 COST ANALYSIS:............................................................................................23

5.3 ISSUES FOR SCR APPLICATION:.................................................................24

5.3.1 Catalyst selection:.......................................................................................24

5.3.2 Control strategy:..........................................................................................24

5.4 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:.........................................................................24

6.REFERENCES..........................................................................................................26



1.INTRODUCTION:

Safety is obviously an important part of life. What is the exact nature of automobile

safety? Just how is a car safe or unsafe and who makes that decision? Is it as simple as

crashing a car into a barrier and publishing the results? And finally, is there more to a

car than just how safe it is?

Automobile safety includes multiple key points like the car’s construction, active

safety features, and safe handling and driving characteristics. But all of these are at

best secondary to the human element safe and attentive driving. Since the late 1960s

automobile safety has become a top priority of consumers with manufacturers. The

increased traveling speeds of cars were starting to make the increased rate injuries.

As Safety is a predominant issue today; therefore, a great deal of research concerns

safety issues. Safety in cars can be divided into two categories, passive and active

safety. Passive safety refers to functions that help mitigate the severity of accidents

when such as seat belts, airbag etc. Active safety features refer to functions that assist

the driver to avoid an accident such as anti-lock brakes.

The main task of a power steering system in passenger cars is to decrease the steering

effort of the driver in certain situations such as low speed maneuvering and parking.

Power steering has become a necessary component in modern cars of all sizes due to

high axel weight, larger tire cross-sections and front wheel drive. In most medium and

larger cars, the reduction of steering effort is accomplished by using a hydraulic

system, which produces an additional torque to the torque applied by the driver, to

reduce, not remove, the steering effort of the driver by adding a certain amount of

torque to the driver’s torque, while at the same time supplying the driver with a

relevant amount of road feel through the steering wheel torque.



2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History

Power steering systems are probably the most used servo system by the common man,

even though most users never give it a second thought. The first power steering unit

was invented by Francis W. Davis in the mid 1920’s, but was not introduced in

passenger cars until 1951. This system was of the type: ball and nut, and is still in use

in vehicles with higher steering forces, typically larger trucks.

The predominant system used from one of the first patents by Francis W. Davis. today

is of the type: rack and pinion, which was introduced in the late 1960’s in medium

performance sports cars. There are several different power assisted steering, PAS,

solutions for passenger cars on the market today. The most common is the rack and

pinion solution with a constant flow controlled pump, Hydraulic Power Assisted

Steering - HPAS system.

More recently an Electric Power Assisted Steering, EPAS system, was introduced in

smaller.



3. Need of POWER STEERING.

Steering is the term applied to collection or components, linkages, etc.which allow for

car or other vehicle to follow a course determined by its driver.

Hence Power Steering can be stated as,

Power steering - is a system which helps to steer the wheels with some source of

power other than the drivers manual force with which he turns the steering.

.This feature adds to the comfort while driving as less effort is needed to turn the

steering by the driver. Power Steering is specially important for the cars which have

engine in front and there is a lot of weight on the front wheels.

NEED:-To overcome the effect of –

3.1. Understeering.

3.2. Oversteering.

Figure 3.1.Understeer and Oversteer

Understeer happens when the front wheels start to plow straight even if you have the

steering wheel turned. Front-wheel-drive cars are susceptible to understeer because

power is being sent to the same wheels that steer the car, and when the tires start



spinning there’s no grip to steer. If your front tire tread has ever been packed with

snow or mud, you know the feeling of understeer because, as you turn the wheel, the

car keeps going straight.

Oversteer is the tendency for the rear end to slide out or fishtail. In responsible

everyday driving, there’s no reason oversteer should be a concern. In rain, snow or

mud, however, the rear end of rear-wheel-drive cars can creep out on you. Traction

and stability control can minimize that fishtailing. The exhibition sport of drifting is an

activity that revolves around oversteer; drivers pitch their specially-built cars sideways

and smoke the tires at high speeds.

Therefore to overcome these types of effect proper steering mechanism should be

used,along with the assembly of chasis.



4. Types of STEERING.

Types of steering mainly classified as Power steeringand Manual steering .

