sw 11ss 02 structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/teaching/old/ss11/sw/slides/sw...• grant proposals,...

13
1 INF 4611 Scientific Writing and Presenting Andreas Kämper Summer 2011 2. Structure Recapitulation What is Scientific Writing? Reporting of original research in scientific journals Scientific paper In a broader sense it also includes papers summarizing and integrating previously published research research Review paper, book chapter, book Other types of publications Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations

Upload: haanh

Post on 21-Apr-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

1

INF 4611Scientific Writing and Presenting

Andreas KämperSummer 2011

2. Structure

Recapitulation

What is Scientific Writing?

• Reporting of original research in scientific journals

• Scientific paper

• In a broader sense it also includes papers summarizing and integrating previously published researchresearch

• Review paper, book chapter, book

• Other types of publications

• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations

Page 2: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

2

Key Characteristic: Clarity

The key characteristic of scientific writing is clarity

• Clearly state the problem

• Clearly state conclusions

• Clearly state how these conclusions wereClearly state how these conclusions were obtained

• Clear to scientists reading outside their narrow discipline, to undergraduate students, and to readers whose native language is other than English

Outline of the Course

ResearchSelect Medium

Initial Manuscript

Idea for a Publication

Internal Review

Final Manuscript

SubmissionPeer

Review

RevisionRevised

ManuscriptRebuttal

Editorial Decision

Galley Proofs

Published Paper

Outline

• Historical Development of Scientific Writing

• Standard Structure of a Scientific Paper

• Introduction

• Materials and Methods

R lt• Results

• Discussion and Conclusion

• Grammar and Style

• Online reference books

• Expand your vocabulary: “A word a day”

Page 3: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

3

Historical Development

Standard Structure of a Scientific Paper

Style and Grammar Quarter

Early historical development (I)

• Prehistoric times

• Knowledge was passed by oral tradition.

• 30,000 BC – 10,000 BC (Upper Paleolithic)

• Cave paintings and petroglyphs

“Horse”

• Since around 9000 BC (Neolithic)

• Pictographs used as labels

“Running priest”, petroglyph,

Val Camonica, Italy

Figures: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux2.jpg (public domain), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arte_Rupestre_Valcamonica_Sacerdote.jpg (GNU FDL).

Horse ,cave painting, Lascaux, France

Early historical development (II)

• Around 7000 BC (Neolithic)

• Proto‐writing

Kish tablet(limestone, around 3500 BC)

Transition between proto‐writing

• Around 3500 BC (Neolithic – Bronze Age) 

• Writing systems developed independently in Mesopotamia, Egypt (possibly influenced by Mesopotamia), and China

Transition between proto writing and writing

Figure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LimestoneKishTablet.jpg (public domain);the original is in the AshmoleanMuseum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Page 4: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

4

Early historical development (III)

• Since around 3500 BC

• Mesopotamian peoples began to write down observations on clay tablets.

• Example: Mathematics

The partial clay tablet “Plimpton 322” 

• Example: Astronomy – we still today use the 7‐day‐week, the lunar month, and the solar year

p y p(around 1800 BC) in cuneiform writing.

Interpretation as “reciprocal pairs” (Robson, 2001)

E. Robson, Historia Math. 2001, 28, 167‐206. Figure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plimpton_322.jpg(public domain); original in the G.A. Plimpton Collection at Columbia University, New York City, United States.

Early historical development (IV)

• Around 2700 BC

• First scientific writings on papyri in Egypt.

• Example: Mathematics

Moscow mathematical papyrus, problem 14.

Correct calculation of the volume of a truncated square pyramid using the equation

Figures: top: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mpap.JPG (public domain); original in the Pushkin Museum of FineArts, Moscow, Russia; bottom: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usech_kvadrat_piramid.png (public domain).

Early historical development (V)

• Around 300 BC

• Euclid collects the mathematical knowledge of his time in a logically coherent framework: the Elements (in 13 volumes).

• Most influentialtextbook of all times                                             (Boyer, 1991).

• First printed in 1482;                                              over 1000 editions, second only to the Bible.

