sustainable stormwater management(building services1)

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS) BUILDING SERVICES 1 TOPIC: SUSTAINABLE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT Group member Student ID Chuang Jing 0322934 Koh Wen Qi 0323355 Gan Xiao Ying 0322998 Yeo Dor Een 0316224 Siong Jia Yii 0318239 Chen Shin Yee 0322650 I

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Page 1: Sustainable stormwater management(building services1)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

BUILDING SERVICES 1

TOPIC:

SUSTAINABLE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Group member Student ID

Chuang Jing 0322934

Koh Wen Qi 0323355

Gan Xiao Ying 0322998

Yeo Dor Een 0316224

Siong Jia Yii 0318239

Chen Shin Yee 0322650

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Table of content

Title Page

Introduction 1 - 2

The advantages and Disadvantages 3

Examples of Storm water management 4 - 9

Installation process 10 - 14

Case study: Finding and Explanation 15 - 21

Possible problems to the system 22 - 23

Recommendations for future improvement 24

Learning from the group work project 25

References 26

Appendices 27 - 31

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Introduction to Sustainable Stormwater Management

Stormwater is rainwater that runs off streets, lawns and other sites. When storm

water absorbed into the ground, it is filtered and replenished aquifers or flows into rivers and

streams. Stormwater is also a resource and ever growing in importance as population

demand exceeds the availability of readily available water. In developed areas, however,

impervious surfaces such as pavement and roofs prevent precipitation from naturally

soaking into the ground. This phenomenon often causes some issues occurred such as

downstream flooding, habitat destruction, infrastructure damage and etc. Therefore,

managing the quality and quantity of storm water named Stormwater Management (SWM)

must be often practiced to prevent drainage failure and other problems as well. The term

Best Management Practice (BMP) is often used for both structural or engineered control

devices and system.

Stormwater is actually concern for two main issues:

A) Related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and water supplies)

B) Related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying, i.e. water pollution.

Traditional stormwater management design have been focused on collecting

stormwater in piped networks and transporting it off site quickly, either directly to a stream or

river, to a large stormwater management facilities or to a combined sewer system flowing to

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a wastewater treatment plant. In this era, low impact development (LID) and wet weather

green infrastructure was implemented through a variety of techniques.

Malaysia where economy and population grow rapidly has been widely practiced

rapid disposal, localized, reactive and mono-functional drainage concepts.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Stormwater Management

Advantages

Stormwater management provides proper drainage of surface run-off and avoids

damages on infrastructure such as private properties and streets. It also provides possibility

to recharge groundwater and re-use precipitation water and surface run-off as irrigation or

household water. Besides, this management provides effective stormwater flood control and

can be integrated into the urban landscape and provide green and recreational areas.

Revenue generated by a stormwater utility can be used as a new, dedicated source of funds

to supplement or replace the community's current stormwater management funding,

enabling tax-based funding to be used for other community needs. Revenue generated by a

stormwater utility is based on user fees and provides a constant, sustainable funding source

that increases with the community's growth. Sustainable funding allows municipal

stormwater programs to operate on a stable basis to support staff, maintain existing

infrastructure, and adopt long-term planning for capital investments, maintenance

enhancement, and staff development. A stormwater utility more equitably shares the costs of

stormwater management among the users of the stormwater system than a property tax-

based system, and increases the number of properties contributing funding of the

stormwater management system by including tax-exempt properties. Through incentive

programs that reduce user fees, a stormwater utility encourages better stormwater

management, such as the use of low impact development practices.

Disadvantages

Expert planning, implementation, operation and maintenance required for a

stormwater management. It depends on the technique, a lot of operation and labour

required. Furthermore, there is risk of clogging infiltration system caused by high

sedimentation rates. Temporary covering methods, such as plastic sheeting, can become

torn or ripped, exposing the contaminant to precipitation and/or storm water runoff. In

addition, health or safety problems may develop with enclosures built over certain covering

materials or activities. Coverings also require frequent inspection.

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Examples of Sustainable Stormwater management

Green infrastructure practices maintain or restore stormwater's natural flow pattern

by allowing the water to slowly permeate into the ground and be used by plants. These

practices include rain gardens, vegetated swales, green roofs and porous pavements. Green

infrastructure also includes preserving or restoring natural areas, such as forests, stream

buffers and wetlands, and reducing the size of paved surfaces.