4.1 Power Steering

Power steering is a system which helps to steer the wheels with some source of

power other than the drivers manual force with which he turns the steering.

4.2 Manual Steering

Manual steering is a steering system in which manual force is used for steering.

Power steering can further be divide into 3 types,

4.1.1 Power Steering

4.1.1 Hydro-mechanical Power Steering (HMPS)

4.1.2 Hydraulic Power Steering.

4.1.3 Electric Power Steering.

4.1.1 Hydro-mechanical Power Steering (HMPS)

Hydro mechanical power steering was the first type to be used on agricultural tractors

in the early 1950’s.Sutaible for small to medium tractors where power steering can be

an option to manual steering. Once the size of tractors becomes too big for manual

steering ,hydro mechanical steering is usually not effective.



4.1.2 Hydraulic Power Steering.

Hydraulic power steering is a primitive technology used for decades and has improved

a lot with time. Earlier, it did not have any difference in steering response with speed

of the car, but the new age of hydraulic power steering are speed sensitive and work

better than the older hydraulic power steering.

4.1.3 Electric Power Steering.

Electric power steering are comparatively new technology with less complicated build

and mechanism, takes less space and are more durable. Electric power steering use

sensors to sense the car speed and will take care of the different steering response

required for different speeds.



5.Difference between :

5.1 Power steering and Manual steering.

Key Difference: Power steering is a system that helps in steering the wheels by using

power of engine.

Manual steering is a steering system in which manual force is used for steering.

Steering refers to the mechanism of guiding the wheels towards the intended direction.

You must be familiar with the steering systems of cars. The driver uses the steering to

control the course taken by wheels.

Power steering is a system that helps in steering the wheels by using power of engine.

Manual steering is totally different type of steering in which manual force is used for

steering.

However, today most of the cars have power steering systems.

When we talk about power steering, than we are either referring to hydraulic power

steering or electric power steering.

Thus, we can say that Electronic Power Steering and Hydraulic Power Steering are

types of power steering and thus both possess all the features of a power steering

system.



Table 5.1.1 Difference between Power steering and Manual steering.

Power Steering Manual Steering

Definition Power steering is a system

that helps in steering the

wheels using some source

of power.

Manual steering is a

system in which manual

force is used for steering.

Mechanism Hydraulic : rack and

pinion, recirculating ball

and nut, worm and roller,

hydrostatic

Electrical: Rack and

pinion, column driven

EPS, pinion driven EPS,

Rack driven EPS

A manual steering rack

uses a rack and pinion,

worm and roller and

recirculation ball and nut.

Response Comparatively quick Comparatively slow

Resistance to wheel

movement

Less More

Preferred Comparatively heavy

weight vehicles

Low weight vehicles

Elements A hydraulic pump, fluid

reservoir, hoses, lines; and

either a power assist unit

mounted on, or integral

with, a power steering gear

assembly

Steering wheel and

column, a manual gearbox

and pitman arm or a rack

and pinion assembly,

linkages; steering knuckles

and ball joints, and the

wheel spindle assemblies

Advantages Absorbs road shocks, Mechanical connection



minimum efforts, greater

safety and controllability

under critical situations

between the steering wheel

and the wheel and all the

components continues to

be maintained without the

help of the auxiliary power

and preferred in race cars

5.2 Difference Between Hydraulic Power and Electric Power Steering.

(Hydraulic Power Steering and Electric Power Steering)

1. Hydraulic Power Steering System is complicated compared with Electric Power

Steering

2. Hydraulic Power Steering System usually weighs more than Electric Power Steering

3. Hydraulic Power Steering uses hydraulic fluids for operation whereas there is no

such fluid needed for Electric Power Steering, thus Electric Power Steering needs less

maintenance compared to hydraulic power steering.

4. Electric Power Steering gives better response at different speeds as compared to

Hydraulic Power Steering

5. Eclectic Power Steering is less prone to problems and faults and are more durable as

compared to Hydraulic power steering.

6. Hydraulic power steering extracts power from engine, so it reduces the fuel mileage

of the engine. Electric power steering consumes power from battery which is also

charged by engine, but it consumes less power compared to Hydraulic power steering.