C. B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics, 2nd Ed. Revised by U. C. Merzbach, Wiley, 1991;Figure: http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html (public domain).

Fragment of Euclid’s Elements(Papyrus, around 100 BC)

Page 5: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

5

Early Historical Development (VI)

• Fall of the Roman Empire

• 395 A.D.: Partition of the Roman Empire

• till 476 A.D.: Decline of the Western Roman Empire

• Sometime between 42 BC and A.D. 642:

• Royal Library of Alexandria – largest library of the antique world – destroyed

Early Historical Development (VII)

• Early Middle Ages (Islamic Golden Age)

• around 1000 A.D.: Scientific method developed as systematic approach to theory and experiments by Arab and Persian polymaths:

• Ibn al‐Haytham (Alhazen), Book of Optics               (Ki b l M i ) bli h d 1021(Kitab al‐Manazir), published 1021.

• Abu Rayhan al‐Biruni, Book of Precious Stones       (Kitab al‐Jawahir), published about 1030.

• Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Book of Healing (Al‐Shefa), published 1027.

Modern Historical Development (I)

• Renaissance of the 12th century• Increased contact with the Islamic world (in Spain and Italy, Crusades)

• Translation of works of Greek and Islamic philosophers and scientists

• “Scientific Renaissance”• Scientific Renaissance• Phrase coined by M. B. Hall

• Assimilation of Greek and Roman knowledge after Fall of Constantinople (1453)

• Invention of movable type printing by Gutenberg (1455: Gutenberg Bible)

Page 6: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

6

Modern Historical Development (II)

• “The Scientific Revolution”

• Phrase coined by Alexandre Koyré in 1939

• A.D. 1543:Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium

l ti (O thcoelestium (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres)

Andreas Vesalius,De humani corporis

fabrica (On the fabric of the human body)

Figures: N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Libri VI, Nuremberg, 1543 (public domain);A. Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, Basel, 1543 (public domain).

Modern Historical Development (III)

• The first scientific journals appeared in A.D. 1665

Journal des Sçavans

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal 

SocietyFigures: Title pages of the first issues (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:1665_journal_des_scavans_title.jpg, 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1665_phil_trans_vol_i_title.png, both public domain).

Modern Historical Development (IV)

• In the early days papers were written in a descriptive fashion

• Straightforward style of reporting

• Results often in chronological order, like “First, I saw this, and then I saw that”

Page 7: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

7

Modern Historical Development (V)

• From the 1850s it became increasingly important to describe the methodology of experiments

• For instance, Louis Pasteur had to describe his experiments in great detail to allow his many critics to reproduce experiments

• Separate Methods section

Modern Historical Development (VI)

• After World War II and after Sputnik billions of dollars were spent for science, resulting in many papers

• Journal space became precious

• Reduction of verbosity and of redundancyReduction of verbosity and of redundancy

• Organization of manuscripts in a standard form

• The Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD) format became standard

Historical Development

Standard Structure of a Scientific Paper

Style and Grammar Quarter

Page 8: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

8

Standard Structure

• Introduction

• What is this all about? Why was this work done? Why do you write this paper?

• Materials and Methods

• How was the evidence obtained?How was the evidence obtained?

• Results

• What are the facts? What was found?

• Discussion and Conclusion

• What do your findings mean?

Purpose of the Introduction

• Supply sufficient background information

• Allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of your study

• Do this in a way that the reader does not need to refer to previous publications on the topic

• Provide the rationale of the study

• State the purpose of writing the paper

Structure of the Introduction (I)

1) What is it all about?

Why is it interesting, exciting, and important to address this issue?

State the nature and scope of the problem.

2) Wh t i th t t f th t?2) What is the state of the art?

Briefly review the relevant literature. Select only the most important references, unless you are writing a review or thesis.

Page 9: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

9

Structure of the Introduction (II)

3) What did you set out to do?

What were your goals?

State the aims/goals of your study.

4) What is your approach to the problems?

What new methods or ideas did you develop or implement?

State the method and, if necessary, state why you chose this method over competing methods.