1.

Rain Gardens: A shallow, constructed depression that slow down the rush of water from

these hard surfaces, holds the water for a short period of time and allows it to naturally

infiltrate into the ground. , it manage and treat small volumes of storm water by filtering

runoff through soil and vegetation.

Rain Garden at the Ulster County Department

of the Environment office in Kingston.

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2.

Bioretention Areas: A depression integrated into the landscape that capture and treat

stormwater, allowing the water to filter through soil and vegetation such as trees, shrubs,

and grasses to remove pollutants from stormwater runoff. Bioretention areas are usually

larger than rain gardens and designed with an underdrain to connect to the storm drain

system.

Volunteers planting the bioretention

area at NewburghTown Hall.

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3.

Vegetated Swales:  (a.k.a. grassed channel, dry swale, wet swale or biofilter) A natural

drainage paths or vegetated channels used to transport water instead of underground storm

sewers or concrete open channels to convey stormwater runoff. They increase the time of

concentration, reduce discharge, and provide infiltration. Generally have a trapezoidal or

parabolic shape with relatively flat side slopes.

Vegetated swale at the Village of Greenwood Lake

in Orange County

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4.

Green Roofs: A system of roofing that uses plant life for roof covering instead of traditional

covering materials. Green roofs are layers of soil and vegetation installed on rooftops that

capture runoff. The vegetation cover the roof provide an excellent insulation to the building

reducing energy consumption significantly but they also allow evaporation and

evapotranspiration to reduce the volume and discharge rate of storm water and act as a

natural filter for rainwater.

Green roof at Logan Gardens, a senior housing

apartment building in Manhattan.

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5.

Porous Pavement: A permeable pavement surface with a stone reservoir underneath. The

pavements allow storm water to infiltrate directly into the soil, reducing storm water runoff

and pollutants. Porous pavement often appears the same as traditional asphalt or concrete

but is manufactured with incorporates void spaces that allow for infiltration.

Pervious concrete parking lot at the Roeliff Jansen

Community Library in Copake.

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6.

Stream Buffer Restoration: By planting native trees and bushes along your stream or ditch,

strips of trees and other vegetation buffer helps improve water quality and stream damage

can be minimized by filtering and slowing polluted runoff, along with many other benefits.

Restoring the stream buffer by planting trees and shrubs

along the Casperkill Creek in Poughkeepsie as part of

the Hudson Estuary Trees for Tribs initiative.

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INSTALLATION PROCESS

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF RAIN GARDEN

Step 1. To lock down location of utilities prior to digging.

Step 2.  To lay out shape of rain garden with equipments such as rope, spray paint, or flags.

This should be the size you calculated when you did the size and depth calculations.

Step 3. Kill or remove existing turf that may become competing, undesirable vegetation in

the future. You can remove it or spray with a herbicide such as Roundup. If you spray you

will need to wait a couple weeks for the grass to die out. Sod can also be cut with a spade

and transplanted to another location in the yard.

Step 4. Compost and sand have to be mixed into stockpile topsoil. It is necessary that a tarp

be placed under the soil to protect the grass.

Step 5.  Excavate subsoil and use it to create a compacted berm which need to be level on

the lower edge of the rain garden.

Step 6. Work from the side of rain garden to prevent compaction of soil in the rain garden.

Step 7.  Thoroughly mix and add 50% washed sand, 30% compost, 20% topsoil. When

amending the soil, amend to a 6 inch depth below the bottom of the rain garden, so over

excavation of the soil is first needed.

Step 8.  Make sure the rain garden is level and the proper depth.

Step 9. Put down a 2-3 inch layer of shredded hardwood mulch.

Step 10.  Begin planting. It is easier to place the mulch before planting when using small

plug plants. Then spread the mulch before installing the plugs and pull it back around the

plant after it is in place.

Step 11. By adding flagstone, rocks, or other protective products is one of the ways to

protect against erosion where water enters the rain garden.

Step 12.  Have a designate and armored outlet for flows from heavy rains that exceed the

design capacity. Rocks work well.

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INSTALLATION PROCESS OF BIORETENTION AREAS

Step 1.  Construction of the bioretention area may only start after the entire contributing

drainage area has been stabilized with vegetation. While the bioretention area is being

constructed, it may be necessary to block certain curb or other inlets. The proposed site

should be checked for existing utilities prior to any excavation.