So a car having Electric power steering will give more mileage than one with

Hydraulic power steering.



6. Basic steering mechanisms and How its work.

6.1.1 Rack and pinion steering.

6.1.2 Recirculating ball steering.

6.1.1 Rack and pinion steering- in this system a pinion gear is attached to the

steering shaft which means that whenever the steering wheel is turned, it turns the

pinion gear(circular) and then moves the rack (linear). It is basically using the

rotational motion of steering wheels and then converting this rotational motion into the

linear motion. This linear motion is required to turn the wheels.

6.1.2 Recirculating ball steering- in this system, a box is fastened over a worm drive

that contains many ball bearings. These ball bearings loop around the worm drive and

these balls move out into a recirculation channel and again get back into the worm

drive. When the steering wheel is turned, the worm drive turns and forces the balls to

press against the channel inside the nut. Now, this forces the nut to move along the

worm drive.



6.2 Working:-

6.2.1 Turning car-You might be surprised to learn that when you turn your car,

your front wheels are not pointing in the same direction.

Figure 6.2.1 Turning of car.

For a car to turn smoothly, each wheel must follow a different circle. Since the inside

wheel is following a circle with a smaller radius, it is actually making a tighter turn

than the outside wheel. If you draw a line perpendicular to each wheel, the lines will

intersect at the center point of the turn. The geometry of the steering linkage makes the

inside wheel turn more than the outside wheel.



There are a couple different types of steering gears. The most common are rack-and-

pinion and recirculating ball. As mentioned above.

6.2.2 By using Rack-and-pinion Steering:- Rack-and-pinion steering is quickly

becoming the most common type of steering on cars, small trucks and SUVs. It is

actually a pretty simple mechanism. A rack-and-pinion gear set is enclosed in a metal

tube, with each end of the rack protruding from the tube. A rod, called a tie rod,

connects to each end of the rack.

Figure 6.2.2 By using Rack-and-pinion Steering.

The pinion gear is attached to the steering shaft. When you turn the steering wheel,

the gear spins, moving the rack. The tie rod at each end of the rack connects to

the steering arm on the spindle (see diagram above).

The rack-and-pinion gear set does two things:

It converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into the linear motion needed to

turn the wheels.



It provides a gear reduction, making it easier to turn the wheels.

On most cars, it takes three to four complete revolutions of the steering wheel to make

the wheels turn from lock to lock (from far left to far right).

The steering ratio is the ratio of how far you turn the steering wheel to how far the

wheels turn. For instance, if one complete revolution (360 degrees) of the steering

wheel results in the wheels of the car turning 20 degrees, then the steering ratio is 360

divided by 20, or 18:1. A higher ratio means that you have to turn the steering wheel

more to get the wheels to turn a given distance. However, less effort is required

because of the higher gear ratio.

Generally, lighter, sportier cars have lower steering ratios than larger cars and trucks.

The lower ratio gives the steering a quicker response -- you don't have to turn the

steering wheel as much to get the wheels to turn a given distance -- which is a

desirable trait in sports cars. These smaller cars are light enough that even with the

lower ratio, the effort required to turn the steering wheel is not excessive.

Some cars have variable-ratio steering, which uses a rack-and-pinion gearset that has

a different tooth pitch (number of teeth per inch) in the center than it has on the

outside. This makes the car respond quickly when starting a turn (the rack is near the

center), and also reduces effort near the wheel's turning limits.

Power Rack-and-pinion

When the rack-and-pinion is in a power-steering system, the rack has a slightly

different design.

Part of the rack contains a cylinder with a piston in the middle. The piston is connected

to the rack. There are two fluid ports, one on either side of the piston. Supplying

higher-pressure fluid to one side of the piston forces the piston to move, which in turn

moves the rack, providing the power assist.



We'll check out the components that provide the high-pressure fluid, as well as decide

which side of the rack to supply it to, later in the article. First, let's take a look at

another type of steering.

