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1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU Gerhard Menckhoff World Bank Consultant SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November 11, 2011 Lima - Callao: Some Basic Data Population: 9 million 5 th largest metropolitan area in Latin America Motorized travel: 15.1 million person trips per weekday 69 % by bus (standard, small and mini) 14 % by paratransit (taxi – shared taxi – 3-wheeler …) 17 % by private transport (cars, motorcycles, …..) Motorized passenger vehicles: 650,000 units (2007) 1 % - standard buses 3 % - Minibuses y kombis 13 % - Taxis 9 % - Three-wheelers 70 % - Private cars 4 % - Motorcyles Sources: Observatorio de Movilidad (CAF) and CIDATT (Lima)

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Page 1: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU · 1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU Gerhard Menckhoff World Bank Consultant SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November

1

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA,

PERU

Gerhard MenckhoffWorld Bank Consultant

SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November 11, 2011

Lima - Callao: Some Basic Data

• Population: 9 million � 5th largest metropolitan area in Latin America

• Motorized travel: 15.1 million person trips per weekday– 69 % by bus (standard, small and mini)– 14 % by paratransit (taxi – shared taxi – 3-wheeler …)– 17 % by private transport (cars, motorcycles, …..)

• Motorized passenger vehicles: 650,000 units (2007)

– 1 % - standard buses– 3 % - Minibuses y kombis– 13 % - Taxis– 9 % - Three-wheelers– 70 % - Private cars– 4 % - Motorcyles

Sources: Observatorio de Movilidad (CAF) and CIDATT (Lima)

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Typical TrafficConditions in 2000

Cars clog up streets

Confusing traffic mix

Typical NMT

Conditions in 2000

Insufficient

Sidewalk Width

Bikeway pavement cut at petrol station Sidewalk taken over by parked cars

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Quick History of Lima’s Public

Transport

On-street Public Transport– 1903-65: Tramways, 7 lines, 40 km long– 1920: First buses in Lima– 1976-91: Urban passenger transport monopoly (ENATRU)– 1991: Deregulation of public transport. Bus fleet increased from 10,500

to 60,000 units in 2000. Most new vehicles were minibus-size. - 2000: Average vehicle age: 16 years. Lima becomes one of the most

polluted cities in Latin AmericaRail Mass Transit– 1964-66: 7 proposals by foreign firms (monorails, metros)– 1973: Decision to build 37 km of metro lines by 1979– 1987-92: Construction of “Electric Train” (elevated metro, 10km)– 2011: Electric train is extended to 21 km, but no passenger services yet

Segregated busways and BRT– 1969: Vía Expresa with segregated busway– 1980s: Construction of 4 segregated busways– 2010: modern BRT (“Metropolitano”) starts operations

Electric Train 1992 – 2008

For lack of funding, this above-groundmetro was not extended beyond itsoriginal lenth of 10 km, and did not

operate passenger services

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Electric train

2008 – 2011

After several unsuccessful attempts to extendthe metro on PPP basis, the National Gov’tapproved $500 million to build it as a PublicWorks project Inauguration run of extended21-km metro line took place in July 2011. Passenger operation is expected for 2012.

Lima Transport Project

• Loan and grant agreements signed 2004

• Projects completed 2010

• Financing at project completion

– World Bank loan $ 45.0 million

– Loan by Interamerican Dev’t Bank $ 45.0 million

– GEF grant, administered by WBank $ 7.6 million

– City of Lima, estimated at appraisal $ 44.4 million

– City of Lima – additional $127.5 million

TOTAL $269.5 million

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Project Development Objectives

GEF Grant:Reduce traffic-generated greenhouse gas emissions by

promoting a shift to less polluting transport modeswith emphasis on

• developing a mass transit strategy for 2010 - 2020• supporting non-motorized transport

World Bank Loan:Enhance economic productivity and quality of life

by

• establishing an efficient mass transit system (BRT)• putting emphasis on poor peri-urban neighborhoods

Components of GEF Project

100%7.62TOTAL

2%0.16Project Administration

12%0.89Monitoring and Evaluation

20%1.53Development of Mass Transit Strategy

– Integration of future BRT lines among each other and with metro

– Preliminary designs for 2nd BRT line to be built in 2013 - 2015

13%0.98

Institutional Strengthening of Sustainable Transpt– 17 training courses on sustainable transport

– 12 conferences with international participation

– Outreach to 3 Peruvian cities, other than Lima

53%4.06

Supporting Non-Motorized Transport by– Rehabilitating 33 km of deteriorated bikeways

– Building 26 km of new bikeways and installing bike parking

– Carrying out a 5-year strategy to promote bicycle use

million US $

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Bikeway Improvements under GEF Project

18 Km

Rehabilitation of

Existing Bikeways

(33 km)

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Building of New

Bikeways(26 km)

Strategy to promote bicycle use

Bike Caravans to School

Students bike to school as a group, supervised by adults.