Step 2. A preconstruction meeting should be held by the designer and the installer, checking

the boundaries of the contributing drainage area and the actual inlet elevations to ensure

they conform to original design. Since other contractors may be responsible for constructing

portions of the site, it is quite random to find subtle differences in site grading, drainage and

paving elevations which can produce hydraulically important differences for the proposed

bioretention area. The designer should communicate well, in writing, any project changes

determined during the preconstruction meeting to the installer and the designer.

Step 3. To complete construction of the bioretention area to divert stormwater away from the

bioretention area, temporary E&S controls are needed. To protect vulnerable side slopes

from erosion during the construction process, special protection measures such as erosion

control fabrics may be needed.

Step 4. Any pre-treatment cells should be excavated first and then sealed to trap sediments.

Step 5. Excavators should work from the sides to excavate the bioretention area to its

appropriate design depth and dimensions. To prevent sitting inside the footprint of the

bioretention area, excavating equipment should have scoops with adequate reach.

Contractors should use a cell construction approach in larger bioretention basins, whereby

the basin is split into 500 to 1,000 sq. ft. temporary cells with a 10-15 foot earth bridge in

between, so that cells can be excavated from the side.

Step 6. It may be necessary to rip the bottom soils to a depth of 6 to 12 inches to promote

greater infiltration.

Step 7. Place geotextile fabric on the sides of the bioretention area with a 6-inch overlap on

the sides. If a stone storage layer will be used, place the suitable depth of #57 stone on the

bottom, install the perforated underdrain pipe, pack #57 stone to 3 inches above the

underdrain pipe, and add around 3 inches of choker stone/pea gravel as a filter between the

underdrain and the soil media layer. If no stone storage layer is used, start with 6 inches of

#57 stone on the bottom, and proceed with the layering as analysis above.

Step 8. Send the soil media from an approved vendor, and store it on an adjacent

impervious area or plastic sheeting. Apply the media in 12-inch lifts until the desired top

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elevation of the bioretention area is achieved. Wait a few days to check for settlement, and

add additional media, as needed, to achieve the design elevation.

Step 9. Get ready planting holes for any trees and shrubs, apply the vegetation, and water

accordingly. Install any temporary irrigation.

Step 10. Place the surface cover in both cells depending on the design. If coir or jute matting

will be used in lieu of mulch, the matting will need to be installed prior to planting (Step 9),

and holes or slits will have to be cut in the matting to install the plants.

Step 11. Install the plant materials as shown in the landscaping plan, and water them during

weeks of no rain for the first two months.

Step 12. Lead the final construction inspection. Then log the GPS coordinates for each

bioretention facility and submit them for entry into the local maintenance tracking database.

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF VEGETATED SWALES

Step 1. Rough grade the vegetated swale. Equipment shall avoid excessive compaction or

land disturbance. Heavy excavating equipment should operate from the side of the swale

and should not be on the bottom. If excavation brings to substantial compaction of the

subgrade, 18 inches shall be removed and took place with a blend of topsoil and sand to

promote infiltration and biological develop. At the minimize, topsoil shall be thoroughly deep

ploughed into the subgrade in order to penetrate the compacted zone and promote aeration

and the formation of macrospores (soil pore space). The area should be disked prior to final

grading of topsoil by following this.

Step 2. Construct check dams, if required.

Step 3. Fine grade the vegetated swale. Accurate grading is crucial for swales. Even the

smallest nonconformities may compromise flow conditions.

Step 4. Prior to establishment of vegetation, a swale is specifically vulnerable to scour and

erosion and therefore its seed bed must be protected with temporary erosion control, such

as straw matting, compost blankets, or fiberglass roving. Seed, vegetate and install

appropriate protective lining as soon as possible. Plant the swale at a time of the year when

successful establishment without irrigation is most likely. However, temporary irrigation may

be needed in periods of little rain or drought. To prevent erosion and scour, vegetation

should be established as soon as possible.

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Step 5. If all tributary areas are enough stabilized, remove temporary erosion and sediment

controls. It is very important that the swale be hold before receiving upland stormwater flow.