6.2.3 By using Recirculating-ball Steering:

Recirculating-ball steering is used on many trucks and SUVs today. The linkage that

turns the wheels is slightly different than on a rack-and-pinion system.

Figure 6.2.3.1 By using Recirculating ball steering.

The recirculating-ball steering gear contains a worm gear. You can image the gear in

two parts. The first part is a block of metal with a threaded hole in it. This block has

gear teeth cut into the outside of it, which engage a gear that moves the pitman

arm (see diagram above). The steering wheel connects to a threaded rod, similar to a

bolt, that sticks into the hole in the block. When the steering wheel turns, it turns the



bolt. Instead of twisting further into the block the way a regular bolt would, this bolt is

held fixed so that when it spins, it moves the block, which moves the gear that turns

the wheels.

Instead of the bolt directly engaging the threads in the block, all of the threads are

filled with ball bearings that recirculate through the gear as it turns. The balls actually

serve two purposes: First, they reduce friction and wear in the gear; second, they

reduce slop in the gear. Slop would be felt when you change the direction of the

steering wheel -- without the balls in the steering gear, the teeth would come out of

contact with each other for a moment, making the steering wheel feel loose.

Power steering in a recirculating-ball system works similarly to a rack-and-pinion

system. Assist is provided by supplying higher-pressure fluid to one side of the block.

Now let's take a look at the other components that make up a power-steering system.

There are a couple of key components in power steering in addition to the rack-and-

pinion or recirculating-ball mechanism.

6.2.4 Pump

The hydraulic power for the steering is provided by a rotary-vane pump (see diagram

below). This pump is driven by the car's engine via a belt and pulley. It contains a set

of retractable vanes that spin inside an oval chamber.



Figure 6.2.4 Other components(Pump)

As the vanes spin, they pull hydraulic fluid from the return line at low pressure and

force it into the outlet at high pressure. The amount of flow provided by the pump

depends on the car's engine speed. The pump must be designed to provide adequate

flow when the engine is idling. As a result, the pump moves much more fluid than

necessary when the engine is running at faster speeds.

The pump contains a pressure-relief valve to make sure that the pressure does not get

too high, especially at high engine speeds when so much fluid is being pumped.



6.2.5 Rotary Valve

A power-steering system should assist the driver only when he is exerting force on the

steering wheel (such as when starting a turn). When the driver is not exerting force

(such as when driving in a straight line), the system shouldn't provide any assist. The

device that senses the force on the steering wheel is called the rotary valve.

Figure 6.2.5.1Other components (Rotary valve)

The key to the rotary valve is a torsion bar. The torsion bar is a thin rod of metal that

twists when torque is applied to it. The top of the bar is connected to the steering

wheel, and the bottom of the bar is connected to the pinion or worm gear (which turns

the wheels), so the amount of torque in thetorsion bar is equal to the amount of torque

the driver is using to turn the wheels. The more torque the driver uses to turn the

wheels, the more the bar twists.



Figure 6.2.5.2Other components (Rotary valve)

The input from the steering shaft forms the inner part of a spool-valve assembly. It

also connects to the top end of the torsion bar. The bottom of the torsion bar connects

to the outer part of the spool valve. The torsion bar also turns the output of the steering

gear, connecting to either the pinion gear or the worm gear depending on which type

of steering the car has.

As the bar twists, it rotates the inside of the spool valve relative to the outside. Since

the inner part of the spool valve is also connected to the steering shaft (and therefore to

the steering wheel), the amount of rotation between the inner and outer parts of the

spool valve depends on how much torque the driver applies to the steering wheel.

When the steering wheel is not being turned, both hydraulic lines provide the same

amount of pressure to the steering gear. But if the spool valve is turned one way or the

other, ports open up to provide high-pressure fluid to the appropriate line.

It turns out that this type of power-steering system is pretty inefficient.



7. Automotive Steering System Fault Diagnosis and Troubleshooting.

7.1 shift heavy judgments and exclusion.

7.1.1Symptoms:

1. when the car turns driving, turning the steering wheel is very difficult

2. The vehicle steering, the steering wheel does not automatically return to position

7.1.2.Remedies:

1. check if the car is overloaded or the front loading too much on the front tire pressure

is too low, if the tire pressure is low, should be inflated to reach the specified value.