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Strategy to promote bicycle use

Bike Repairs in Local

Neighborhoods

40-50 bicycles

repaired per day

3,000 bicyclesrepaired in total

Strategy to promote bicycle use

Car-Free Days and

Other Events

Page 9: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU · 1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU Gerhard Menckhoff World Bank Consultant SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November

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Strategy to promote bicycle use

Training of Adults

and Children

Conferences and Training Courses

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Lessons learned from the Lima NMT Project

• Modal shift to bicycle use requires cultural change (bicycle trips increased by only 4% from 2004 to 2009)– It is difficult to attract motor vehicle users «back» to the bicycle– Just building bikeways is not enough, it must be accompanied by

complementary measures such as safe parking provision, promotional strategies, enforcement of traffic rules, etc.

– Promotion of bicycle use requires a long-term engagement and political will � and sustained financing

– Private firms and government entities should get involved in promoting bicycle use among their employees

– Alliances with NGOs and other partners can also be helpful– A permanent agency responsible for fostering bicycle use is a

minimum requirement to sustain an initial promotion strategy

• Monitoring and evaluation of bicycle use are essential– To demonstrate program effectiveness and ensure future funding– To adjust elements of the bicycle promotion strategy

Components of BRT Project

+76%200PLUS: by private sector

Buses and Fare Collection (estimated)

100%262TOTAL

5%12Program Administration

2%5.6Studies and Institutional Strengthening

1%2.4Social Mitigation and Community Participation

92%242

Infrastructure Works– Busway + mixed-traffic lanes ($105 million – 40%)

– Central Station with Shopping Arcade ($ 31 million – 12%)

– Other Stations, Terminals and Patios ($67 million)– 25%)

– Feeder routes, control center, traffic signals ($39 million – 15%)

million US $

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Quick History of Lima’s BRT

• Project funded by National Government– 1996-1999: Project preparation for possible financing by the World Bank

– 1997: Establishment of Lima-Callao Transport Council

(Nation + 2 municipalities)

– 1999: The project is removed from World Bank pipeline

– 2000: Political Change in Peru

• Municipal Project (BRT - Metropolitano)– 2000-03: Preparation of a GEF/WB sustainable transport grant

– 2001-03: Preparation of World Bank & IDB loans for Lima

– 2002: Mayor looses re-election. Uncertain future for the BRT

– 2004: WBank and IDB loan/grant agreements are signed

– 2004-07: Delays over delays

– 2007: Project implementation starts in earnest

– 2010: The “Metropolitano” BRT begins to operate

Alignment of the Metropolitano

Future extensions NORTH ����

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Design Criteria of the Metropolitano

• Most criteria were agreed in 2002/03 .

• Very similar to those of TransMilenio (started in 2000):– Trunk – feeder operation– 18-m long articulated buses with capacity for 160 passengers– Stations with high platform (90cm), buses with high floor– Many 4-lane busways (40% of total)– Passing lanes in 80% of the stations– Express services – Stations in center, between opposing bus lanes. Left-hand bus doors– Fare control at station entry. No control at exit turnstiles.– Private concessions for bus operation, fare collection and GPS control .

• Some differences:– Concrete for all busways– Extra fare (29 US Cents) for transfers between trunk and feeder bus– Fare collection inside the feeder buses– CNG buses– Single concession for fare collection and bus control (GPS)

Articulated Buses

HIGH BUS FLOOR

HIGH STATION PLATFORM

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Passing Lanes at

most Stations

WITHOUT

WITH ����

Physical Aspects of 10 BRTs

8802312010Guangzhou

610-3822006Guayaquil

520-2632003León

730112712010LIMA

600-6632005Mexico City

500-1822006Pereira

-1811995Quito (Trole)

600-6561974Curitiba

740358572000Bogotá

700-3822009Ahmedabad

average station spacing (m)

of which with 4 lanes

km of BRT corridors

# of corridors

since

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Busways with 2

and 4 Lanes

SOUTHERN CORRIDOR - AV BOLOGNESI

NORTHERN CORRIDOR - AV TUPAC AMARU ����

Transfer Terminals

NORTHERN TERMINAL (NARANJAL)

SOUTHERN TERMINAL

(MATELLINI)

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Central Station (1)

Underground mega-project • Near the historical center

• Floor -1 has two docks, each for 10 articulated buses

• Floor -1 also has space for more than 60 shops

• Floor -2 connects the public space with the bus floor

• Will also serve future BRT lines

• 4 entry/exit ramps for the buses

• Direct pedestrian access to new commercial development in an area that was depressed until 2009.