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF DRY SWALE

Step 1. Dry Swales should keep outside the limit of disturbance during construction to

prevent soil compaction by heavy equipment. However, this is seldom practical given that

swales are a key part of the drainage system at most sites. In these cases, temporary E&S

controls such as dikes, silt fences and other similar measures should be integrated into the

swale design throughout the construction sequence. Specifically, barriers should be installed

at key check dam locations, erosion control fabric should be used to protect the channel, and

excavation should be no deeper than 2 feet above the proposed invert of the bottom of the

planned underdrain. Dry Swales that lack underdrains must be fully protected by silt fence or

construction fencing to prevent compaction by heavy equipment during construction.

Step 2. Applying may only start after the whole contributing drainage area has been

stabilized by vegetation. The designer should investigate the boundaries of the contributing

drainage area to ensure it conforms to original design. Additional E&S controls may be

needed during swale construction, particularly to divert stormwater from the Dry Swale until

the filter bed and side slopes are fully stabilized. Pre-treatment cells should be excavated

first to trap sediments before they reach the planned filter beds.

Step 3. Excavators should work from the sides to excavate the Dry Swale area to the

suitable design depth and dimensions. Excavating equipment should have scoops with

adequate reach so they do not have to sit inside the footprint of the Dry Swale area.

Step 4. The bottom of the Dry Swale should be ripped, roto-tilled or otherwise scarified to

promote greater infiltration.

Step 5. Place an acceptable filter fabric on the excavated underground sides of the dry

swale with a minimum 6 inch overlap. Place the stone needed for storage layer over the filter

bed. Perforate the underdrain pipe and check its slope. Add the remaining stone jacket, and

then pack #57 stone to 3 inches above the top of the underdrain, and then add 3 inches of

pea gravel as a filter layer.

Step 6. Increase the soil media to 12-inch lifts until the desired top elevation of the Dry

Swale is reached. After few days check for settlement, and add additional media as needed.

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Step 7. Install check dams, driveway culverts and internal pre-treatment features, as

specified in the plan.

Step 8. Prepare planting holes for specified trees and shrubs, install erosion control fabric

where needed, spread seed or lay sod, and install any temporary irrigation.

Step 9. Plant landscaping materials as shown in the landscaping plan, and water them

weekly during the first 2 months. The construction contract should include a care and

replacement warranty to ensure that vegetation is properly established and survives during

the first growing season following construction.

Step 10. Conduct a final construction inspection and develop a punchlist for facility

acceptance.

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF GREEN ROOF

Step 1. Install a monolithic type waterproof membrane such as rubber and plastic on top of

the roof decking.

Step 2. Place a 6mm sheet of plastic on the waterproof membrane and the waterproof

membrane will serve as a root barrier.

Step 3. Top the first two layers with one or more thin sheets of three-quarter-inch foam

insulation suited for contact with damp soil. (Insulation is only required when it is necessary

to increase the R-value for the roof over conditioned spaces. If the space below the green

roof is not conditioned — over a garden pavilion or shed — there is no reason to provide

anything more than some protection for the waterproof membrane, such as thin foam ‘fan

board’ insulation or perhaps a layer of building felt.)

Step 4. Set a drainage mat which also called as a dimple mat with capillary spaces on top of

the insulation. Place the mat to keep the soil from clogging the mat so the felt side faces up.

Step 5. Frame the sides for the roof with mesh gutter guards, wood or other edging that will

permit drainage to hold soil in place. Intermediate angle supports may be needed to keep

the vertical edging sturdy. The horizontal leg of the supports can be slipped under the

drainage mat and weighted with the topping soil to keep them from overturning. It is best to

devise supports so they do not penetrate the waterproof membrane surface to prevent leaks.

Step 6. Add soil and set plants in place.

Step 7. Water to settle soil around plants.

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Case Study

Expressway 38

Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel

(SMART Tunnel)

Maintained by Syarikat Mengurus Air Banjir dan Terowong Sdn Bhd (SMART).

Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Length: 9.7 km (6.03 miles) stormwater by-pass tunnel

4km (2.49 miles) double-deck motorway within stormwater tunnel

Existed: 2003 – present

Owner: Government of Malaysia

Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM)

Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (JPS)

Construction: Gamuda Berhad

Malaysia Mining Corporation Berhad(MMC)

Construction works started November 2003, completed in 2007.