Structure of the Introduction (III)

5) What were your principal results?

How do they compare to previous results?

Summarize the most important findings.

Structure of the Introduction (IV)

6) What were your principal conclusions?

Let the reader follow the development of the evidence.

Reading a scientific article isn’t the same as reading a detective story. We want to know from the start that the butler did it.

O. G. Ratnoff, 1981

O. G. Radnoff, How to read a paper. In: K. S. Warren (Ed.)Coping with the biomedical literature, pp. 95, Praeger, New York,1981.

Page 10: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

10

Purpose of Materials & Methods

• Describe and, if necessary, defend the experimental design.

• Provide sufficient detail such that a competent colleague can repeat the experiments.

• Allow readers to judge the appropriateness of the• Allow readers to judge the appropriateness of the methods

• Judge the validity of the findings.

• Judge the extent to which results can be generalized.

Purpose of Results

• Core of the paper:

the data that constitutes new knowledge

• Short, without verboseness. State facts as clearly and simply as possible.

Alth h th R lt th t i t t t• Although the Results are the most important part of the paper, this section is often the shortest

Structure of Results

1) Provide the “big picture”

Overall description of the experiments without repeating the experimental details from Materials and Methods.

2) Present the data2) Present the data.

Select representative data for presentation.

Choose appropriate representations for your data.

Page 11: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

11

Purpose of Discussion/Conclusion

• Interpretation of your results against the state of the art

• Results: facts only.

• Discussion: here is the place for opinions.

• Show the relationships among observed factsShow the relationships among observed facts.

• Answer (some of) the questions from the Introduction.

• Discuss, do not recapitulate results.

Structure of Discussion/Conclusion

1) A general discussion of the addressed problemas a whole

2) A discussion and interpretation of your results against the state of the art

• Principles relationships and generalizations shownPrinciples, relationships, and generalizations shown by the results

• Comparison with the work of others (agreement and contrast)

3) Point out exceptions or lack of correlation

Structure of Discussion/Conclusion

4) A general discussion of the methods used

• What are possible errors or limitations of the methods and assumptions?

• What could have been done alternatively?

5) A critical discussion whether you reached the5) A critical discussion whether you reached the goals outlined in the introduction.

Page 12: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

12

Structure of Discussion/Conclusion

6) A discussion of still open or new problems and an outlook of further possible developments.

7) A conclusion about the significance of the results

• What are theoretical implications?

• Is there a practical application?• Is there a practical application?

• Avoid readers asking “so what?”

Historical Development

Standard Structure of a Scientific Paper

Style and Grammar Quarter

Get Reference Books

• Online English‐English dictionary

• Merriam‐Webster Online

• http://www.merriam‐webster.com/

• Oxford Dictionaries Online

• http://oxforddictionaries.com/

• Online thesaurus

• Thesaurus means “treasury” of synonyms

• Merriam‐Webster Online

• http://www.merriam‐webster.com/

Page 13: SW 11SS 02 Structureabi.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/Teaching/Old/SS11/sw/slides/SW...• Grant proposals, oral presentations, poster presentations 2 Key Characteristic: Clarity The key characteristic

13

Expand Your Vocabulary

• A Word a Day / Word of Today

• Every day a new word with explanation

• Wordsmith

• Today’s word: “nodus”

• http://wordsmith.org/words/today.html

• Merriam Webster

• Today’s word: “compurgator”

• http://www.merriam‐webster.com/word‐of‐the‐day/

• Similar services with “A Phrase a Day” available online

Online Grammar References

• Dr. Grammar – FAQ

• http://www.drgrammar.org/                             frequently‐asked‐questions/

• Oxford Dictionaries – Better Writing

• http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/ betterwriting/better‐writing

• Guide to Grammar & Writing

• http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/

German‐English Dictionary

• Standard online dictionary for German to English and vice versa is LEO:

• http://dict.leo.org/

• Warning:Warning:

• Do not thoughtlessly use English words from a German‐English dictionary because they sound nice.

• Always check their meaning in an English‐English dictionary!