2. strut front axle, hand turn the steering wheel test.

A. If the steering wheel feels light, indicating front axle or the frame deformation,

front wheel alignment inaccurate and so on, should check the calibration;

B. If the steering still feels heavy, and note down on the steering gear or the steering

transmission machinery, has nothing to do with the front axle and axle .

3. removed the steering arm, turning the steering wheel test.

A. If the steering feels light, indicating failure in the steering linkage; hand sliding the

front wheel about testing, check the steering knuckle kingpin co-ordination with the

bush, if I flip the wheel more laborious, indicating steering knuckle kingpin poor

lubrication or in combination gap is too small, should bear grease or adjust to meet the

gap;

B. Check the steering knuckle thrust bearing, if the bearing short of oil or damaged

should be replaced;

C. Check the steering rod of the ball head of the lubrication and tightness, and if TIE

ROD END too tight, should bear grease or adjust the ball head tightness, if the steering

is still heavy, indicating failure in the steering gear; should be examined within the

steering gear lubricant oil quantity and quality if the surface is too low, indicating

steering in the lack of lubricating oil, should be added to the required position, if oil

deterioration, should be replaced lubricants; Check steering free trip, if the free path is



too small, indicating rotation pair steering gear meshing clearance is too small, should

be adjusted; turning the steering wheel, checking to listen to steering shaft and casing a

married grazing sound, if grazing sound, indicating steering shaft or casing

deformation, should be straightening;

D. Check the steering shaft universal joints, universal joints, if the oil tank should be

filling lubrication fat, if the universal joint cross shaft bearing is damaged, should be

replaced;

E. Check the upper and lower steering worm bearing preload degree, if the preload

through the large, should be adjusted;

F. Following the above examinations are normal, should be demolished seized

steering, check Steering internal bearings, bushings, gear teeth are damaged or serious

vice wear, according to examine the situation, replacing the corresponding parts.

7.2. Judgments and elimination of low-speed Rocker :-

Failure phenomenon: low speed when the car feel unstable direction, resulting in

front wheel shimmy

7.2.1.Visual inspection :-

1. Check whether the loading of goods vehicles long, which leads to front wheel

bearing is too small, checks whether the tire pressure is too low, should be inflated so

as to achieve the specified value, check whether the front suspension spring

dislocation, split-off or fixed bad, if the dislocation, repair should be demolished; if

broken should be replaced, if the fixed-poor, should be required tightening torque.

2. Check the steering wheel free travel

Hold the steering arm by one person, and the other turning the steering wheel tests, if

the free path is too large, indicating clearances steering gear transmission is too large,

should be adjusted. Release steering arm, still a man turning the steering wheel, under

the observation of another person in the car steering rod ball pin, if the phenomenon,

indicating the ball bowls ball pin or wear off very, spring break or adjust too loose,

you should replace the damaged parts, and then adjust.

3. Unless such a cause, should inspect front axle and check front wheel alignment is

correct, if correct, should be adjusted, check the front axle is deformed, if distortion



should be corrected.

7.3.High-speed Rocker Diagnosis and Removal :-

Failure phenomenon:- A car at high speed or a higher speed driving, the steering

wheel out the rationale shivering, driving instability.

1.Visual inspection

After checking tire pressure is too low, if the pressure is too low, should be inflated so

as to achieve the specified value. Check front axle, steering gear and steering linkage

is loose, if loose, should be fastened. Check whether the oil spill before the shock

absorber, if the leak or failure, should be replaced. Check from time to time about

suspension spring break or stretch weakened, break or stretch if weakened, should be

replaced. Check the suspension spring is fixed and reliable, if loose, should be

fastened.

2. Branch starting from the bridge, with tripods plugged the non-driving wheel, start

the engine and gradually so that the vehicle is shifted into high gear, so driving wheel

shimmy speed up the body, if the jitter occurs at this time the body and the steering

wheel, indicating shaft severe bending or Song Kuang, drive axle gear mesh gap is too

large, should be replaced or adjusted, if the body and the steering wheel does not shake

at this time, indicating failure in the former bridge.