Construction cost:

RM 1887 million

North end: Sultan Ismail- Kampung Pandan Link

Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 (Jalan Tun Razak)

Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Expressway

East-West Link Expressway

South end: SMART Tunnel toll plaza near Sungai Besi Airport

Primarydestinations:

Bukit Bintang

Imbi

Cheras

Petaling Jaya

Seremban

Number of lanes:

Four (double-decked)

Operating speed:

60km/h

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Introduction to SMART Tunnel

The “Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel” or “SMART Tunnel”, is a storm

drainage and road structure in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and a major national project in the

country. The project is implemented through a joint venture pact between MMC Corp Berhad and Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and

the Malaysian Highway Authority as the executing government agencies.

The 9.7km (6.0mi) tunnel is the longest stormwater tunnel in South East Asia

and second longest in Asia. It begins at Kampung Berembang lake near Klang River at

Ampang and ends at Taman Desa lake near Kerayong River at Salak South.

There are two major components of this tunnel which are stormwater tunnel and

motorway tunnel. It is the longest multi-purpose tunnel in the world.

The main objective of this tunnel is to solve the problem of flash floods in the city

centre of Kuala Lumpur by divert large volumes of flood water via a holding pond, bypass

tunnel and storage reservoir.

Not only that, the motorway tunnel was

integrated into the system to provide an

alternative route for motorists from the Southern

Gateway, i.e. KL-Seremban Highway, Federal

Highway, Besraya and East-West Link entering

and exiting the city centre. This will reduce traffic congestion at the Southern Gateway

leading to the city centre. The travel time will be

reduced significantly.

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Unique Features

SMART Tunnel has some additional features that are unique over and the features seen in a

normal motorway tunnel.

Alam Flora Road Sweeper

SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance

Radio Re-Broadcasting Services

Automated Flood Control Gates

First Responder Vehicle (FRV)

Ventilation/Escape Shafts

Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)

Cross Passage

Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)

Other Emergency Equipment

1. Alam Flora Road Sweeper

Alam Flora Road Sweeper is a type of vehicle that has a water tank and would be

able to carry around 1000 litres per session. It is capable of handling operations for

the cleanliness in SMART Tunnel. The cleaning operation is during minimum

disruption to traffic flow, means at night. The dimension of the main broom is

1500mm in length and 400mm in diameter while the gutter broom measures around

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500mm in diameter. The Road Sweeper has a hopper capacity of +/- 5.0cu.m and a

vacuum type “true flow” air system using a fan blower output of +/- 450m3 per

minute.

2. SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance

State-of-the-art SCADA monitoring and surveillance of SMART is 24-hour at its

highway. BARCO Wall is able to show 70 CCTV screen at one time. Besides, the

Automatic Detection Systems use video images and laser beams processing to

detect unusual events. There are more than 212 units of Closed Circuit Television in

the SMART tunnel.

3. Radio Re-Broadcasting Services

With the Radio Re-broadcasting Services user would be able to receive the radio

channel, phone call or other communication reception without any interference

because stations can link in radio networks to broadcast common programming

(either in syndication or simulcast or both), local wire networks, internet and satellite.

Radio Re-broadcasting is an audio broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast

through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and finally to a

receiving device.

4. Automated Flood Control Gate

3 Automated Flood Control Gate at both end of motorway

2 Automated Flood Control Gate at both end junction boxes

The water tight gates are operated using a hydraulic system. These gates are

installed on either ends of the motorway or similar single flood control steel gates are

installed at both entrances and exits of the motorway tunnel.

5. First Responder Vehicle (FRV)

First Responder Vehicle (FRV) is Custom-Built Fire Engines for SMART Highway.

The powerful 2.5 litre DOHC 4x4 vehicles with customization are the first of its kind,

Malaysian fire engines that will be used solely for SMART Highway operations. The

FRVs were customized to meet the sophisticated design of the SMART Tunnel such

as height limitations, tunnel manoeuvrability, special equipment housing and is

powered by an engine that produces minimal carbon emission in order to ensure

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safety in the tunnel is maintained throughout an emergency operation. Manufactured

in accordance with international standards of MS ISO 9001 for quality assurance and

under the special requirements of the National Fire Protection Agency.

