Sustainable Innovation

Making Sense ofTechnological Complexity

Presented by Elson LiuOhio SchoolNet Conference 2004March 1, 2004: Columbus, OH

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Crises…..….............QuestionsCrisis Key Question

2.Implementation

3.Firefighting

4.Lack of resources

5.Complexity

1.Technological change 1.What technology do we choose? When?

2.How do we integrate it into the classroom?

3.How do we make it reliable?

4.How do we make it last?

5.How does it all fit together?

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Question

Sustainable Innovation1. What technology do we choose? When?2. How do we integrate it into the

classroom?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?

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Choosing Technologies: IndividualChoosing Technologies: Individual

1. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, “Teachers and Technology: Making the Connection,” OTA-EHR-616. U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1995, p. 133.

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Choosing Technologies: AggregateChoosing Technologies: Aggregate

2. University of Georgia, “Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory” web-based learning module available from http://www.arches.uga.edu/~bhummel/6200Project/diffusion_of_Innovations.html.

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Choice: Sustainable Innovation

1. With a large relevant market2. After they take off in the market3. That have established industry

standards4. Where multiple vendors compete on

price5. That exhibit rapidly increasing growth

Choose Technologies…

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Question

Sustainable Innovation1. What technology do we adopt?

When?2. How do we integrate it into the

classroom?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?

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Integration: Detailed ProcessIntegration: Detailed Process

3. Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., and Holbeck, J. Innovations and Organizations. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1984.

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4. Adapted from Cuban, L. Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920. Teachers College Press, 1986, pp. 5-6.

Integration: Simple ProcessIntegration: Simple Process

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Integration: Factors“Well-known” issues:

1. Professional development2. Bandwagon effect3. Initial Cost

“Less frequently mentioned” issues:Ongoing costs, inflationary pressures, reversibility, divisibility, terminality, gatekeeping, impact on role of teachers, compatibility with organizational values, leadership, politics

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5. Adapted from Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. Microeconomics, Third Edition. Prentice Hall, 1995, p. 577.

Accept trade-offs: possibilities frontierSpread resources across multiple strategiesCyclical implementationExpand the entire possibilities frontier

Integration: Sustainable InnovationPossibilities Frontier

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Question

Sustainable Innovation1. What technology do we adopt?

When?2. How do we make it work?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?

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Reliability: Analytical Methods

Risk assessment: Performance as a range of probabilitiesFailure analysis: Root causesFault tolerance: Single points of failureGraceful failure: Slow degradation

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6. Adapted from Kalinsky, D. “Design Patterns for High Availability,” Embedded.com. http://www.embedded.com/story/OEG20020729S0030. July 2002; and other sources.

Reliability: Risk ProfilesReliability: Risk Profiles

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Reliability: Sustainable Innovation

Performance: range of probabilitiesFixing: root causesPrevention: both technical and humanTrade-off: performance v. redundancyEliminate: single points of failureFailure analysis: non-catastrophic faults

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Question

Sustainable Innovation1. What technology do we adopt?

When?2. How do we implement it?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?

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Public Goods: Characteristics

Economics of public goods:“Nonrival” and “nonexclusive”

Free ridersMarket externalityTragedy of the commons

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Public Goods: Sustainable Innovation

Develop policies to limit consumptionPlan for depletionDeploy based on operating costsAccept responsibility: regulationAllocate resources: marketization

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Question

Sustainable Innovation1. What technology do we adopt?

When?2. How do we implement it?3. How do we make it reliable?4. How do we make it last?5. How does it all fit together?

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Sustainable Development

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 7

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7. Brundtland, G. Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, 1987.

Sustainable Innovation

Making Sense ofTechnological Complexity

Presented by Elson LiuOhio SchoolNet Conference 2004March 1, 2004: Columbus, OH

http://www.geocities.com/liuelson/OSN.html