� Mayor’s Vision which cost at least US$ 32 million

� Was initially criticized – not included in WB and IDB loans

� Now: promising signs that the central area is revitalizing

Central Station (2)

• N

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Operational Aspects of 10 BRTs (1)

--89-113Quito (Trole)

---89-45Pereira

----12235Mexico City

����80%159-212LIMA

---209-52León

---120-115Guayaquil

100%Guangzhou

--74516524Curitiba

����>90%514101182Bogotá

----70 (standard,

not articulated)

Ahmedabad

Express services

Passing lanes at stations

# feeder buses

# of double artic. buses

# of artic. buses

Operational Aspects of 10 BRTs (2)

0.25141113.6250Quito (Trole)

0.78966.4115Pereira

0.37899.1600Mexico City

0.5561813.7370LIMA

0.401033.590León

0.25777.4280Guayaquil

0.322735.0805Guangzhou

1.43148.2532Curitiba

0.8954520.01700Bogotá

0.163.0115Ahmedabad

Fare in equivalent

US$

passengers per bus-km

max. pass. flow (‘000)

pphpd

‘000 pass/ weekday per busway-km

passengers per weekday

(‘000)

Page 17: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU · 1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU Gerhard Menckhoff World Bank Consultant SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November

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Public Transport Re-introduced to

City Center

• .

Some Outcomes of Lima BRT

• Ex-post economic analysis gives the BRT project an IRR of 20%

• 82-86% of BRT users rate the system as ‘good’ or ‘very good’

• Higher travel speed is the main benefit perceived by users

• 11% of BRT passengers used to travel by private car or taxi

• Greenhouse Gases in BRT corridor were reduced by 33%.

• Particulate Matter concentrations were reduced by 30-73%

• Despite initial concerns, the use of CNG articulated BRT buses seems to be successful

• Following refusal of established (Brazilian) bus manufacturersto produce CNG buses, a Chinese-Peruvian firm has set up a plant near Lima and is now exporting buses to other countries in Latin America

• There are initial signs of increased real-estate developemntalong BRT corridor

• The World Bank’s draft Implemention Completion Report rates the relevance of both the loan and the GEF grant as ’high’

Page 18: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU · 1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU Gerhard Menckhoff World Bank Consultant SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November

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Lessons Learned from the Lima BRT Project

Design the physical facilities with care

– Ensure that busway and station access will cope with structural and passenger demands

– Anticipate negative environmental impacts, not only the benefits

– Consult with affected neighbors, avoid negative reactions

Develop a financially sound business plan

– Calculate solid passenger demand forecasts, but keep in mind thatthey are just an estimate and not the absolute truth

– Estimate the finances of BRT operations and think of unexpectedresource requirements, including during the start-up period

– Identify any subsidies that may be required,

Establish a sustainable institutional framework

– Define the roles of private and public-sector elements of BRT operation

– Build up and train municipal agency responsibe for BRT management

BRT – Rail Mass Transit - Bikeways

46 Km

Page 19: SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU · 1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ACHIEVEMENTS IN LIMA, PERU Gerhard Menckhoff World Bank Consultant SUTP Annual Meet, New Delhi November

19

INSERCION DEL TRANSPORTE EN BICICLETA CON METROPOLITANO

AR

EQ

UIP

A

JAV. CANADA

LA MARINA

AB

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CA

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AV. ALISOS

AYLLON

UENEZUELA GRAU

UN

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RSIT

AR

IA

ANGAMOS

ZONA MODELO

JESUS MARIA – LINCE – PUEBLO LIBRE

CICLOPARQUEADERO EN - PARADERO

RICARDO PALMA - MIRAFLORES

ESTACION CENTRAL - FACILIDADES

PARA ESTACIONAMIENTO DE

BICIS

CICLOPARQUEADERO -

PARADERO AV. TOMAS

VALLE

CICLOPARQUEADERO AV. LOS ALISOS

TERMINAL NARANJAL - COMAS

CICLOVIAS ALIMENTADORAS

TERMINAL CHORRILLOS

CICLOPARQUEADERO -

PARADERO AV. GRANDA

- HABICH

AV. ALISOS

AV. HABICH

AV. GRANDA

CICLOPARQUEADERO ESTACION AV.

CADANA

thank

you for

listening