6. Ventilation/Escape Shafts

Ventilation/Escape Shafts at 1km intervals. . This design enables the fans to be

installed outside the SMART Tunnel to create a longitudinal flow in the tunnel

between the shafts that permits the air in the tunnel to be continuously renewed and

the extraction of the exhaust fumes. These powerful air ventilators will constantly

renew the air and maintain the air quality within the motorway. The system consists

of a series of shafts each containing an exhaust and fresh air injector too protect the

ventilation system during the flooding. The features also allows for smoke control in

the event of a fire.

7. Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)

MRV is a custom-built Ambulance which is capable in giving the first responder

services or further emergency treatment for SMART Highway. The advantages of the

MRV is it can transport the Emergency Medical Specialist or the medical team to wet,

skidded and limited eye vision and also off road situation. MRV are also able to carry

the listed medical equipment such as: Emergency Medical and Trauma Bag, Triage

Card, Immobilization, Emergency Drugs, Automated External Defibrillator,

Emergency Airways Management and other equipment such as emergency cone for

safe guard the incident area.

8. Cross Passage

Cross Passage between decks at 250m intervals: the passage acts as emergency

exits during an emergency.

9. Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)

There are 38 sets of AQME monitoring Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Monoxide

(NO) and particulate. They are cited in the upper and lower decks. The ventilation will

provide for the supply and extract of air for both the upper and lower road decks. It

will be operated automatically based on the air quality monitoring system outputs.

10. Other Emergency Equipment

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Equipped with fire fighting equipment, telephone and surveillance at 1km interval.

Hydrant & Fire Extinguishers located every 90m.

Mode 1

~ When weather is fair with little or no rain and traffic is allowed in the tunnel.

Mode 2

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~Activated when moderate rainfalls and the flow rate recorded at the confluence of

upper Klang river/Ampang river (L4 flow station) is 70-150m3/s. Only 50m3/s is

allowed to flow downstream.

~Excess flood water will be diverted to SMART storages and only the lower drains of

tunnel will be used to convey flood flow to the Desa attenuation pond.

~Road tunnel will still opened to traffic.

Mode 3

~Activated when major storm event occurs and flood model forecasts a flow rate of

150m3/s.

~Traffic will be evacuated from the road tunnel. This is normally takes about an hour.

Only 10m3/s is allowed to flow downstream.

~Road tunnel will be re-opened to traffic within 2-8 hours after closure.

Mode 4

~Activated if heavy storm prolongs, usually will be confirmed 1-2 hours after Mode 3

is declared.

~Road tunnel will be used for passage of flood after traffic evacuation completed.

Only 10m3/s is allowed to flow downstream.

~Road tunnel will be re-opened within 4 days of closure.

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Problems

1. Limitation

Only cars, MPVs and SUVs not exceeding 2m in heights are allowed to go

through the smart tunnel.

Smart tunnel can only mitigate flooding in the city center where it covers.

According to The Star Online,2011, there is another case in Malaysia which

was the day Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Semarak and Kampung Baru was

flooded. The river that burst its bank was Sungai Bunus. It flows though the

Kampung Baru – Jalan Tun Razak – Jalan Semarak Area but this waterway

was not covered under the SMART tunnel scope.

Smart tunnel cannot work by itself. It need two components to complement

each other to curb floods, example the ponds.

According to New Sunday Times, the SMART tunnel is designed to handle

only 45 percent of floodwaters coming from the rivers.

2. Low usage

People are saying that government refuses to operate the tunnel now

because the government wants to collect toll through Smart traffic operations.

Spending RM1.8 billion for something which would not be used the whole

year needed to reevaluation.

3. High maintenance fees

According to Big boy big toy,2011 , SMART tunnel comes with a hefty

maintenance fees which costing RM20 million per year.

Such sum of money comes from tax payers.

4. Traffic jam

When SMART tunnel requires times to clean up thus it will be closed to public

, this will cause the traffic congestion problems remains unsolved.

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5. Blind corner

The exit of tunnel is concealed behind the blind corner hence some drivers

would possibly stop suddenly in the middle of road because they have no

idea which road to exit.

More road signs or notifications are required to inform the drivers where to

exit.

6. Road conditions

Many of the road users complained about the bumpy road in the SMART

Tunnel as it may become a minor nuisance to all the drivers that would cause

minor damage to cars and even result in a car accident.