3.Check the front wheel from time to time deflection

Strut front axle, in the front wheel rim had put a draw on the needle, slowly turning the

wheel to see whether the wheel rim deflection is too large, if the rim deflection is too

large, should be replaced. Remove the front wheel, the wheel balancing instrument in

the check, front wheel balancing, and if not unbalance should be balanced to install a

balanced blocks.

4. After the above-mentioned examinations are normal, should check the frame and

the front is normal, check the front wheel with front-wheel positioning system is

correct, if correct, should be adjusted to check whether the deformation of the frame, if

deformation, should be corrected.



7.4.Driving wandering Diagnosis and Removal :-

Failure phenomenon: Car driving straight, we must seize the steering wheel. If

slightly loose steering wheel, it will automatically run to the side.

1. Visual inspection

Check the left and right front tire pressure is consistent, if not, should be required to

inflate so that the two front wheels ensure consistent tire pressure, check the left and

right front tire wear, if wear and tear inconsistent serious wear and tear should be

replaced tires. Check the left and right front tire of the two patterns are the same, such

as the patterns are inconsistent and should replace the tires, so that the same pattern.

The car parked in a flat on the ground to view the front of the vehicle a high degree of

consistency, if a high degree of inconsistency, the vehicle left tilt, indicating

suspension spring break or stretch weakened, should be replaced.

2. Hand-to-deviation side of the wheel hub and wheel bearings brake parts, feel the

temperature, if I feel particularly hot wheel brake hub, indicating wheel brake

clearance is too small or to return to one was not complete, should check the

adjustment. If the wheel feels especially hot, stating that the wheel bearings too tight,

it should focus on pro-adjusting bearing preload degrees.

3.Measured before and after the bridge at both ends of center distance is about equal, if

not equal, indicating the side of a short wheelbase misplaced leaf springs, axles, or

axle casing to switch songs, etc. should check the repair. Check with the front-wheel

front wheel positioning locator is correct, if correct, should be adjusted.

7.5. Unilateral under steering Diagnosis and Removal :-

Failure phenomenon: When the car turned around, there a certain side of the steering

angle is too small

1.Visual Inspection

Check whether the shift rod distortion, if distortion, should be straightening. Check

whether the suspension spring deformation, whether or broken leaf spring center bolt,

if deformed or broken, should be replaced. Check whether the deformation front axle,

if deformation, should the school directly.

2. If the vehicle after the repair of unilateral understeering.



The car parked on flat ground, teams from the former bridge, will turn the steering

wheel side in the end, then turn on the other side in the end, remember that turning the

steering wheel of the total number of laps, the steering wheel turned by the side of the

half of the total number of laps, Check front wheel is in a straight line driving position,

if the position of front-wheel drive is not in a straight line indicating the installation

location does not move arm should be removed to re-install, if the steering wheel to

switch less than half of the total number of laps, the steering angle limit screws on the

withstand the steering knuckle, steering angle limit screw adjustment instructions

properly, should be redirected.

7.6.Power steering system steering heavy judgments and exclusion :-

Failure phenomenon: when driving vehicle cornering, steering feel heavy, hydraulic

power loss of the role of a short-lived

1.Check the steering pump-driven part of the situation in hand steering pump drive

belt depressed, if depressed excessive, indicating tight belt drive to persuade to be

adjusted. Starting the engine, so the engine running at idle speed, a sudden increase in

engine speed, check whether the steering pump drive belt slipping phenomenon, if

slipping phenomenon, shows drive belt too loose or too worn or rather, should be

adjusted or replaced.

2.Check the steering fluid in the fluid level in the tank, if the steering fluid surface in

the winding, or "MIN" line, indicating lack of steering fluid should be added to the

provisions of positions.

3.Check the steering fluid filter inside the tank, remove the filter to observe the status

of filters, if it had dirty filter, indicating blocking filter should be cleaned. If it is found

broken filter should be replaced.