However, according to Mohd Noor Mohd Ali, this special rough road surface

is designed with features to reduce speed. The transverse yellow bars

painted across the road is also one of the features.

7. Delaying in opening the tunnels

SMART company delay in opening the tunnels is what caused the floods.

On that day, there was six inches of water on the ground and it was raining

since evening until 9pm at night. But, the inefficiency SMART company did

nothing. This was not the first time that SMART had neglected its duties.

They should be prepared to guard the city but they are not. (Thomas,2012)

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Recommendation for future improvement

Low Impact Development (LID) is highly recommended to the second choice other

than the SMART Tunnel.One of the methods is infiltration practices that constructs

structures or landscapes to infiltrate runoff water. It decrease the volume of discharged

storm water and infrastructure required to be conduct,cure or manage runoffs. LIP

development or improvement in which it brings less or no harm to the environment which in

this case. It basically means development to storm water management which is green and

environmental friendly. Studies show that implementing LID practices can have multiple

positive environmental effects including:

Recharge of groundwater

Improvement of water quality

Protection of downstream resources

Improvement of habitat

Improves aesthetics in streams and rivers

Abatement of pollution Conservation of water and energy

Reduced downstream flooding and erosion

Another method of LID is runoff storage practices. It is one of the common practices

used as it does not take up much space. There are several examples of LID such as the

green roof or eco roof. The roof is planted with plants as storm water management

processes instead of using concrete or glass. The plants are able to trap rain water for

storage to be reused and at the same time it waters plants.Runoff practices can be

implemented in car parks, streets, and pedestrian paths by installing storage tanks below

them. It is a direct discharge from the surface to be stored temporarily in underground

storage tanks in order to control the flow of storm water drainage. As Kuala Lumpur is an

urban city with many tall buildings, green roof is a suitable application to most of the

buildings such as shopping mall or hotel. The green roof may act as a detention to control

the flowing rate of runoff storm water.

In conclusion, SMART Tunnel is only suitable for the city that will always be flooding

especially Kuala Lumpur. The main function for SMART Tunnel is to solve flooding issue, but

Low Impact Development can reduce the reliance and burden to the SMART Tunnel. By

implementing low impact development methodology, flood issues can overcome, no big

infrastructures required and most importantly it is more environmental friendly.

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Learning from the group work project

From this assignment, all the group members had learnt how to identify the

application, system, installation, process, benefits, problems and anything relevant to our

topic, sustainable stormwater management. We gained a lot of useful information about

this topic. Moreover, we had understand and learnt how to explain relevant information

related to the selected case study. Our knowledge to the building services technology and

the management system has been extended since this project had developed our

understanding of stormwater system and the current application in construction industry. In

addition, we also learnt about the importance of teamwork in a group assignment.

Participation of every group members is much appreciated.

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References

Environmental services. (n.d.). Stormwater Utilities. Retrieved from

http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/stormwater/utilities.htm

SSWM. (2012). Stormwater Management. Retrieved from

http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-collection/hardware/

surface-runoff/stormwater-management

New York State Department of Environmental Conversation. (2015). Green Infrastructure

Examples for Stormwater Management in the Hudson Valley. Retrieved from

http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html#Rain

Rain Garden Network. (n.d.). What is a Rain Garden? Retrieved from

http://www.raingardennetwork.com/

Ten Towns Great Swamp Watershed Management Committee. (n.d.). Bioretention Systems

for Stormwater Management. Retrieved from http://www.fxbrowne.com/html/gs-facts/gs-

factsheet05v9.pdf

Greenworks. (n.d.). Vegetated Swales. Retrieved from

http://www.greenworks.tv/stormwater/vegetatedswales.htm

Howstuffworks. (2010).What is a Green Roof? Retrieved from

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/green-rooftop.htm

Greenworks. (n.d.). Porous Pavement. Retrieved from

http://www.greenworks.tv/stormwater/porouspavement.htm

Clean Water Education Partnership. (n.d.). Stream Buffers. Retrieved from

http://nccwep.org/involvement/buffers/index.php

Independent Study. (2014). Stormwater Quality Management in Malaysia. Retrieved from

http://www.academia.edu/4564558/Stormwater_Quality_Management_in_Malaysia

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Appendices

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