4.Check whether the system will be the air, start the engine and make it run at idle, and

then back and forth turning the steering wheel several times to observe the status of

steering fluid, steering fluid, if found to have foam or oil turbidity, indicating turn the

system with air mixed in, should be dismissed. Check the steering pump inlet pipe is

broken, if broken should be replaced. To check whether the pipe joints loose, if loose,

should be fastened. Check the steering pump shaft seal ring for damage, if the oil spill

should be replaced.



5.Check the hydraulic steering system with a pressure gauge connected to the shift

between the pump and power steering devices, so that the engine running at idle, close

gauge valve, if the 10S internal pressure reach a fixed value, indicating lack of steering

pump pressure should be demolished inspection maintenance. The steering wheel to

the left or right limit position, open the gauge valve, if the pressure less than the

required value, indicating power steering device has fault or inappropriate valve

adjustment should be adjusted off inspection.

6.check when the engine idling speed, start the engine and make it run at idle, observe

the instructions of the table at this time the value of engine speed, if the indicated

value is low, or speed instability, indicating the engine idle speed is too low, should be

adjusted.

7.7 Power steering system and elimination of noise to determine:-

Failure phenomenon: When the vehicle steering, steering pumps at the sound

generated

1.Check the oil tank inside the steering fluid level, if below the surface off the

assembly line, or "MIN" line, indicating steering fluid liquid level is too low, should

be added to the required location. If the consumption of fast steering fluid, indicating a

serious oil spill Department, should be checked to exclude.

2.Check the steering pump-driven part of the situation, men turned to pressure oil

pump drive belt, if depressed too large, indicating too loose drive belt should be

adjusted.

3.Check whether there are air-hydraulic steering, open the tank lid, start the engine and

make it run at idle, back and forth turning the steering wheel several times to observe

whether there are bubbles steering fluid, if air bubbles, indicating steering fluid the

mix of air, should be dismissed.

4. Check whether the oil tank filter plugging, pipeline road layout is correct, remove

the oil filter tube, such as found dirty, indicating poor oil circulation should be

cleaned, if the pipeline road bending, concave deflated, to be replaced.



8. Innovations in Power steering:-

One of the coolest ideas on the drawing board is the "steer-by-wire" or "drive-by-wire"

system. These systems would completely eliminate the mechanical connection

between the steering wheel and the steering, replacing it with a purely electronic

control system. Essentially, the steering wheel would work like the one you can buy

for your home computer to play games. It would contain sensors that tell the car what

the driver is doing with the wheel, and have some motors in it to provide the driver

with feedback on what the car is doing. The output of these sensors would be used to

control a motorized steering system. This would free up space in the engine

compartment by eliminating the steering shaft. It would also reduce vibration inside

the car.

General Motors has introduced a concept car, the Hy-wire, that features this type of

driving system. One of the most exciting things about the drive-by-wire system in the

GM Hy-wire is that you can fine-tune vehicle handling without changing anything in

the car's mechanical components -- all it takes to adjust the steering is some new

computer software. In future drive-by-wire vehicles, you will most likely be able to

configure the controls exactly to your liking by pressing a few buttons, just like you

might adjust the seat position in a car today. It would also be possible in this sort of

system to store distinct control preferences for each driver in the family.

In the past fifty years, car steering systems haven't changed much. But in the next

decade, we'll see advances in car steering that will result in more efficient cars and a

more comfortable ride.



9. References :-

1. SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, "Vehicle

Dynamics Terminology", SAE Standard J670, Rev. 2008-01-24

2. International Organization for Standardization, "Road vehicles – Vehicle

dynamics and road-holding ability – Vocabulary", ISO Standard 8855, Rev.

2010

3. International Organization for Standardization, "Passenger cars – Steady-state

circular driving behaviour – Open-loop test methods", ISO Standard 4138

4. T. D. Gillespie, "Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics", Society of Automotive

Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, PA, 1992. pp 226–230

5. Mechanical Dynamic Inc. ADAMS/VIEW Guides .2001.


swapnil seminr report

Documents

catalyst durability214

platinum catalyst

catalyst selection

auxiliary catalyst

types of scr catalyst

car figure

urea hydrolysis catalyst

pinion steering figure